On the experimental investigation of the stiffness of clamped machined surfaces

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of surface texture and normal load on the stiffness of joints formed by two machined surfaces. The experiments involved deformation measurements and examination of the contact surfaces of joints subjected to normal loads. It was shown that surface-displacement results can be affected by assuming that the compressive strain in the joint specimen is the same as in an equivalent solid piece. The elastic stiffness of joints were found to increase with an increase in the maximum nominal surface pressure. Results were also shown to illustrate that the elastic stiffness of a joint is affected by the loading history. Surface-profile measurements indicated that the topography of a joint surface changed with normal load, and that the deformation of a surface profile was related to the permanent change measured by extensometers placed across the joint interface.

     

Interference fasteners for fatigue-life improvement

This paper describes use of interference-fit fasteners for improving fatigue life. Experiments showed substantial improvements in life for constant amplitude and spectrum loading, even where high loading introduced plastic deformation. Tests conducted at low stresses on single-shear butt joints showed but little improvement, because high bending stresses caused failure at edges of washers instead of through fastener holes. On the other hand, axial-loaded specimens containing unloaded interference fasteners showed marked increases in life at all stress levels.     

Investigation of the performance of an ischial load-bearing leg brace

Partition of loads between the human leg and its protective brace was investigated during the normal walking stride of a patient fitted with a conventional ischial weight-bearing leg brace. Strain-gage force transducers were designed and installed to measure loads in the brace, and a strain-gage force plate was built to measure the floor reaction of the patient's footstep. The load measured by the force plate is equal to the total load carried by the leg and the brace, and it was resolved into components along axes fixed with respect to the leg and compared with the force carried by the leg brace to determine the distribution of the load between the brace and leg. Curves of force in three orthogonal directions and torque about the vertical axis of the leg are presented and discussed.     

Progressive bearing failure modeling of composites with double-bolted joints at mesoscale level

Both numerical and experimental researches are carried out to study the strength of the composite double-bolted joints and the bearing damage propagation. A mesoscale level progressive damage model along with analytical formulation is used to predict the bearing failure of carbon–epoxy composite plates. This damage model is introduced as a user material subroutine in the commercial software ABAQUS, and the maximum failure load is calculated. In order to validate the numerical results, experimental tests are also conducted in which comparison between the results shows an excellent agreement. Furthermore, the effects of the bolt distances on the maximum failure load are studied. The results reveal that there is an optimum bolt distance that outcomes maximum failure loads.     

机器人关节非线性摩擦模型关键参数反求

机器人关节非线性摩擦的准确描述对提高机器人轨迹精度、定位精度及其可靠性等具有重要理论意义和科学价值. 然而, 机器人关节通常包含电机、减速器、驱动器和传感器, 是一个复杂的机电耦合系统, 随服役时间及工况的变化, 机器人关节的摩擦参数也存在显著时变效应, 难以准确描述, 造成轨迹精度下降, 为机器人后期精度维护造成巨大困难. 因此, 本文定量评价了摩擦参数对机器人输出力矩的影响, 提出考虑时变效应的机器人关节非线性摩擦参数反求方法. 首先, 建立机器人关节一般非线性摩擦模型. 设计机器人关节恒速跟踪实验, 通过卡尔曼滤波对实验采集的数据进行处理, 进而建立关节速度和驱动电机电流之间的关系, 完成关节一般非线性摩擦模型建立. 其次, 择取非线性摩擦模型关键参数. 建立包含非线性摩擦的机器人动力学模型, 基于激励轨迹计算各关节力矩, 并对其开展灵敏度分析, 择取对关节力矩灵敏性较高的摩擦参数. 再次, 建立关节输出力矩和摩擦参数一一对应的数据集. 基于实际工况构建摩擦参数取值空间, 采用最优拉丁超立方法对摩擦参数采样, 并将其代入机器人动力学模型计算出相应的力矩, 从而求得关节输出力矩和摩擦参数一一对应的数据集. 最后, 建立反问题神经网络并对其进行训练, 实现非线性摩擦模型关键参数反求, 并进行验证. 研究结果表明关节非线性摩擦的准确描述减小了机器人低速运动换向时摩擦力矩突变对机器人轨迹的影响, 显著提升了机器人轨迹精度.      

