氧化铈对镍基碳化钛复合涂层微观结构及摩擦学性能影响

探讨了激光熔覆TiC4复合陶瓷涂层微观结构特征,研究了氧化铈对涂层显微组织、显微硬度及摩擦学性能的影响.在45#钢基体上制作了Ni、Cr、TiC4复合陶瓷涂层及氧化铈改性的复合涂层,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、分析型扫描电镜(ASEM)、显微硬度计及摩擦磨损试验机对涂层组成、显微组织、显微硬度及摩擦学性能进行了分析.结果表明:利用激光熔覆方法制作的TiC4陶瓷层具有典型的包覆相和硬质点相结构,加入适量的氧化铈能有效防止TiC4结晶过程中颗粒桥接,阻止TiC4结晶成枝状结构,细化了TiC4颗粒,同时也使其分布更加离散.当添加氧化铈的质量分数为0.50%～3.0%时,TiC4颗粒离散效果最好,此时涂层显微硬度分布均匀,较不添加氧化铈涂层相比,显微硬度提高了10%左右,当添加氧化铈的质量分数超过4.0%,TiC4颗粒发生桥接,成枝状结构,且出现聚集,硬度分布离散度加大.磨损试验结果表明氧化铈能改善涂层的干摩擦特性,有效防止涂层片层状脱落,但对涂层耐磨性没有明显的改进,涂层呈现黏着磨损特征.     

CeO2对WC-Co/Ni60B激光熔覆涂层组织和磨损性能的影响

本文采用激光熔覆的方法,成功制备出了以45#钢为基体,Ni60B自熔性合金粉末为粘结相,微米和纳米WC-12%Co为增强相,含一定量稀土氧化物CeO2的陶瓷颗粒增强金属基复合涂层.在MM200环块磨损试验机上进行了相同磨损距离和不同载荷下的干摩擦滑动磨损试验.研究了CeO2对涂层组织形貌、硬度和磨损性能的影响.结果表明：CeO2的加入对熔覆层的组织起到明显的细化作用,使枝晶生长的方向性减弱,组织趋于均匀;由于硬质相的析出和细晶强化的作用,熔覆涂层的显微硬度值比未添加稀土的涂层有所提高,涂层的耐磨性也相应得到了改善.     

激光熔覆Cr3C2/Co基合金复合涂层组织与摩擦磨损性能研究

在低碳钢表面激光熔覆制备了添加质量分数40%Cr3C2的钴基合金复合涂层(Cr3C2/Co),研究了激光熔覆Cr3C2/Co涂层的显微组织、相结构、显微硬度及其摩擦磨损性能,并与激光熔覆钴基合金涂层(Co60)进行了相同工艺条件下的对比试验.结果表明,激光熔覆Co60涂层以亚共晶方式结晶,涂层组织主要由大量初生γ-Co枝晶固溶体及其间的共晶组织γ-Co Cr23C6组成;激光熔覆Cr3C2/Co涂层以过共晶方式结晶,组织主要由未熔Cr3C2粒子、大量杆状和块状的富Cr碳化物(M7C3及M23C6型碳化物)以及其间的细小枝晶与共晶组织组成.添加Cr3C2改变了Co60涂层的凝固特征,未熔Cr3C2粒子起到了非自发形核作用,在其周围形成了许多富Cr碳化物,细化了涂层枝晶组织.激光熔覆Cr3C2/Co涂层的显微硬度及其耐磨性比Co60涂层明显提高.Co60涂层主要磨损机理为脆性剥落和犁削,Cr3C2/Co涂层的磨损机理主要为轻微犁削.     

纳米Sm2O3增强TiC/Co基复合涂层微观组织和耐磨性能研究

利用激光熔覆技术在45钢表面制备了纳米Sm₂O₃增强TiC/Co基复合涂层，系统研究了纳米Sm₂O₃对TiC/Co基复合涂层宏观形貌、微观组织和耐磨性能的影响. 结果表明:纳米Sm₂O₃增强TiC/Co基复合涂层主要由γ-Co、Cr₂₃C₆、TiC、Co₃Ti和Fe₇Sm相组成. 纳米Sm₂O₃增强TiC/Co基复合涂层呈现出与基体形成更加优良的冶金结合和优良的润湿性，显微组织明显细小均匀. 随着纳米Sm₂O₃含量增加，复合涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性能均先增加后降低，当纳米Sm₂O₃质量分数为1.5%时，复合涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性能分别提高了10.1%和17.1%. 添加纳米Sm₂O₃的复合涂层的磨损机理均为磨粒磨损. 应用多元统计分析的结果也表明纳米Sm₂O₃对TiC/Co基合金涂层有着显著影响.      

激光镍包纳米Al2O3增强复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用大功率CO2激光器在45#钢基体上制备激光熔覆镍包纳米Al2O3复合涂层,采用金相显微镜观察涂层表面形貌,在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上评价复合涂层与45#碳钢配副的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:经激光熔覆处理制备的镍包纳米Al2O3复合涂层的耐磨性能显著提高,磨损质量损失降低38%,摩擦系数降低40%;复合涂层中纳米Al2O3的配比对其耐磨性影响显著,高配比涂层具有较好的耐磨性,而摩擦系数与Al2O3配比的关系不大.     

