An improved three-dimensional coupled fluid–structure model for Coriolis flowmeters

The paper presents a coupled numerical model built to simulate the operation of Coriolis flowmeters, which exploit the alteration of the vibration mode shape of the measuring tube for the mass flow rate measurement. The explained measuring effect is a consequence of the interaction between the motion of the tube, vibrating at its natural frequency, and the fluid flow in it. The numerical model is realized by coupling of a finite volume (FV) code for fluid flow analysis with a finite element (FE) code for structural analysis using the conventional staggered solution procedure, with added inner iterations to achieve strong coupling. The simulation algorithm is divided into two steps. A free vibration of the measuring tube considered in the first step is complemented in the second step, after the numerical free vibration response is properly stabilized, with the harmonic excitation force actuating the measuring tube at its resonant frequency of several hundreds of Hertz to resemble the operation of actual Coriolis flowmeters. Different scenarios using zero-order or three-point fluid load predictor and soft application of the fluid load in the initial stages of the simulation are compared to yield a simulation strategy, which will minimize the time needed to obtain the stabilized steady-state response of the vibrating measuring tube. The proposed simulation procedure was applied on a straight-tube Coriolis flowmeter and used for the estimation of the velocity profile effect. The results exhibit sufficient stability (low scatter) to be used for the estimation of sensitivity variations of order of magnitude around tenths of a percent.     

介质与静压对激波管校准压阻式绝压传感器动态特性的影响

激波管通常用于动态压力传感器的校准，压阻式绝压传感器在激波管校准过程当中，会出现谐振频率等动态性能指标随着激波管静态压力环境、气体介质变化而改变的情况，影响传感器动态特性的校准。基于压阻式传感器的工作原理，对传感器的敏感膜片结构进行了机理分析，建立了膜片结构与校准环境中介质和静压关系的动态模型；通过ANSYS与SIMULINK软件开展了数值模拟验证工作，模拟结果与理论推导一致。通过激波管校准实验验证了气体介质与静压的影响关系，结果表明:传感器的谐振频率与静压间存在非线性关系，并且随着敏感膜片径厚比的增大而显著增大；系统阻尼比大小与气体介质有关，随着气体密度的降低而升高；传感器的灵敏度与气体介质和静压无太大直接关系。在使用激波管校准压阻式绝压传感器时，应当考虑介质与静压参数对校准结果的影响。     

Static and dynamic responses of a microcantilever with a T-shaped tip mass to an electrostatic actuation

In this study, nonlinear static and dynamic responses of a microcantilever with a T-shaped tip mass excited by electrostatic actuations are investigated. The electrostatic force is generated by applying an electric voltage between the horizontal part of T-shaped tip mass and an opposite electrode plate. The cantilever microbeam is modeled as an Euler–Bernoulli beam. The T-shaped tip mass is assumed to be a rigid body and the nonlinear effect of electrostatic force is considered. An equation of motion and its associated boundary conditions are derived by the aid of combining the Hamilton principle and Newton's method.An exact solution is obtained for static deflection and mode shape of vibration around the static position. The differential equation of nonlinear vibration around the static position is discretized using the Galerkin method. The system mode shapes are used as its related comparison functions. The discretized equations are solved by the perturbation theory in the neighborhood of primary and subharmonic resonances.In addition, effects of mass inertia, mass moment of inertia as well as rotation of the T-shaped mass, which were ignored in previous works, are considered in the analysis. It is shown that by increasing the length of the horizontal part of the T-shaped mass, the amount of static deflection increases,natural frequency decreases and nonlinear shift of the resonance frequency increases. It is concluded that attaching an electrode plate with a T-shaped configuration to the end of the cantilever microbeam results in a configuration with larger pull-in voltage and smaller nonlinear shift of the reso-nance frequency compared to the configuration in which the electrode plate is directly attached to it.     

Multi-Field Coupled Dynamics for a Micro Beam

This paper proposes a multi-field coupled dynamics equation for a micro beam. The natural frequencies and the amplitude–frequency relationship of the micro beam in the coupled fields are investigated. Changes in the natural frequencies of the micro beam along with time, bias voltage, and dynamic viscosity of gas are discussed. The effects of the system parameters on the amplitude–frequency relationship are investigated. A number of useful results are obtained. These results are useful in the sensitivity design of resonant micro gas sensors excited by the electrostatic force.     