高锁螺栓连接件动态拉伸响应与失效机理

飞机坠撞过程中结构的变形模式和吸能对乘员保护具有重要意义，而连接结构的载荷传递和失效形式是影响飞机结构变形的重要因素之一。为了获取航空高锁螺栓连接件在坠撞载荷下的动态响应和失效机理，基于抗剪型平头高锁螺栓设计了2种材料（2024-T3和7050-T7451）的单钉单搭接连接件，利用高速液压伺服材料试验机进行4种速度（0.01、0.10、1.00和3.00 m/s）下的拉伸测试，得到连接件的动态响应、极限载荷、能量吸收和失效模式随速度的变化规律，并分析了连接件的失效机理。结果表明，连接件的失效模式受母材和高锁螺栓/螺母材料强度影响较大，而受加载速度影响较小；当速度从0.01 m/s增加到3.00 m/s时，2024-T3连接件的极限载荷和能量吸收分别增加了2.17%和34.43%，7050-T7451连接件的极限载荷和能量吸收分别增加了5.53%和6.58%。     

Three-dimensional investigation of thick single-lap bolted joints

Stresses in single-lap bolted joints of thick plates are complex and difficult to analyze. Previous studies involving stresses through the thickness of bolted joints have been limited to finite element method (FEM) simulations and have been implemented only for the joining of relatively thin plates. In this paper we report on several experimental and numerical analyses that were conducted to evaluate the stress distribution inside thick bolted plates along the bearing plane normal to the plate surface. Experimental analysis was conducted via embedded-polariscope photoelasticity and embedded resistance strain gages. The FEM analysis was performed with the ABAQUS commercial code using material properties and other data obtained experimentally as input. Experimental and numerical results agreed reasonably well, and are believed to depict the behavior of the joint under load well enough to assist in development of improved joint design.     

纳米铜添加剂改善钢-铝摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的研究

采用环-块摩擦磨损试验机对比考察了钢-铝摩擦副在液体石蜡与含纳米铜颗粒液体石蜡润滑下的摩擦磨损特性,研究了对纳米铜添加剂添加量与载荷对其摩擦磨损性能的影响,通过对磨损表面粗糙度、形貌及其主要元素的能谱分析,探讨了纳米铜颗粒作为添加剂时钢-铝摩擦副的润滑机制.结果表明:含0.25%纳米铜颗粒液体石蜡时,钢-铝摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能最优;在不同载荷下纳米铜颗粒可以改善铝的摩擦磨损性能,特别在中等载荷(50～125 N)下,其抗磨减摩作用更明显;纳米铜颗粒能够在磨损表面形成一层低剪切强度的铜保护膜,有效地避免粘着磨损,同时阻止铝元素向钢表面的转移,从而显著改善钢-铝摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能.     

考虑摩擦特性的柔性关节空间机器人自适应CMAC神经网络鲁棒控制

讨论了关节摩擦力矩影响下,具有柔性铰关节的漂浮基空间机器人系统的动力学控制问题.设计了基于高斯基函数的小脑神经网络(CMAC)鲁棒控制器和摩擦力矩补偿器.用奇异摄动理论对系统的动力学模型进行快慢变子系统分解,针对快变子系统,设计力矩微分反馈控制器来抑制机械臂关节柔性引起的振动;对于慢变子系统,设计了基于自适应CMAC神...     

