基体材料对铝蜂窝动态强化特性的影响

为了明确基体材料对铝蜂窝动态强化行为的影响,首先从铝蜂窝结构中取出蜂窝壁,制成小试样并对其进行了力学性能测试,然后对几何参数相同而基体材料不同的2种铝蜂窝材料分别进行了单轴面外静态和动态压缩实验。实验结果表明, 2种铝蜂窝均存在明显的动态强化现象,但动态强化率存在显著差异。横向惯性理论可以解释蜂窝的动态强化行为和强化率的差异:基体材料应变硬化率高的铝蜂窝,其面外方向的动态强化现象相对更显著。     

铝蜂窝的动态力学性能及影响因素

采用显式动力有限元方法研究了具有不同胞元结构的六角形铝蜂窝在冲击荷载下的力学性能,讨 论了铝蜂窝的变形模式和动态承载力以及影响因素。通过改变胞壁夹角得到5种不同的胞元结构,计算采用 了3种冲击速度。结果表明,在准静态变形模式下,胞元的几何因素对铝蜂窝的承载力起主导作用;一旦蜂窝 的变形呈现动态模式后,惯性效应显著,对蜂窝承载力起决定作用,胞元几何因素的影响不再明显;在过渡模 式下,惯性效应与几何因素共同主导蜂窝的动态承载力,并且冲击速度越高,惯性效应的影响越大。     

沉痛悼念许兵先生

通过对胞壁随机移除的蜂窝结构动态变形过程的有限元模拟,分析了随机缺陷对蜂窝 结构变形模式的影响,得到蜂窝结构在两个加载方向上的变形模式图及不同模式间转换的临 界速度. 对含缺陷蜂窝结构平台应力的研究发现,当变形模式为过渡模式或动态模式时结构 平台应力与冲击速度的平方成线性关系. 相同密度下,低缺陷蜂窝结构的平台应力在由过渡 模式向动态模式转变的临界速度附近高于规则蜂窝结构,较高的随机缺陷则使蜂窝结构的平 台应力在由准静态模式向过渡模式转变的临界速度附近显著下降. 关键词：多孔材料,蜂窝,缺陷,平台应力,有限元分析     

随机缺陷对蜂窝结构动态行为影响的有限元分析

通过对胞壁随机移除的蜂窝结构动态变形过程的有限元模拟,分析了随机缺陷对蜂窝结构变形模式的影响,得到蜂窝结构在两个加载方向上的变形模式图及不同模式间转换的临界速度. 对含缺陷蜂窝结构平台应力的研究发现,当变形模式为过渡模式或动态模式时结构平台应力与冲击速度的平方成线性关系. 相同密度下,低缺陷蜂窝结构的平台应力在由过渡模式向动态模式转变的临界速度附近高于规则蜂窝结构,较高的随机缺陷则使蜂窝结构的平台应力在由准静态模式向过渡模式转变的临界速度附近显著下降.关键词:多孔材料,蜂窝,缺陷,平台应力,有限元分析      

泡沫材料的应变率效应

对泡沫材料的应变率敏感性进行了系统深入的讨论,认定这种材料是应变率敏感材料,这种敏感性主要是由于泡孔的变形特性产生的。泡沫材料变形的局部化、微观惯性和致密性导致压垮应力明显提高,基体的应变率效应及泡孔的形状大小并不能对泡沫材料应变率敏感性起主导作用。     

Dynamic crushing behavior of honeycomb structures with irregular cell shapes and non-uniform cell wall thickness