Global multistability and analog circuit implementation of an adapting synapse-based neuron model

This paper proposes a MEMS resonant pressure sensor through implementing an out-of-plane repulsive (levitation) force to enhance the sensor detection threshold and consequently widen its sensing range. 2D and 3D finite-element simulations are conducted and compared to some available experimental data. The simulated results show an increase in the generated levitation force as outstanding merit owing to the added side upper electrodes. The levitation force is then further increased by lateral spacing optimization in association with the assumed applied voltage, which decreases the overall size (footprint) as well. The dynamical behavior around the static equilibrium is first numerically solved using the so-called shooting technique and then compared with an available online simulation tool: the “Matcont” package. The simulated results prove the capability of the online simulator to capture the dynamic response of the resonant micro-sensor when approaching its respective bifurcation points where the stable and unstable branches collide, when in contrary, the shooting technique failed to get the dynamic responses when passing by these bifurcations. Thanks to the fast converging outcomes of the “Matcont” online simulation equipped with simultaneous stability analysis, a comprehensive analysis of the micro-sensor dynamical response is conducted. Three sensing mechanisms as: measurements of frequency shift, amplitude alternation, and amplitude rise/fall near a bifurcation region are evaluated and characterized. Along with enumerating the strengths of the proposed sensor over the conventional capacitive pressure sensors, the advantage of measuring the amplitude rise/fall near the corresponding bifurcation region comparing to the two other sensing mechanisms is detailed, and its possible failure for performance repeatability is resolved by means of the slow-varying frequency sweep. Unlike the traditional parallel-plate configuration in which only one-side frequency shift is observed, in this proposed design, two-sides frequency shift is detected, and accordingly, the reinitialization is categorized based on that. As compared to the conventional MEMS pressure sensor, this revisited design equipped with the suggested sensing mechanism offers wider tunability and sensing range, resolution power enhancement, and simplification of the signal processing circuit.

     

基于单晶硅材料的微摩擦测试机构及其试验研究

设计出1种能够模拟基于单晶硅材料微机电器件侧面摩擦副摩擦磨损状况的试验机,有效模拟可动MEMS器件摩擦副之间磨损的真实状况,介绍了试验机测试机构的工作原理并从理论计算及有限元模拟分析2方面对其结构模态进行分析,在超净间内(千级、室温、相对湿度RH约50%),利用光学显微镜、CCD图像采集系统及计算机对梳齿驱动器的谐振频率及摩擦副的动态摩擦系数进行了测试.结果表明:采用所研制的试验机测得的谐振频率为5 600,与理论计算及模拟分析的结果(5 590和5 641)非常接近;摩擦副的动态摩擦系数在0.24～0.35之间;动态摩擦系数随着施加在摩擦副上的正压力变化而变化.     

纯平荫罩振动固有频率的研究

在高清晰度电视(HDTV)用的纯平彩色显像管中，由于荫罩的振动从而导致图像色纯度的降低．首先讨论了纯平荫罩振动的固有频率各种分析方法，然后应用弹性力学的基本理论，在建立薄膜横向振动基本方程的基础上，分析了纯平荫罩在四边简支条件下振动的固有频率和振型问题，得出了纯平荫罩振动频率的精确解，实例应用表明，在四边简支条件下的计算结果与实验结果基本一致，说明该方法确定纯平荫罩的振动固有频率是可行的、有效的，所得结果为减小荫罩振动进而对其结构参数进行优化设计提供了依据。     

A New Testing Machine for the Dynamic Characterization of High Strength Low Damping Fiber Materials

This work describes a novel method for measuring the damping, the elastic modulus and the non-linear behavior of high strength low damping fiber materials such as para-aramids, silicon carbide (SiC) and carbon. The method is based on resonant response characterization of a spring-mass system excited by a sine-wave forcing term which is applied as a vertical force to the suspended mass. The damping is obtained from the measured resonance quality factor Q, the elasticity modulus is calculated from the resonance frequency, and the non-linear coefficient is obtained with the backbone approach from resonance profile variations as a function of the forcing term amplitude. It is argued that the method is very sensitive, to the point that a maximum excitation amplitude of the order of a few percent of resistance is sufficient to obtain an estimate of the non-linear coefficient. This claim is supported by experimental results. A testing machine is also discussed, which provides the necessary sensitivity at such small excitation amplitudes and the capability of evaluating very small damping values, as expected in high strength low damping fiber materials. The sensitivity is guaranteed by an optical position sensor with sub-micron resolution. To evaluate small damping values, particular care has been taken to ensure that energy dispersions in the generator are much smaller than energy dispersions in the fibers themselves. Examples of dynamic characterization are shown for para-aramid, silicon carbide, and carbon fibers.     

