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介质在发牛弹性形变时,由于泊松系数的存在,会发生横向变化,使得工程应力和工程应变不相等.而且实际工程测量中比较容易得到的是工程应力和工程应变得测量结果.因此这就有必要研究在线弹性阶段工程应力和工程应变之间的关系.对常见的拉伸和剪切形变情况下弹性体的工程应力与工程应变的关系做一初步的讨论.     

弹性应力波理论中的运动非线性问题

本文在线性应变条件下导出了应力波在弹性介质中传播的非线性的运动方程。文中指出方程的非线性性质是由变形运动本身的非线性性质决定的。故这类非线性问题可以称为弹性应力波理论中的运动非线性问题。文中对在有限变形下具有线性应力——应变关系的弹性材料,在一维应变下,对方程进行了简化并给出了一个求解的实例。计算结果表明,这种情况下存在着十分明显的非线性动态响应,在分析和计算中必须加以考虑。     

气泡与弹性边界的相互作用研究

从气泡与弹性边界相互作用基本现象入手, 基于势流理论, 建立气泡与弹性边界相互作用的数值模型, 计及浮力与表面张力, 模拟弹性介质附近单个气泡的动态特性, 通过气泡周围压力场的分布来讨论蘑菇状气泡的成因, 数值结果与已有实验结果吻合良好. 讨论两个气泡与弹性边界的相互作用, 并通过与Robinson 和Blake的实验结果对比, 验证数值模型的正确性. 数值模拟发现, 浮力、弹性系数和密度比是影响气泡动态特性的重要特征参数.      

不同围压下C60混凝土三轴压缩过程能量分析

针对复杂应力状态下高强混凝土受压变形破坏过程中的能量演化机制问题,开展不同围压下C60高强混凝土试样三轴压缩试验,分析其在受力全过程中的变形与破坏特征。根据试验结果,探究了不同围压下高强混凝土三轴压缩过程能量演化机制。研究结果表明:围压越大,混凝土试样破坏时,其峰值应力与峰值应力对应的轴向应变越大,破坏形式由张拉破坏向剪切破坏过渡;峰值应力前,混凝土试样主要以弹性应变能储存为主,峰值应力对应的输入能密度和耗散能密度均随围压的增大而增大,且均与围压满足指数函数关系,其形状改变系数FX与轴向应力呈正比关系,体积改变系数FV与轴向应力呈反比关系;达到峰值应力时,体积改变系数FV小于形状改变系数FX;峰值应力后,主要以弹性应变能释放为主,并随着混凝土试样的破坏转化为各种形式的能量耗散。研究结果可为今后从能量角度研究高强混凝土本构关系提供有益参考。     

缺口疲劳裂纹形成的J积分分析

进行了循环载荷的缺口顶端局部应变和形变功密度的循环J 积分分析和实验标定,证实:缺口顶端形变功密度依赖于循环J 积分和缺口半径ρ之比,即:△J/ρ=α_c△W_0通过对缺口疲劳裂纹形成过程的分析,并依据上述关系和光滑试样应变疲劳关系N_(?)(△W)~(?)=c,提出了予测缺口疲劳裂纹形成寿命的公式:N_i(△J/α_cρ)~β=c_n进行了各种缺口试样,在各种载荷条件的疲劳裂纹形成实验,结果证明,对不同应力比R 的载荷,在各种形变程度:从线弹性至全面屈服,疲劳裂纹形成寿命N_i 和△J/α_cρ均满足此关系式.分析比较了△J/α_cρ和缺口疲劳领域的另两个常用参量△K/ρ~(1/2)和1/2△ε之间的关系,△J/α_cρ较后两者有更广泛的适用性.     

一种新实验应力分析方法——声弹性实验应力分析方法简介

1940年S.OKA发现了应力引起的声双折射现象.此后,随着发射和检测超声波技术的进展,近年来有人提出各种方法用来测定应力引起的声双折射、声速和声频谱变化.测出这些变化便能定出施加在物体上的外力和残余应力.目前,超声波应力分析方法引起了人们的广泛注意,并开始形成一门与光弹性力学相类似的新学科——“声弹性力学”.     