Dynamic crushing responses of honeycomb structures having irregular cell shapes and non-uniform cell wall thickness are studied using the Voronoi tessellation technique and the finite element (FE) method. FE models are constructed for such honeycomb structures based on Voronoi diagrams with different degrees of cell shape irregularity and cell wall thickness non-uniformity. The plateau stress, the densification strain energy and the initiation strain are determined using the FE models. Simulation results reveal that the “X” and “V” shaped deformation modes evident in a perfectly ordered honeycomb at low or moderate impact velocities are disrupted as cell shapes become irregular and/or cell wall thickness gets non-uniform. The “I” shaped deformation mode is clearly seen in all honeycomb structures at high impact velocities. Both the plateau stress and the densification strain energy are found to decrease as the degree of cell shape irregularity or the degree of cell wall thickness non-uniformity increases, with the weakening effect induced by the presence of non-uniform cell wall thickness being more significant. When the two types of imperfections co-exist in a honeycomb structure, the interaction between them is seen to exhibit a complicated pattern and to have a nonlinear effect on both the plateau stress and the densification strain energy. It is also found that stress waves propagate faster in a honeycomb structure having irregular cell shapes and slower in a honeycomb structure having non-uniform cell wall thickness than in a perfectly ordered honeycomb. Finally, the strain hardening of the cell wall material is seen to have a strengthening effect on the plateau stress, which is more significant for perfectly ordered honeycombs than for imperfect honeycomb structures.     

Dynamic crushing and energy absorption of regular,irregular and functionally graded cellular structures

The in-plane dynamic crushing of two dimensional honeycombs with both regular hexagonal and irregular arrangements was investigated using detailed finite element models. The energy absorption of honeycombs made of a linear elastic-perfectly plastic material with constant and functionally graded density were estimated up to large crushing strains. Our numerical simulations showed three distinct crushing modes for honeycombs with a constant relative density: quasi-static, transition and dynamic. Moreover, irregular cellular structures showed to have energy absorption similar to their counterpart regular honeycombs of same relative density and mass. To study the dynamic crushing of functionally graded cellular structures, a density gradient in the direction of crushing was introduced in the computational models by a gradual change of the cell wall thickness. Decreasing the relative density in the direction of crushing was shown to enhance the energy absorption of honeycombs at early stages of crushing. The study provides new insight into the behavior of engineered and biological cellular materials, and could be used to develop novel energy absorbent structures.     

负泊松比蜂窝材料的动力学响应及能量吸收特性

针对传统正方形蜂窝，通过用更小的双向内凹结构胞元替代原蜂窝材料的结构节点，得到了一种具有负泊松比特性的节点层级蜂窝材料模型。利用显式动力有限元方法，研究了冲击荷载作用下该负泊松比蜂窝结构的动力学响应及能量吸收特性。研究结果表明，除了冲击速度和相对密度，负泊松比蜂窝材料的动力学性能亦取决于胞元微结构。与正方形蜂窝相比，该负泊松比层级蜂窝材料的动态承载能力和能量吸收能力明显增强。在中低速冲击下，试件表现为拉胀材料明显的"颈缩"现象，并展示出负泊松比材料独特的平台应力增强效应。基于能量吸收效率方法和一维冲击波理论，给出了负泊松比蜂窝材料的密实应变和动态平台应力的经验公式，以预测该蜂窝材料的动态承载能力。本文的研究将为负泊松比多胞材料冲击动力学性能的多目标优化设计提供新的设计思路。     

Dynamic crushing of aluminum foams: Part I – Experiments

The two-part series of papers presents the results of a study of the crushing behavior of open-cell Al foams under impact. In Part I, direct and stationary impact tests are performed on cylindrical foam specimens at impacts speeds in the range of 20–160 m/s using a gas gun. The stress at one end is recorded using a pressure bar, while the deformation of the entire foam specimen is monitored with high-speed photography. Specimens impacted at velocities of 60 m/s and above developed nearly planar shocks that propagated at well-defined velocities crushing the specimen. The shock speed vs. impact speed, and the strain behind the shock vs. impact speed representations of the Hugoniot were both extracted directly from the high-speed images. The former follows a linear relationship and the latter asymptotically approaches a strain of about 90% at higher velocities. The Hugoniot enables calculation of all problem variables without resorting to an assumed constitutive model. The compaction energy dissipation across the shock is shown to increase with impact velocity and to be significantly greater than the corresponding quasi-static value. Specimens impacted at velocities lower than 40 m/s exhibited response and deformation patterns that are very similar to those observed under quasi-static crushing. Apparently, in this impact speed regime inertia increases the energy absorption capacity very modestly.     

