超声纯横波法测试45#钢的内部应力

声各向同性的金属材料在应力作用下,材料表现出声各向异性,这是用声弹性法分析材料内部应力的基础。本文用垂直于应力方向传播的超声纯横波对45#钢进行测试,测试时横波的偏振化方向分别平行和垂直于应力方向。实验结果表明:材料在拉、压应力作用下,相互正交的两超声纯横波的声速都发生了变化,且声各向异性因子与应力成线性关系。利用此关系可测试材料内部应力,提供了一种无损测试材料内部应力的方法,另外本实验方法也可以对材料内部残余应力进行评估。实验中利用回振法测量声速,可测量声速的微小变化,精度高。     

爆炸载荷下板条边界斜裂纹的动态扩展行为

为了研究爆炸应力波作用下板条边界斜裂纹的动态扩展行为,首先分析了爆炸应力波在含边界斜裂纹板条中的传播,其次采用动态焦散线实验方法,进行了爆炸载荷下板条边界斜裂纹扩展规律的实验研究.研究结果表明,爆炸应力波作用下,板条试件边界斜裂纹的扩展过程中,裂纹扩展速度、扩展加速度和裂尖动态应力强度因子随时间波动变化,扩展速度最大值...     

冲击波作用下铝的准弹性卸载行为

根据一维应变冲击波的基本关系,将Cochran 等定义的有效剪切模量与准弹性卸载过程的纵波和体波声速关联起来,并藉此研究了冲击波作用下铝的准弹性卸载特性. 利用VISAR高压声速测量技术获得了LY12铝在20$\sim$100\,GPa压力下沿着准弹性卸载过程的有效剪切模量,结果表明LY12铝的有效剪切模量随卸载应力的下降而迅速下降. 采用与卸载应力成线性关系的方程对有效剪切模量进行了近似描述,该方程的斜率随初始冲击压力的增加而增加,体现了准弹性卸载行为的压力相关性. 将有效剪切模量结果与准静态实验结果进行了比较,由此分析了冲击波作用下准弹性卸载过程的可能物理机制. 应用有效剪切模量方程对6061铝合金的准弹性行为进行了模拟,计算结果与实验结果符合很好.      

轴向冲击载荷作用下锥壳中弹性应力波传播的计算和实验研究

本文利用有限元分析和模型实验研究了在轴向冲击载荷作用下,锥壳中弹性应力波的传播、计算和实验结果表明,结构中存在着弹性纵波和弹性弯曲波的传播,它们传播的速度各不相同,使壳面承受不同的应力状态;讨论了纵波和弯曲波随壳面的衰减;实验指出,由于边界的影响,即使纵波的反射也会产生新的反射弯曲波沿锥面传播。     

超声反射纵波法检测钢轨应力的实验研究

钢轨的应力状况直接影响列车运行的安全,因此对钢轨应力的研究特别重要.用超声波测量应力的方法由于其对被测材料无损的特性而受到广泛关注.文章重点叙述了利用反射纵波法(the reflected longitudinal waves)来检测钢轨应力的实验方法.该方法如果用于实际测量,可以提高钢轨检测的工作效率,大大节约在铁路维护上的开支,提高铁路运输的安全系数,加速实现人民铁路的高效运营.文中详细介绍了整套实验测量系统、所用的探头、探头放置的位置、信号耦合与放大电路图以及实验测量结果,并根据实验测量结果进行分析.结果显示应力变化引起的钢材料特性变化导致了声传播速率的变化,且应力变化与声传播速率的变化呈线性关系.该结果证明了超声波测量钢轨应力的可行性.     

拉伸应力区的声速测量、层裂强度和断裂密度

1 引言 在层裂的实验研究中,目前尚无法直接测量发生在材料内部的动态断裂过程。通常采用测量自由面速度剖面,推演出材料层裂特性的方法。在计算材料发生断裂时的拉伸应力即层裂强度时,需要知道拉伸应力即负压下的声速。测量负压下的声速比测量冲击压缩下的声速要困难得多。仅仅从自由面速度剖面并不能计算出负压声速,因为通常无法确定材料中应力由压应力转变为拉伸应力的“位置”、发生层裂的位置以及时间。能否通过特别的实验设计,确定发生这些过程的时一空位置,进而获得负压声速,一直是实验研究者企求解决的问题。下面介绍两种测量负压声速的实验装置设计和计算负压声速、层裂强度和断裂密度的方法,是这方面研究工作的尝试。     

微机化的纵横波螺栓轴向应力检测仪研制

介绍了一种既可测安装过程中的螺栓应力又可测已紧固螺栓轴向应力的一种仪器 ,该仪器是以单片机和计算机为核心 ,用超声纵横波声时进行在线检测 ;利用超声波沿轴向传播的波速同轴向应力以及三阶弹性常数的关系导出了应力同纵横波声时比值及温度的关系 ,考虑了受应力作用时温度对声速的影响 ,简化了测量及计算过程 .仪器采用了声时、声幅衰减及数字处理技术联合排除偶合错误及噪声干扰等方法 ,增加了仪器的稳定性 ;仪器采用了高精度测声时方法 ,提高了应力测量精度 ;计算机提供了数字及图形显示并提供了数据查询及图形还原等功能 ,极大地方便了用户操作及管理 .实验结果表明应力低于 2 5 0MPa ,夹紧距离大于 30mm时 ,应力超声测量的绝对误差小于± 8MPa .     