含梯度渐变残余应力的弹性半无限体的广义Rayleigh波

研究含梯度残余应力的弹性半无限体的平面应变型表面波,即广义Rayleigh波。将该结构等效为含梯度初应力的弹性覆盖层和无初应力的弹性基底构成的半无限体结构。求得覆盖层中位移函数的幂级数解与均质基底位移函数的解析解,并代入边界条件,得到频散方程。针对拉、压残余应力,分别讨论了其随厚度方向均匀分布、线性变化和指数变化情况下广义Rayleigh波的一阶模态频散特性。数值结果表明:随着拉应力增大,广义Rayleigh波波速会增加,反之,压应力的增大会导致波速的降低;残余应力均匀分布时波速的改变量较大,线性变化次之;当残余应力按照指数函数变化时,梯度参数越趋近于零,其结果越趋近于线性变化情况,随着梯度参数的减小,波速改变量也随之减小。当使用广义Rayleigh波频散特性实现残余应力无损检测时,如果采用与实际梯度渐变残余应力不符的均匀残余应力模型将会低估表面残余应力。本文所得结论可为利用广义Rayleigh波实现梯度残余应力无损检测提供理论基础。     

不同检测方法对混凝土波速的影响研究

为建立超声波法和低应变反射波法检测所得混凝土基桩波速的相互转换关系,本文给出了标准线性固体模型下粘弹性介质的三维和一维纵波速度之比及其实用简化公式,并且通过实验得出,混凝土构件的超声波速与1.054倍低应变动测波速之比处于1.03~1.12,具体数值会随着混凝土龄期、弹性模量和强度等级的增加而有所减小。     

线黏弹性球面发散应力波的频率响应特性

基于线黏弹性球面波Laplace域的理论解, 得到了不同传播距离处粒子速度、粒子位移、应力、应变等力学量的传递函数。以标准线性固体模型为例, 重点讨论了粒子速度频率响应函数的传播特征, 指出随着传播距离的增加, 粒子速度幅频响应函数的高频响应会低于低频响应, 而在理想弹性条件下, 粒子速度幅频响应函数的高频响应一直高于低频响应。以弹性半径为0.025 m的空腔爆炸为例, 采用Laplace数值逆变换方法对粒子速度波形的演化进行了分析, 给出了粒子速度强间断幅值及粒子速度峰值随传播距离变化的衰减规律曲线, 指出黏弹性介质中粒子速度幅值的衰减曲线介于理想弹性介质中粒子速度幅值衰减曲线和黏弹性介质中粒子速度强间断幅值衰减曲线之间。     

微机化的纵横波螺栓轴向应力检测仪研制

介绍了一种既可测安装过程中的螺栓应力又可测已紧固螺栓轴向应力的一种仪器 ,该仪器是以单片机和计算机为核心 ,用超声纵横波声时进行在线检测 ;利用超声波沿轴向传播的波速同轴向应力以及三阶弹性常数的关系导出了应力同纵横波声时比值及温度的关系 ,考虑了受应力作用时温度对声速的影响 ,简化了测量及计算过程 .仪器采用了声时、声幅衰减及数字处理技术联合排除偶合错误及噪声干扰等方法 ,增加了仪器的稳定性 ;仪器采用了高精度测声时方法 ,提高了应力测量精度 ;计算机提供了数字及图形显示并提供了数据查询及图形还原等功能 ,极大地方便了用户操作及管理 .实验结果表明应力低于 2 5 0MPa ,夹紧距离大于 30mm时 ,应力超声测量的绝对误差小于± 8MPa .     