Mechanical behavior of hexagonal honeycombs under low-velocity impact – theory and simulations

Based on the cells’ collapse mechanisms of the hexagonal honeycombs revealed from the numerical simulations under the low-velocity impact, an analytical model is established to deduce the crushing strength of the honeycomb and the stress at the supporting end both as functions of impact velocity, cell size, cell-wall angle, and the mechanical properties of the base material. The results show that the honeycomb’s crushing strength increases with the impact velocity, while the supporting stress decreases with the increase of the impact velocity. Combining with the dynamic predictions under the high-velocity impact in our previous work (Hu and Yu, 2010), the crushing strength of the honeycombs can be analytically predicted over wide range of crushing velocities. The analytical expression of the critical velocity is also obtained, which offers the boundary for the application of the functions of the honeycomb’s crushing strength under the low-velocity and the high-velocity impacts. All of the analytical predictions are in good agreement with the numerical simulation results.     

一种基于电磁霍普金森杆的材料动态包辛格效应测试装置及方法

金属材料在复杂载荷条件下的动态力学行为研究一直备受关注，但受限于实验设备，金属材料的动态包辛格效应响应一直都难以获得。为了探究金属材料的包辛格效应与应变率效应之间的关系，本文中提出一种基于电磁霍普金森杆(electromagnetic split Hopkinson bar，ESHB) 的非同步加载实验技术，为测试金属材料在高应变率加载下的包辛格效应提供了一种有效的实验方法。本文中，首先介绍了非同步加载装置的主要特点，即可以用两列由脉冲发生器产生的应力波对受载试样进行连续的一次动态拉-压循环加载，且加载过程保证了应力波的一致性。分析了应力波对试样加载过程中的波传播历程，确保了加载过程的连续性。随后介绍了动态加载过程，数据处理方法和波形分离手段，并对动态加载过程进行应力平衡性分析，论证了实验装置的可靠性。最后采用该方法测试了5%预应变下6061铝合金动态压缩-动态拉伸的包辛格效应，并与准静态下的实验结果进行对比。实验结果表明，该材料单轴压缩没有明显的应变率效应，但其包辛格效应具有应变率依赖性，高应变率下材料的包辛格应力影响因子由0.07增大至0.17，具有显著的提升，这对传统意义上铝合金材料应变率不敏感的结论提出了挑战。     

冲击下混凝土试样应变率效应和惯性效应探讨

结合混凝土试件的真三轴静载冲击实验结果,分别运用考虑应变率效应的Holmquist-Johnson-Cook (HJC)模型和考虑静水压效应的Drucker-Prager (DP)模型进行数值分析,以探讨研究混凝土试样应变率效应和惯性效应的方法。在探究混凝土的应变率效应和横向惯性效应的关系时,使用HJC模型的数值模拟结果来拟合DP准则的各个参数。结果表明:随着应变率的升高,混凝土的强度会提高,并且这种强度的提高,也有一部分原因是第一应力不变量I₁的增大所导致的。因此,混凝土试件的应变率效应和横向惯性约束具有较强的耦合作用。理论和数值分析了冲击下试样内部的横向应力分布特征与应变率、静水压和试样尺寸的关系,结果发现:试样内部横向应力的幅值随着应变率、静水压的升高而增大,但随着试样尺寸的增大而减小。为了探讨横向惯性带来的强度提升效果,提出了一个有关冲击方向最大应力σ_x和等效应力σ_e的参数ξ,且ξ=(σ_x?σ_e)/σ_x。此参数具有尺寸效应、应变率效应和静水压效应,但是此参数与应力三轴度的关系表现出应变率无关特性,可为应变率效应的研究提供新的思路。     

