球形爆炸容器应变增长现象的极限情况

应变增长现象威胁容器安全,研究应变增长现象的极限情况对爆炸容器的安全应用非常重要。本文中开展了球形容器爆炸加载实验,获得了应变增长系数达到6.1的应变数据,并利用数值模拟分析球壳弹性变形范围内振动模态叠加形成的应变增长现象的极限情况。研究表明:(1)应变增长现象符合几何相似律,影响应变增长的因素包括扰动源类型、扰动源半径与球壳半径之比、球壳厚度与球壳半径之比、第一个应变峰等,其中扰动源参数是主要影响因素。(2)当扰动源位移被完全约束、扰动源半径等于球壳半径时,球壳上可能的应变增长系数接近12。     

球形爆炸容器法兰联接螺栓的应变增长现象

本文在球形爆炸容器法兰连接螺栓的动态响应实验研究中，发现了法兰螺栓的应变增长现象。以实验数据为基础，通过数值模拟对螺栓发生应变增长的原因进行分析。研究结果表明:受到开口结构的影响，端盖螺栓受到的压力载荷强度较容器内壁大幅增强。螺栓的应变增长是被增强压力载荷的前2个周期与结构响应形成共振时引发的，通过改变端盖质量、预紧力大小可以避免螺栓发生应变增长。     

球形爆炸容器的内部载荷和响应特性

对球形容器内壁压力、温度和容器外壁应变进行了实验监测,为认识容器内部流场演变和容器响 应的全过程提供了较系统的实验数据支持。实验结果及分析显示:容器内部流场在载荷来回反射3次后分布 相对均匀;由容器外壁应变波形推测容器内部爆炸产物发生较明显的二次反应;各个应变监测位置均出现了 应变增长现象,其中容器入口门正对位置的应变增长现象最严重,应变峰值平均值增大系数达到2.88;容器 振动主频率为呼吸振动频率,另一主频率约为呼吸振动频率的1/2;容器外壁最大应变约2.510-3,等效应 力峰值比容器材料静态屈服应力大了约80%,容器无明显塑性变形。     

圆柱形爆炸容器的内壁爆炸载荷

爆炸容器内壁所受爆炸载荷的确定是容器动态响应特征研究、容器结构设计及安全评估的基础。对自行研制的组合式圆柱形爆炸容器开展了系列内爆加载试验,测量了容器内壁几个典型位置所受爆炸载荷,并利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对容器内爆载荷的形成和传播全过程进行了数值模拟。通过对试验结果进行分析,获得了容器内壁所受爆炸载荷的特征及其分布规律,并拟合出容器圆柱形壳体部分所受载荷首脉冲的峰值压力、正压作用时间和比冲量经验计算公式、容器内部准静态压力经验计算公式。通过对数值模拟结果进行分析,阐明了容器内壁所受爆炸载荷特征和分布规律的形成机理。研究结果表明,椭球端盖内壁产生的马赫反射波在端盖极点汇聚,使得极点所受载荷峰值压力及单次脉冲比冲量峰值总是所有测点中最大的,峰值压力最高可达圆柱壳所受最大压力的2.79倍,应予以足够重视。     

圆柱形爆炸容器的内壁爆炸载荷

爆炸容器内壁所受爆炸载荷的确定是容器动态响应特征研究、容器结构设计及安全评估的基础。对自行研制的组合式圆柱形爆炸容器开展了系列内爆加载试验,测量了容器内壁几个典型位置所受爆炸载荷,并利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对容器内爆载荷的形成和传播全过程进行了数值模拟。通过对试验结果进行分析,获得了容器内壁所受爆炸载荷的特征及其分布规律,并拟合出容器圆柱形壳体部分所受载荷首脉冲的峰值压力、正压作用时间和比冲量经验计算公式、容器内部准静态压力经验计算公式。通过对数值模拟结果进行分析,阐明了容器内壁所受爆炸载荷特征和分布规律的形成机理。研究结果表明,椭球端盖内壁产生的马赫反射波在端盖极点汇聚,使得极点所受载荷峰值压力及单次脉冲比冲量峰值总是所有测点中最大的,峰值压力最高可达圆柱壳所受最大压力的2.79倍,应予以足够重视。     