THE EFFECT OF FLOW PULSATIONS ON CORIOLIS MASS FLOW METERS

It has been reported that the accuracy of Coriolis mass flow meters can be adversely affected by the presence of pulsations (at particular frequencies) in the flow. A full analysis of the transient performance of a commercial Coriolis meter is only possible using finite element techniques. However, this is a transient, nonlinear problem in which the space and time variables are not (strictly) separable and the finite element techniques for tackling such problems make it desirable to have an analytical solution for a simplified meter, against which the finite element solution can be compared. This paper reports such a solution. The solution will also provide guidance for experiments. Existing analytical solutions for the performance of Coriolis meters in steady flow (a complex eigenvalue problem) are not easily extended to the transient flow case. The paper thus begins with the presentation of an alternative solution for steady flow through a simple, straight tube, Coriolis meter and it is notable that this solution gives a simple analytical expression for the experimentally observed small change in the resonant frequency of the meter, with flow rate, as well as an analytical expression for the meter sensitivity. The analysis is extended to the transient case, using classical, forced vibration, modal decomposition techniques. The solution shows that, unlike the steady flow case where the detector signals contain components at the drive frequency and the second mode frequency (Coriolis frequency), for pulsatile flow the detector signals will in general contain components involving at least four frequencies. It is demonstrated that the meter error depends on the algorithm used to estimate the phase difference from the detector signals. The particular flow pulsation frequencies which could possibly lead to large meter errors are identified.     

Effect of the Coriolis Force on Thermal Convection under Microgravity

In contrast to the generally accepted viewpoint, it is shown that the Coriolis force caused by the rotation of an orbital station about Earth and the station centroid can strongly affect natural convection during fluid-flow orbital experiments. Various aspects of this influence are investigated in detail. The focus is on the interaction of the Coriolis force and the harmonically oscillating gravity force on the intensity of two-dimensional thermal convection in a rectangular enclosure with rigid walls. It is shown that the dependence of the maximum root-mean-square velocity on the Ekman number or microacceleration frequency has a distinct resonant character. The height of the resonance peak is significantly influenced by the aspect ratio of the enclosure and by the orientation of the microacceleration vector and the angular velocity vector relative to the enclosure and each other. Special attention is given to nonlinear effects caused by the convective terms of the Navier–Stokes equations. Received 12 January 1998 and accepted 2 March 1998     

Measurement of dynamic relative displacements

A method for measuring relative displacements on structures subjected to simulated seismic-base excitations is presented. This method uses a group of strain gages, mounted end-to-end and wired in series, as the sensor. Because the sensors are mounted directly to the structure, problems associated with the motion of the mounting hardware are avoided. Prior to their use in dynamic applications, static tests were performed to verify that strain-gage sensors give relative displacement readings that are as accurate as those obtained with conventional displacement transducers. These tests also showed that the hysteresis loops measured with the strain-gage sensors were smaller than those measured with the conventional displacement transducers. At similar load levels, the relative displacement results measured during dynamic tests were similar to those measured during static tests.     

基于MEMS技术的微型流量传感器的研究进展

流量测量是工业生产和科研工作的重要的检测参数.近年来,随着对微电子机械系统(MEMS)的深入研究和取得的进展,传统的工业和流体力学研究的流量传感器向高集成度,微型化,高精度,高可靠性方向发展,同时生命科学的发展大大促进了用于微流体,生物学、医学、卫生、食物等学科研究新型微型流量传感器的研究开发, 微型流量传感器已成为MEMS的重要研究方向.本文对基于MEMS技术的流量传感器技术的原理、分类作了简要介绍,归纳和评述了各种基于MEMS技术的流量传感器(热式型,差压型,升力型,流体振动型, 科里奥利型及仿生型微型流量传感器等)的生产工艺和应用特点,并对基于MEMS技术的微型流量传感器的校正方法做了总结归纳.介绍了国内在微型流量传感器方面的研制工作.最后总结归纳出基于MEMS技术的流量传感器发展不同阶段并阐述了各个阶段的发展特点,并对基于MEMS技术的流量传感器新的发展趋势进行了展望.      

中心集中力作用下圆薄板的固有频率—载荷特征关系

本文讨论了中心集中静载作用下圆薄板在非线性弯曲静平衡构形附近的微幅自由振动,其静平衡问题采用问题的精确解在此基础上,用伽辽金法获得了其最低固有频率——载荷特征关系.所得结果可供这类谐振弹性元件设计中参考.     