A numerical study on the rate sensitivity of cellular metals

Metallic foams have non-linear deformation behavior, which make them attractive in many applications. Many experimental researches on the dynamic behavior and rate sensitivity of cellular metals have been reported in the literature, but they contain conflicting, and sometimes confusing, conclusions on the strain-rate and inertia effect of cellular metals. In this paper, the dynamic crushing behavior of 2D Voronoi honeycomb is studied by finite element method. The influences of inertia, strain hardening and strain-rate hardening of metal matrix on the deformation mode and plateau stress of the honeycomb are investigated. Three deformation modes are found in different velocity ranges. According to the numerical results, it is found that the plateau stress increases significantly with the increase of impact velocity due to non-uniform deformation induced by inertia. The strain-hardening effect is slight in our numerical tests and the rate effect of the honeycomb is obviously weaker than that of the cell wall material.     

胞孔构型对金属蜂窝动态力学性能的影响机理

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元研究了具有不同胞孔构型和排列方式的金属蜂窝材料在面内冲击荷载下的力学性能。在蜂窝的相对密度和冲击速度保持恒定的情况下,比较了它们的变形模式、动态承载力和能量吸收性能。结果表明,不同的胞孔构型导致在蜂窝压垮过程中胞壁的受力状态不同,从而影响蜂窝的宏观力学性能。根据胞壁的应力状态,可将蜂窝分为膜力主导蜂窝和弯曲主导蜂窝2大类。研究结果显示,蜂窝吸收的能量绝大部分转化为变形所需的内能,并且膜力主导蜂窝的内能占总能量的百分比更大。胞壁的屈曲导致膜力主导蜂窝的应力应变曲线呈现较大的波动。膜力主导蜂窝在变形过程中其胞壁会耗散更多的内能,从而比弯曲主导蜂窝具有更高的动态承载力和能量吸收能力。     

酚醛层压材料的冲击力学行为及本构模型

为了研究酚醛层压材料的冲击力学行为并获得本构模型,利用万能试验机和整形修正的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置,对材料试样进行了应变率范围为10-3~103 s-1的单轴压缩实验,得到了不同加载应变率下的应力应变曲线,对其在准静态、动态载荷下的压缩破坏机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,酚醛层压材料具有较强的应变率效应,与准静态(1.67×10-3 s-1)时相比,在动态载荷(7×102 s-1)下,峰值应力增加了约10倍;破坏应变减少了约一半;在准静态和动态加载条件下试样力学性能的差异是由于纤维基体界面特性以及不同应变率下破坏模式的不同;采用朱-王-唐本构方程描述了酚醛层压材料力学行为,拟合得到了本构方程的系数,在加载过程中,理论计算值与实验结果吻合较好。     

PMMA材料的动态压缩力学特性及应变率相关本构模型研究

利用INSTRON万能试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)对PMMA试件在较宽应变率范围内进行了单轴压缩实验,研究加载应变率对PMMA材料力学性能的影响.利用扫描电子显微镜对回收的试样进行了显微观察,重点分析不同加载应变率下PMMA的微观损伤破坏模式.结果表明:随着应变率的增大,PMMA的流动应力显著地增加,且冲击加载条件下,峰值应力的应变率敏感性明显高于准静态;在准静态加载条件下,PMMA试样呈现明显的延性破坏特征,在动态加载条件下则表现为脆性破坏.最后,对PMMA材料的ZWT粘弹性本构模型参数进行了拟合,拟合结果与实验结果吻合较好,表明该本构模型能够较好地描述较宽应变率范围内PMMA材料的应力应变关系.     