Reflection and transmission by a random medium

From ultrasonic inspections of heterogeneous materials the ultrasonic velocity in a test specimen and the ultrasonic reflection and transmission coefficients can be found over a certain range of frequencies. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the frequency dependence of the reflection and transmission coefficients caused by random fluctuations of the material parameters.The procedure of using the effective frequency-dependent material parameters of an unbounded random medium to determine the wave propagation in a bounded random medium is not applicable at a distance of the boundary of the order of a correlation length. From this interface effect a contribution to the frequency dependence of the reflection and transmission coefficients arises.A previous consideration assuming the correlation length of the fluctuations to be small compared with the wavelength, is extended to shorter waves. Moreover, the wave propagation in a random half-space whose average material parameter differs from that of the exterior is considered. The consequences of the fluctuations of the elastic constants are of special interest, because they do not go with ω² in the governing wave equation as the density does.The interface effect is also discussed in the static limit of ‘homogeneous deformation’.     

超声瑞利波测试材料表面载荷应力的实验研究

实验研究了利用超声瑞利波传播特性测试材料表面应力的方法.在测试过程中采用回振法测声速,以分辨应力作用引起声速的徽小变化;并设计夹具实现探头与试样之间的稳定耦合和弹性接触,精简了实验机构,提高了实验精度.研究结果表明,在应力作用下,平行和垂直于应力方向传播的瑞利波发生了相应的变化:应力较小时,声速随应力变化较快;随着应力...     

白云岩受压声学特性及其在裂缝研究中的应用

通过实验手段研究了白云岩在三轴和单轴加载过程中的声波波速、幅度、频谱特性的变化特征. 结果发现:(1)白云岩在受压变形过程中,声波波速的变化较好地反映了岩石内部裂缝的闭合、产生、扩展和贯穿等变化. 总体而言,横波波速比纵波能更好地预测裂缝的产生,而纵波对裂缝的非稳定发展或贯穿有较敏感的反映. (2)随着轴压的增大,纵、横波波形的末端都有散射波的出现,且横波波形末端的"鱼尾"状散射波信号更为明显(此时应力点为极限强度的60%左右),预示着岩石内部裂缝的产生和稳定扩展. (3)频谱曲线也很好地反映了岩石内部结构变形情况. 随着岩石受力的增大,频谱曲线上的振幅都呈现增大趋势,标志着岩石的压实阶段;当频谱曲线上低频段较高频段活跃时,标志着裂缝的产生;更有甚者,低频还会取代高频成为主频. (4)在岩石受压裂缝闭合阶段,首波振幅和频谱主振幅都呈现上升趋势;而在裂缝不稳定扩展阶段,主振幅表现出比首波振幅低的上升趋势;振幅曲线达到峰值后都存在一突降拐点,预示着岩石的贯通破坏. 研究对于地层岩石的动态长期监测和工程岩体的稳定性评价都具有重要的理论参考价值.      

Characterization of polyacrylamide gels as an elastic model for food gels

Serving as an elastic model system for food gels, characteristics of polyacrylamide (PAAm) gels were investigated using small amplitude and large deformation rheological tests. The PAAm gels displayed elastic or viscoelastic behavior depending on network crosslink density. For elastic PAAm gels, the rheological properties obeyed the theory of rubber elasticity; whereas for viscoelastic PAAm gels, shear modulus depended on temperature. The elastic PAAm gel fracture parameters did not change with deformation rate (0.2–5.5 s^–1), indicating insignificant viscous flow during deformation. Fracture stress was correlated with gel monomer concentration, whereas the fracture strain remained constant regardless of the monomer concentration. In addition, the stress was linearly proportioned with strain up to fracture, indicating that PAAm gels did not experience finite network chain extensibility during large deformation. Consequently, the fracture of PAAm gels did not result from the extensional limitation of network chains, nor did gel fracture result from the nonlinear force–distance relationship between polymer connections. Purportedly, the fracture of PAAm gels was caused by external force overcoming the gel cohesive forces, and low strength of PAAm gels compared to rubbers caused fracture prior to experiencing nonlinear stress-strain deformation.Paper No. FSR04-20 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695-7643. The use of trade names does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of products named, nor criticisms of similar ones not mentioned.     