球形爆炸容器开孔补强方法

参考压力容器设计标准,针对某实验用球形爆炸容器进行了开孔补强设计,对容器开孔处等效应变随接管壁厚、补强圈尺寸的变化规律进行了数值计算,确定了“5/3倍球壳厚度的接管”配合“与球壳等厚度、张角10°的补强圈”的开孔补强设计方案。并对数值计算结果和补强设计进行了实验验证。     

爆炸容器承受内部加载的实验研究

对两种实验容器在分布和集中装药两钟情形下进行了爆炸加载实验，测量了几个典型位置的应变和压力。对实验结果的分析表明，容器主体环应变中通常只包含少数几种频率成分。容器（Ⅰ）（Ｌ＝２Ｄ）中心位置的环应变中有应变周期性消涨现象，发生了应变增长；而容器（Ⅱ）中心位置的环应变的极大值总在第一个１／４周期到达。偏高中心位置各点的环应变中都表现出应变增长，并且应变增长的程度随着远离中心位置趋向法兰附近（容器端部）而加剧。轴向应变和封头的振动中含存更多的频率成分。     

密闭空间内不同炸药爆源的能量输出结构及与目标作用研究

对钝化黑索今（RDX）、含铝炸药（RDX/Al）、一次引爆型燃料空气炸药（SEFAE）在爆炸容器和爆炸水池中爆炸波的能量输出结构进行了实验研究。用TVD格式数值模拟了带平板封头爆炸容器的内部爆炸载荷的分布规律。并对在不同爆炸载荷作用下,容器典型位置的应变进行了测量。结果表明:（1）密闭空间内,RDX/Al（90/10）和SEFAE体系具有后燃效应;（2）在本实验条件下,平板封头与罐体结合处的载荷最大;（3）SEFAE产生的爆炸载荷对容器的作用最小,钝化RDX和RDX/Al（90/10）两者相当。3种炸药产生应变的频谱相似,强度略有差别;（4）在本实验的条件下,爆炸载荷的结构不是应变增长的主要原因。     

不同爆炸载荷下TA2钛合金圆管膨胀破坏过程

金属柱壳破坏过程与材料、结构及载荷等相关,断裂结果呈现多种形式,采用有限元结合实验对不同爆炸载荷作用下,TA2钛合金圆管的破坏机制开展研究。有限元结果显示:对于理想均质柱壳,由于冲击波传播使壁厚中间形成二次塑性区,圆管壁厚中部的等效塑性应变总是大于内、外壁。在较高爆压下,裂纹在加载阶段从试样壁厚中部起始,沿45°或135°向内外壁剪切扩展;而在较低爆压下,破坏发生在自由膨胀阶段,断裂从内壁起始向外壁剪切扩展,两者破坏过程和机制不同,总体来说,与实验现象符合较好。相关实验中出现的一些外壁拉伸断裂现象,可能与试样的几何、材料缺陷等因素相关,其对金属圆管爆炸破坏的影响值得进一步关注。     

爆炸载荷特征参数对无限长圆柱壳弹性动态响应的影响

采用含有三角脉冲载荷和准静压载荷的爆炸载荷加载,利用单自由度模型对无限长圆柱壳体（即等效平面应变圆环）的弹性动态响应进行了力学分析,获得了径向位移响应解析解及准静压阶段弹性响应振幅的解析解。基于所得解析解,通过控制变量法分析了载荷压力及载荷分界点时刻（即三角脉冲载荷与准静压载荷作用的分界点时刻）对径向位移最大值、准静压阶段弹性响应振幅的影响规律,更加深入地研究了爆炸载荷对结构响应的影响。本文主要从准静压幅值与三角脉冲峰值的比值以及载荷分界点时刻两个主要特征参数入手,结合结构的呼吸振动频率来研究爆炸载荷对无限长圆柱壳弹性动态响应的影响。在研究中发现存在临界时刻:当载荷分界点时刻早于临界时刻时,径向位移最大值出现在准静压阶段;当载荷分界点时刻晚于临界时刻时,获得了便于直观判断径向位移达到最大值时所处载荷阶段的分区图。基于前述解析解的分析,还获得了不同影响因素导致的振幅变化的单调性分区图,便于判别载荷压力的变化所致的准静压阶段振幅的增减趋势。通过研究获得的爆炸压力载荷对结构响应的影响规律,可为爆炸容器设计以及结构防护基础研究提供参考。     

Strain gradient plasticity solution for an internally pressurized thick-walled spherical shell of an elastic–plastic material