Dynamic analysis of a dielectric elastomer-based microbeam resonator with large vibration amplitude

A non-linear vibration equation with the consideration of large amplitude, gas damping and excitation is developed to investigate the dynamic performance of a dielectric elastomer (DE)-based microbeam resonator. Approximate analytical solution for the vibration equation is obtained by applying parameterized perturbation method (PPM) and introducing a detuning variable. The analysis exhibits that active tuning of the resonant frequency of the resonator can be achieved through changing an applied electrical voltage. It is observed that increasing amplitude will increase the natural frequency while it will decrease the quality factor of the resonator. In addition, it is found that the initial pre-stretching stress and the ambient pressure can significantly alter the resonant frequency of the resonator. The analysis is envisaged to provide qualitative predictions and guidelines for design and application of DE-based micro resonators with large vibration amplitude.     

地震检波器特性参数识别的一种新的正弦扫频恒流激励方法

提出一种新的正弦扫频恒流激励法,依此建立了适合不同动圈式地震检波器参数测量的8参数与9参数模型,并给出了检波器固有频率、灵敏度、阻尼比和线圈电感量的测量与识别方法。理论分析、参数识别和与振动台激励法测试的比较结果均显示,此方法测量的频响函数信噪比高,在较宽频率范围内曲线拟合精度较高,测试速度快,操作性好,现已应用于便携式检波器特性参数测试仪的研制与生产,此仪器适用于各种动圈式检波器在生产、维修和施工现场的特性参数测量。     

声振耦合分析在冲击波测量中的应用

为了高精度地测量空气冲击波形,采用声振耦合分析对该测量系统的频响特性进行了理论计算,并在激波管中进行了动态响应实验。通过上述研究,得出了探头在3个不同量程时的适宜阻尼孔径。结果表明,探头的阻尼孔直径和波形上升时间的计算值与实验值都是基本符合的,并且该测量系统在强爆炸中测得的冲击波压力波形也具有良好的频响特性。     

CAE技术在井架设计中的应用

应用GAE技术，针对ZJ30／1700CZ钻机井架分别进行了静态分析及在自然状态和有钩载情况下的模态分析，为合理设计钻机井架结构提供了理论依据。通过分析计算，可以看出：所设计的井架的静态强度满足要求；经动力再设计后的井架固有频率与钻机的设计工作转速相差较大，达到工程要求，表明修改后的井架设计方案合理。     

Reflection of Pulse Waves and Resonance Characteristics of Arterial Beds

The problem of axisymmetric wave flow of a viscous incompressible fluid in a system consisting of a long thin deformable tube and a terminal element that determines the conditions of wave reflection at the tube end is analyzed. An expression for the input admittance of the system is obtained and the dependence of the admittance on the system parameters is investigated. The resonant frequencies at which the admittance amplitude has extrema are found and it is shown that at these frequencies the admittance variations with variation of the terminal-element parameters are maximal. The dependence of the resonant frequency on the tube length is investigated. Possible applications of the results obtained to the hydromechanical interpretation of a novel method of pulse diagnostics are discussed.     

Investigation of the effect of the Coriolis force on a thin fluid film on a rotating disk

The effect of the Coriolis force on the evolution of a thin film of Newtonian fluid on a rotating disk is investigated. The thin-film approximation is made in which inertia terms in the Navier–Stokes equation are neglected. This requires that the thickness of the thin film be less than the thickness of the Ekman boundary layer in a rotating fluid of the same kinematic viscosity. A new first-order quasi-linear partial differential equation for the thickness of the thin film, which describes viscous, centrifugal and Coriolis-force effects, is derived. It extends an equation due to Emslie et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 29, 858 (1958)] which was obtained neglecting the Coriolis force. The problem is formulated as a Cauchy initial-value problem. As time increases the surface profile flattens and, if the initial profile is sufficiently negative, it develops a breaking wave. Numerical solutions of the new equation, obtained by integrating along its characteristic curves, are compared with analytical solutions of the equation of Emslie et al. to determine the effect of the Coriolis force on the surface flattening, the wave breaking and the streamlines when inertia terms are neglected.     

Heat transfer experiments in rotating boundary layer flow

The influence of Coriolis force on heat transfer in a rotating transitional boundary layer has been experimentally investigated. The experiments have been conducted for local Görtler numbers up to 150. Heat transfer measurements have been performed for a flat plate with nearly uniform heat flux applied to the surface, where the temperature was measured by the thermochromic liquid crystal method. The results indicate that heat transfer is enhanced when Coriolis force acts towards the wall, i.e., on the pressure surface. The velocity measurements under equivalent conditions show that Coriolis instability induces counter-rotating longitudinal vortices which augment the lateral transport of the fluid on the pressure surface. On the other hand, the heat transfer on the suction surface remains at the same level as compared to the case without system rotation. As a consequence, the heat transfer coefficient on the pressure surface is 1.8 times higher than that measured on the suction surface when averaged over the measured surface.