曲率半径对前缘气动热与结构响应的影响

针对高超声速飞行器铌合金前缘结构, 研究了不同曲率半径对前缘结构 温度场、应力场和变形场的影响. 首先建立高超声速气动加热模型, 采用有限体积法得到热 环境参数, 并运用有限元法计算结构的温度、应力和变形. 结果表明: 不同时间的温度场分 布和曲率半径密切相关, 温升过程中应力最大值出现在曲率半径为1\,mm时; 随时间推移, 曲 率半径越大应力越低; 而位移随曲率半径的增加而增大.     

杆中嵌入薄板的应力波传播行为

采用一维理论分析和二维有限元模拟,研究了杆中嵌入薄板的应力波传播行为.首先根据一维弹性应力波理论,推导了反射波,透射波以及板中应力的表达式.结合算例,分析了薄板厚度对应力波传播的影响,然后采用有限元方法,验证了一维理论分析结果,同时也研究了不同界面处理方式对结果的影响.结果表明板越薄,对应力波传播的影响越小,薄板中应力越能真实地反映杆中的应力状态;在SHPB实验中,嵌入薄片/薄膜传感器测量微弱应力信号是可行的.     

冲击载荷下颗粒材料临边界区域的波动行为及变形特征分析

研究颗粒材料中的波传播问题在超材料制造方面有重要意义, 如波传导超材料边界的设计需考虑应力波的反射和吸收等问题. 本文从一维颗粒链中的波传播行为出发, 根据距边界不同位置处颗粒能够得到的最大动能的不同, 给出了临边界区域的定义. 然后分析了多组二维颗粒样本在冲击载荷作用下应力波的传播行为, 主要考虑了不同边界形状及不同颗粒排列方式对应力波在临边界区域内传播行为的影响. 研究表明, 临边界区颗粒排列方式主要影响边界附近颗粒的相对位置和局部孔隙率; 经边界反射后的应力波直接以边界形状在临边界区内传播, 该结论在边界情况越复杂(高局部孔隙率, 颗粒无序随机排列)时越准确; 在临边界区域外(即材料中心区域), 波前形状主要由波速决定. 弧形边界对波反射的汇聚作用和临边界区域内颗粒的排列方式所引起的弥散作用是两个竞争因素, 共同决定临边界区域内波的反射过程. 最后分析了临边界区域内颗粒力链网络在反射前后的变化. 该研究将为超材料设计提供借鉴.      

Acoustoelastic determination of residual stress with laser doppler velocimetry

The main object of this study is to develop a new technique for stress nondestructive measurement. A noncontact measurement technique of ultrasonic wave velocity is proposed. In the measurement system, a laser Doppler velocimeter, which is noncontact, is used to detect wave motions due to Rayleigh waves instead of a piezoelectric transducer. The noncontact measurement technique is applied to determine the stress-acoustic coefficient of Rayleigh waves for aluminum 5052 and a structural steel, and the results are in good agreement with those obtained using knife-edge piezoelectric transducers. The technique is also used to evaluate residual stress existing in an H-section rolled beam of the structural steel. The distribution of residual stress is reasonable.     

初应力对压电层状结构声表面波传播性能的影响

研究了压电层状结构中初应力对广义Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ波传播相速度和机电耦合性能的影响,通过求解含初应力的运动微分方程,对自由界面电学开路和短路两种情况得到了相应的相速度方程。给出了具体的数值算例,所得结果对于提高和改善声表面波器件性能有参考意义。     

立方晶粒正交板材瑞利波速与织构系数的关系

正交板材是由大量微小晶粒组成的正交多晶体材料,而多晶体中晶粒的取向分布(可通过取向分布函数中的织构系数来描述)影响着多晶体材料的力学性能,也必然影响着瑞利波的传播速度。将多晶体材料的织构系数引入到弹性张量中,通过特征值办法,采用线性化处理,推导出立方晶粒正交板材的瑞利波速与织构系数的关系式,在此基础上可通过正交板材瑞利波速的测量获得织构系数,并与通过超声横波纵波测得结果相比,吻合很好。     

板中正交静应力与任意方向兰姆波波速的关系

运用部分波分析法(或子波分析)理论推导了在正交静应力下,板中任意方向的Lamb波的频散方程,给出了任意方向Lamb波波速、正交静应力和频率之间的关系. 进行了数值计算并讨论了对称方向的Lamb波波速对单向静应力的依赖关系,为将Lamb波用于应力测量提供了理论依据.      

MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF LASER GENERATED RAYLEIGH AND LAMB WAVES CONSIDERING ITS PULSE DURATION

In this article, laser generated Rayleigh and Lamb waves are studied by taking into account its pulse duration. The physical model and theoretical solution are presented to predict the corresponding waveforms for aluminum samples under the ablation generation regime.The waveforms of the excited Rayleigh and Lamb waves by laser with selected pulse duration were measured by laser interferometer and analyzed theoretically, and the agreement between measurement and analysis is demonstrated for the validation of the theoretical model and solution.The broadening of the Rayleigh wave and the disappearing of high order Lamb wave modes can be found with the increase of the pulse duration by the laser ultrasonic technique.     

无黏流体与固体界面的漏瑞利波

漏瑞利波存在于半无限无黏性流体和半无限固体媒质的界面处. 首先推导流固无限各向同性介质界面处漏瑞利波的特征方程和位移及应力的解析计算公式. 然后结合典型结构通过数值计算研究了漏瑞利波特性以及位移和应力在流体和固体中的分布规律. 数值计算结果表明漏瑞利波的相速度和衰减随流固密度比的增大而增大, 在流固界面上法向位移连续而切向位移不连续. 流固密度比对固体媒质中沿垂直于漏瑞利波的传播方向的位移、正应力和剪应力有比较大的影响,而对沿漏瑞利波的传播方向的正应力几乎没影响. 为利用漏瑞利波的无损检测与评价提供了理论基础.      

A device for measuring the velocity of ultrasonic waves: An application to stress analysis

In this paper we present a device for the practical application of an ultrasonic critical-angle refractometry (UCRfr) technique. UCRfr is a technique for measuring the velocity of longitudinal, shear and Rayleight waves, developed to improve the traditional ultrasonic methods for measuring the stress level in materials by means of acousto-elasticity. The technique consists of relating the variations in wave propagation velocity to variations in the angle of refraction at the interface with a second medium. Variations in the angle of refraction are determined on the basis of delay in receiving of the same wave at two different points. The study deals with the measurements of velocity changes of longitudinal wave due to uniaxial stress. In the present work the effects of stress on aluminum and steel specimens have been studied. Experimentation has show the potential of the technique for stress measurement; on the other hand, when the applied stress is known, it allows the measurement of the acoustoelastic constants of longitudinal waves. As regards measuring variations in velocity induced by stress, using this method it is possible, with a suitable choice of the material the device is made of, to isolate the effects of stress on velocity from the possible effects of temperature.     

An approach for obtaining approximate formulas for the Rayleigh wave velocity

In this paper, we introduce an approach for finding analytical approximate formulas for the Rayleigh wave velocity for isotropic elastic solids and anisotropic elastic media as well. The approach is based on the least-square principle. To demonstrate its application, we applied it in order to obtain an explanation for Bergmann’s approximation, the earliest known approximation of the Rayleigh wave velocity for isotropic elastic solids, and used it to establish a new approximation. By employing this approach, the best approximate polynomials of the second order of the cubic power and the quartic power in the interval [0, 1] were found. By using the best approximate polynomial of the second order of the cubic power, we derived an approximate formula for the Rayleigh wave speed in isotropic elastic solids which is slightly better than the one given recently by Rahman and Michelitsch by employing Lanczos’s approximation. Also by using this second order polynomial, analytical approximate expressions for orthotropic, incompressible and compressible elastic solids were found. For incompressible case, it is shown that the approximation is comparable with Rahman and Michelitsch’s approximation, while for the compressible case, it is shown that our approximate formulas are more accurate than Mozhaev’s ones. Remarkably, by using the best approximate polynomials of the second order of the cubic power and the quartic power in the interval [0, 1], we derived an approximate formula of the Rayleigh wave velocity in incompressible monoclinic materials, where the explicit exact formulas of the Rayleigh wave velocity so far are not available.     

An analytical study on the Rayleigh wave generation in a stratified structure

In this paper, an analytical method is used to investigate the Rayleigh wave generation in a stratified structure and the wave generation in a dry sandy layer constrained between the couple stress and inhomogeneous orthotropic half-spaces. This study is devoted to analyzing the impact of various effective parameters associated with the media on the phase velocities of the wave. The displacement components for each medium are derived by implementing the separable variable method. The frequency equation is secured by using the displacement components in the boundary conditions, imposed at the interfaces between the layer and half-spaces. Moreover, the secured equation is the relation between the phase velocity and the wave number. Numerical computations are performed, and graphical representations are demonstrated between the phase velocity and the wave number for both phase velocities with different values of the parameters.The comparison between the phase velocities is observed for the same value of each parameter.     

曲面曲率对Rayleigh波传播特性的影响

对任意形状的均匀各向同性线弹性曲面物体,用 WKB～（1）方法求解了沿曲面传播的Rayleigh表面波的运动微分方程,同时考虑了波传播方向及其垂直方向曲面曲率对波的穿透性的影, 所获波动方程的势函数解答表明,在一般情况下垂直波传播方向的曲面曲率对波的穿透深度的影响是不容忽视的.进而以同种介质平面表面情况下的Rayleigh面波的传播特性为基准,给出了曲面曲率引起波数或波速变化的解析表达式.通过理论分析和数值算例,描述了曲面上Rayleigh面波传播行为的一些基本特征.