基于行波型超声马达的超声波振动减摩试验研究

提出了行波型超声马达振动减摩的几何模型,采用电磁电机驱动、电磁电机结合一路驻波振动驱动及行波型超声马达驱动3种驱动方式模拟行波型超声马达摩擦驱动特点,借助超声马达摩擦特性模拟试验装置,引入摩擦系数降低率的概念,研究了电机转速、预压力、超声波激励电压和摩擦材料等对定、转子摩擦副摩擦系数的影响.结果表明:在较高相对滑动速度、小预压力及大振幅条件下,超声波振动减摩现象显著.     

基于扩展有限单元法的短纤维/橡胶复合材料裂纹扩展分析

为了研究短纤维/橡胶复合材料裂纹在拉伸载荷作用下的扩展演化规律,应用扩展有限元法对预制裂纹的短纤维/橡胶复合材料的裂纹扩展进行了数值模拟.采用随机顺序吸附算法在ABAQUS软件中生成短纤维分布模型,分析了失效准则参数(最大许用主应力和裂纹表面能)、短纤维细观参数(体积含量、长度和取向角)对裂纹扩展行为的影响规律,探究了...     

A theory of pulse propagation in anisotropic elastic solids

A theory is described for the propagation of pulses in anisotropic elastic media. The pulse is initially defined by a harmonically modulated Gaussian envelope. As it propagates the pulse remains Gaussian, its spatial form characterized by a complex-valued envelope tensor. The center of the pulse follows the ray path defined by the initial velocity direction of the pulse. Relatively simple expressions are presented for the evolution of the amplitude and phase of the pulse in terms of the wave velocity, the phase slowness and unit displacement vectors. The spreading of the pulse is characterized by a spreading matrix. Explicit equations are given for this matrix in a transversely isotropic material. The rate of spreading can vary considerably, depending upon the direction of propagation. New reflected and transmitted pulses are created when a pulse strikes an interface of material discontinuity. Relations are given for the new envelope tensors in terms of the incident pulse parameters. The theory provides a convenient method to describe the evolution and change of shape of an ultrasonic pulse as it traverses a piecewise homogeneous solid. Numerical simulations are presented for pulses in a strongly anisotropic fiber reinforced composite.     

Propagation and Evolution of Wave Fronts in Two-Phase Porous Media

An investigation is made into the propagation and evolution of wave fronts in a porous medium which is intended to contain two phases: the porous solid, referred to as the skeleton, and the fluid within the interconnected pores formed by the skeleton. In particular, the microscopic density of each real material is assumed to be unchangeable, while the macroscopic density of each phase may change, associated with the volume fractions. A two-phase porous medium model is concisely introduced based on the work by de Boer. Propagation conditions and amplitude evolution of the discontinuity waves are presented by use of the idea of surfaces of discontinuity, where the wave front is treated as a surface of discontinuity. It is demonstrated that the saturation condition entails certain restrictions between the amplitudes of the longitudinal waves in the solid and fluid phases. Two propagation velocities are attained upon examining the existence of the discontinuity waves. It is found that a completely coupled longitudinal wave and a pure transverse wave are realizable in the two-phase porous medium. The discontinuity strength of the pore-pressure may be determined by the amplitude of the coupled longitudinal wave. In the case of homogeneous weak discontinuities, explicit evolution equations of the amplitudes for two types of discontinuity waves are derived.     

温度对冲击相变波传播的影响

冲击加载下,相界面的传播是一热力耦合过程。相变波阵面不仅是力学和物质间断面,也是温度界面。为考虑温度对相变波传播的影响,本文首先建立了相界面上的热传导方程和热力耦合的相变本构方程,然后采用一维特征线理论和有限差分数值计算相结合的方法,分析了温度界面和相变波的基本相互作用规律,进而给出了连续温度梯度下和绝热冲击下相变波传播规律。结果表明,温度对相变波传播的作用主要体现在两个方面,一方面是作为温度界面将与各类间断面相互作用,另一方面冲击相变波阵面后区域热力学状态变化影响卸载波结构。其原因在于相变方式（可逆、不可逆）和相变阈值应力具有强烈的温度相关性。