基于PVDF薄膜传感器的猪肝动态压缩力学性能测试

瞬态冲击载荷作用下肝脏的力学响应是损伤生物力学的重要研究内容。本文提出了一种可用于软组织动态压缩力学特性测试的改进SHPB(分离式霍普金森压杆,Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar)方法。该方法采用PVDF(聚偏氟乙烯,Polyvinylidene Fluor)压电薄膜传感器测量实验过程中试件两端面的受力,以此来计算试件的应力,从而无需测量透射杆上的微弱透射信号。猪肝试样前后端面的PVDF压电信号对比表明,加载过程中试样达到了动态应力平衡状态。试样动态压缩中的惯性效应主要在加载的初始阶段对透射应力信号造成较大影响,在大变形阶段惯性效应引起的轴向应力较小。利用此方法对猪肝组织进行三种高应变率(1800s^-1,2500s^-1,3500s^-1)的动态压缩实验,并采用基于真实应变的惯性效应公式对实验数据进行修正计算。结果表明:猪肝组织在准静态与高应变率时的应力应变曲线都呈现出凹向上的非线性特征,即曲线初始阶段应力增长较缓慢,当应变达到15%后应力值则迅速增大;猪肝组织也具有明显的应变率效应,即随着应变率的增加,应力应变曲线的整体应力值也随之增大。最后,采用黏超弹性本构模型描述了猪肝组织的动态应力应变曲线。     

混凝土类材料动态压缩强度在多维应力状态下的应变率效应

对混凝土类材料动态压缩应变率效应研究的发展及问题进行了概述,对比不同应力状态下混凝土类材料动态压缩应变率效应的表现特征,揭示了不同加载路径下实测动态强度提高系数的显著差异。研究表明,在高应变率下,基于初始一维应力加载路径的试件将因横向惯性效应导致的侧向围压而演化至多维应力状态,传统霍普金森杆技术无法获得高应变率下基于真实一维应力路径的动态强度提高系数,在强度模型中直接应用实测数据将过高估计材料的动态强度。鉴于应变率效应的加载路径依赖性,将仅包含应变率的强度提高系数模型扩展至同时计及应变率和应力状态的多维应力状态模型,并结合Drucker-Prager准则在强度模型中给予了实现。针对具有自由和约束边界试件开展的数值霍普金森杆实验表明,多维应力状态下的应变率效应模型可以考虑应变率效应随应力状态改变的特点,从而准确预测该类材料的动态压缩强度。研究结果可为正确应用霍普金森杆技术确定脆性材料的动态压缩强度提供参考。     

含随机填充孔圆形蜂窝结构的面内冲击性能

研究多孔材料细观结构与宏观力学性能之间的关系, 建立具有固定相对密度的含随机固体填充孔的圆形蜂窝结构模型。在此模型的基础上具体讨论了不同孔洞填充比和冲击速度对圆形蜂窝结构变形模式、动态冲击平台应力以及能量吸收性能的影响。研究结果表明:填充孔在蜂窝变形过程中有局部牵制作用, 蜂窝材料变形模式仍为准静态模式、过渡模式、动态模式; 当变形模式为过渡模式或动态模式时, 结构的平台应力与速度的平方成线性关系, 存在明显的速度效应; 高速冲击下, 含固体填充孔的蜂窝结构单位质量吸收的能量高于规则蜂窝结构。研究结果可为蜂窝材料的研究和设计提供参考。     

泡沫金属的微惯性效应和动态塑性泊松比

采用三维Voronoi技术和显式有限元方法来研究闭孔和开孔两种泡沫金属的动态塑性泊松比问题和微惯性效应。细观数值模拟的结果表明:塑性泊松比随着轴向应变的增加而下降,塑性泊松比的峰值随着冲击速度的增加而下降;相对密度增加时,泡沫金属塑性泊松比增加;微惯性对平台应力的影响不大。该数值模拟结果能够解释侧向约束情况下闭孔泡沫金属的压溃应力随着加载速率的提高而下降的实验现象。