An analytical solution is presented for an internally pressurized thick-walled spherical shell of an elastic strain-hardening plastic material. A strain gradient plasticity theory is used to describe the constitutive behavior of the material undergoing plastic deformations, whereas the generalized Hooke’s law is invoked to represent the material response in the elastic region. The solution gives explicit expressions for the stress, strain and displacement components. The inner radius of the shell enters these expressions not only in non-dimensional forms but also with its own dimensional identity, unlike classical plasticity-based solutions. As a result, the current solution can capture the size effect. The classical plasticity-based solution of the same problem is shown to be a special case of the present solution. Numerical results for the maximum effective stress in the shell wall are also provided to illustrate applications of the newly derived solution. The new solution can be used to construct improved expanding cavity models in indentation mechanics that incorporate both the strain-hardening and indentation size effects.     

The effect of contact conditions and material properties on plastic yield inception in a spherical shell compressed by a rigid flat

The onset of plastic yielding in a spherical shell loaded by a rigid flat is studied for stick and slip contact conditions using finite element analysis. The effect of various material properties on the critical normal load, critical interference and critical contact area at the onset of plastic yielding is investigated and the location where plastic yielding first occurs is determined. A comparison is made with results obtained previously for slip contact condition. Substantial differences are found at low to medium Poisson’s ratio values, while some similarities are found to occur for high Poisson’s ratio values. In particular, a spherical shell is more prone to yield under stick than under slip contact condition.     

椭圆封头圆柱形爆炸容器动力响应的数值模拟

采用显示非线性动力有限元软件LS-DYNA,在不同TNT当量下对椭圆封头圆柱形爆炸容器进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明:对椭圆封头与圆筒组合而成的理想结构,爆心环面的应变在初始响应阶段就达到了最大值,并且其值大于筒体上其他点的最大应变;实际结构中法兰对爆炸容器的动力响应有很大的影响,当法兰的质量超过一定值之后,容器爆心环面会产生应变增长现象。在容器的设计工作中要加强容器的爆心环面并适当地选择法兰。     

双层扁平绕带式压力容器的刚塑性动力响应分析

采用刚塑性模型对双层长扁平绕带式压力容器受径向矩形脉冲内压作用的动力响应进行了分析,给出了结构在中载和高载作用下的变形模态、极限压力、响应时间和残余位移的表达式。计算结果表明,该种容器的静态极限压力值低于整体式压力容器的相应值;绕带层残余位移远大于其内壳和整体式压力容器的残余位移;当所受高载小于24.5 MPa时比整体式压力容器具有更强的抗冲击能力。     

The plastic zone size in indentation experiments: The analogy with the expansion of a spherical cavity

This paper provides in-depth examinations of the well-known analogy between indentation experiments and the expansion of a spherical cavity. Closed-form solutions are derived for the extension of the plastic zone in perfectly plastic and strain hardening solids. The theoretical analysis takes into account the role of elastic and plastic deformations in the overall contact response, leading to accurate solutions for cavity inflation. Presently proposed analogy is based on comprehensive finite element simulations of conical, spherical and pyramidal indentation, which allow us to find a correspondence between the parameters describing the contact response and those in expanding cavity formulations. Such parametrical identification has the advantage to hold true both in expanding cavity formulations for perfectly plastic solids and in those derived herein for strain hardening solids. Attention is given to the assessment of the plastic zone along the indented surface, as well as to quantify the influence of further plastic flow induced upon load removal on the plastic zone size.     

Size dependent response of large shell elements under in-plane tensile loading

Large-scale thin-walled structures with a low weight-to-stiffness ratio provide the means for cost and energy efficiency in structural design. However, the design of such structures for crash and impact resistance requires reliable FE simulations. Large shell elements are used in those simulations. Simulations require the knowledge of the true stress–strain response of the material until fracture initiation. Because of the size effects, local material relation determined with experiments is not applicable to large shell elements. Therefore, a numerical method is outlined to determine the effect of element size on the macroscopic response of large structural shell elements until fracture initiation. Macroscopic response is determined by introducing averaging unit into the numerical model over which volume averaged equivalent stress and plastic strain are evaluated. Three different stress states are considered in this investigation: uniaxial, plane strain and equi-biaxial tension. The results demonstrate that fracture strain is highly sensitive to size effects in uniaxial tension whereas in plane strain or equi-biaxial tension size effects are much weaker. In uniaxial and plane strain tension the fracture strain for large shell elements approaches the Swift diffuse necking condition.