等离子熔敷Cr7C3金属陶瓷增强复合涂层组织与耐磨性研究

利用等离子熔敷技术,以Fe-Cr-C合金粉末为原料在正火态C级钢表面制备出Cr7C3金属陶瓷增强复合涂层,分析了复合涂层的显微组织结构,评价了复合涂层在室温干滑动磨损条件下的耐磨性.结果表明:等离子熔敷Cr7C3金属陶瓷增强复合涂层的组织均匀、与基材之间为完全冶金结合,涂层显微组织为规则块状Cr7C3金属陶瓷相均匀分布于Cr7C3与γ-Fe固溶体构成的共晶基体上,其硬度较高;涂层在室温干滑动磨损条件下表现出优异的耐磨性,复合涂层磨损质量损失随载荷增加变化缓慢.     

交变磁场对激光熔覆Fe基复合涂层组织结构及其耐磨性的影响

采用激光熔覆辅助电磁控制工艺在45钢表面合成了Fe-Cr-Si-B-C复合涂层.通过对熔覆层进行SEM、EDS和XRD表征,研究了外加交变磁场对涂层微观组织和物相结构的影响.结果表明:外加磁场可降低激光熔池固-液界面前沿液相的温度梯度和增加非均质形核率,促使粗大、方向性很强的柱状晶转变为均匀、细小的等轴晶,并能够消除熔覆层内的气孔和裂纹等缺陷,但其对熔覆层物相组成的影响不大.熔覆涂层由白色初生γ-(Fe,Cr)固溶体相和其间黑色的γ-(Fe,Cr)共晶相组成,同时含有少量Fe3(B,C)、Cr7(B,C)3、CrFeB等碳化物和硼化物.常温干摩擦磨损试验表明,外加磁场所制备的涂层耐磨性能得到明显提高,其磨损失重仅为未加磁场的43％,且摩擦系数波动较小.     

无压浸渍锰白铜合金-W2C复合涂层的磨损特性研究

采用无压浸渍工艺在45#钢表面制备锰白铜合金-W2C复合涂层,考察了比压、转速及W2C颗粒尺寸对复合涂层耐磨性的影响,并与目前钻机刹车盘用16Mn钢材料的耐磨性进行对比.结果表明:在给定的试验条件下,采用2种不同W2C颗粒粒度的复合涂层的磨损量均随比压及转速的增加而增大;W2C粒度大的涂层由于W2C颗粒在锰白铜基体中分布均匀,形成较好的骨架结构,弥散强化作用较好,比W2C粒度小的涂层具有更优异的耐磨性;由于W2C颗粒能够削弱磨粒的微切削作用,抑制裂纹扩展,其涂层耐磨性比16Mn钢提高10～50倍.     

原位合成M23C6-WC双相碳化物协同增强激光熔覆层摩擦磨损行为的研究

选用W-Fe60-C合金粉末作为原材料,利用激光熔覆技术以最佳工艺参数(激光功率1.5 kW、扫描速度4 mm/s和送粉率10 g/min)在16Mn钢表面制备M₂₃C₆-WC (M: Cr, W, Fe)双相碳化物增强铁基熔覆层,并对其微观结构与物相进行表征,以及在商用铁基合金数据库的基础上,使用Thermo-Calc软件进行热力学计算来研究熔覆层的凝固过程. 此外,还对比研究了纯Fe60合金熔覆层、WC增强铁基熔覆层和M₂₃C₆-WC双相碳化物增强铁基熔覆层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损行为. 结果显示:M₂₃C₆-WC双相碳化物增强铁基熔覆层主要以α-Fe枝晶为基体、W、WC和M₂₃C₆复合碳化物为增强相. M₂₃C₆碳化物以连续网状结构分布在α-Fe枝晶间,WC颗粒以残留W为形核核心生长成块状分布在熔覆层中. 微观结构结合热力学计算结果表明:激光熔覆过程中M₂₃C₆-WC双相碳化物增强铁基熔覆层的凝固过程为液态+W→液态+W+WC→液态+W+WC+γ-(Fe,Ni)枝晶→W+WC+γ-(Fe, Ni)枝晶+M₂₃C₆→W+WC+α-Fe枝晶+M₂₃C₆. 根据显微硬度和磨损率测试可知:M₂₃C₆-WC双相碳化物增强铁基熔覆层的平均显微硬度为835.3 HV_0.5,比纯Fe60合金涂层(604.6 HV_0.5)和WC增强铁基熔覆层(658.9 HV_0.5)分别增加了约230 HV_0.5和180 HV_0.5. M₂₃C₆-WC双相碳化物增强铁基熔覆层的磨损率为3.44×10?6 mm3/(N·m),比纯Fe60合金熔覆层[8.51×10?5 mm3/(N·m)]和WC增强铁基熔覆层[7.98×10?6 mm3/(N·m)]分别减少了约24.7倍和2.3倍.      

激光熔覆Zr—Al—Ni—Cu复合涂层组织及其摩擦磨损性能

采用激光熔覆技术在 Ti基体上制备了 Zr65Al7.5Ni1 0 Cu1 7.5合金涂层 ,涂层由金属间化合物、少量非晶和纳米晶构成 .分别向涂层中添加 C或 B及 Si等组元 ,使涂层硬度由原来的 10 41H K升高到 10 85 H K和 12 5 2 H K;同时在干摩擦条件下考察了其摩擦磨损行为 .结果表明 ,涂层的摩擦系数分别为 0 .14、0 .16和 0 .17,涂层磨损机制以磨粒磨损、剥层磨损和粘着磨损为主     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).