Fatigue design of bolted joints taking into account reliability concepts

A method is presented for fatigue design by comparing the load on the bolt in joints with the fatigue strength of the bolt-nut joints. Two types of bolted joints, cylindrical and T-flange joints, are treated as examples. Reliability concepts are introduced to the design. Fatigue tests of the above-mentioned bolted joints were also carried out to verify the applicability of the method. As a result, it appears that the fatigue behavior of threaded fasteners can be estimated to some extent by comparing the load on the bolt with the fatigue strength. Paper was presented at the 1986 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in New Orleans, LA on June 8–13.     

考虑接缝传荷的文克勒地基上矩形薄板的级数解

应用双重正弦级数展开的方法,推演得到了文克勒地基上计入两块矩形板间接缝传荷效应的级数解。假设接缝传递剪力与板间挠度差成正比、传递弯矩与板间转角差成正比,进而分析了单轮和单轴荷载作用在纵缝边缘中部时,接缝传荷效应对板边最大挠度和最大应力的影响规律;通过引入接缝传荷效应系数和接缝极限传荷的两个挠度比及两个应力比,建立了计入接缝传荷效应的板边最大挠度和最大应力的一般式,总结了不同板尺寸、荷载面积尺寸和类型及板材料泊松比对四个接缝影响系数和四个接缝极限传荷的挠度比及应力比的影响规律。结果表明:不同荷载面积下,受荷板接缝边缘最大挠度、最大应力均随弯矩或剪力传荷刚度系数的增大而减小,且应力的变化幅度相较挠度要小。影响系数fV^w(ξV)、fM^w(ξM)、fM^σ(ξM)与荷载圆相对半径(a/l)、相对板长(L/l)和相对板宽(B/l)无关,且单轮荷载与双轮荷载规律相同;而影响系数fV^σ(ξV)与荷载圆相对半径(a/l)有关,与相对板长(L/l)和相对板宽(B/l)无关;挠度比λV^w与荷载圆相对半径、板尺寸(L/l,B/l)及泊松比v无关,恒等于0.5,而λM^w、λV^σ、λM^σ均与荷载相对半径(a/l)、板尺寸(L/l,B/l)及泊松比v有关,且影响因素中荷载面积尺寸的影响最为显著。     

单轴压缩下断续节理岩体动态损伤本构模型

断续节理将对工程岩体的强度及变形等力学特性产生显著影响,损伤力学中视节理为岩体的一种宏观损伤,因而采用损伤张量来刻画其对岩体的影响。目前学术界提出了用节理的几何、强度及变形等3类参数来描述节理的物理力学性质,而目前的岩体损伤张量计算方法都只涉及前2类参数,均没有涉及其变形参数即法向及切向刚度。为此,在前人研究的基础上,基于断裂及损伤理论提出了考虑节理法向及切向刚度的单轴压缩下单条断续节理引起的损伤张量计算公式,进而通过考虑节理间相互作用给出了单组单排或多排节理岩体损伤张量计算公式。其次,以岩石细观动态损伤模型为基础,结合宏细观损伤耦合观点提出了一个能够同时考虑节理几何、强度及变形参数的断续节理岩体动态损伤本构模型。最后,利用该模型讨论了节理参数及载荷应变率等对岩体动态力学特性的影响,认为节理长度减小及摩擦角增大将导致岩体动态峰值强度及弹性模量增大;岩体动态峰值强度及弹性模量则随着节理法向及切向刚度的增大分别减小或增大;而当节理法向及切向刚度按照同一比例增大时,岩体动态峰值强度及弹性模量则是增大的。岩体动态峰值强度与载荷应变率呈正相关。     

堆载下单桩负摩阻力工作性状非线性数值分析

利用三维非线性数值方法对一算例在堆载作用下桩侧负摩阻力进行了计算分析。计算结果揭示了摩擦型、端承型桩负摩阻力工作性状的异同; 分析了堆载速度、桩顶荷载对负摩阻力的影响: 堆载越快,负摩阻力越小; 在无桩顶荷载作用下,由负摩阻力引起的下拉荷载最大,可视为常规方法设计的上限值; 桩顶荷载与堆载施工顺序对负摩阻力的影响也很大,先施加桩顶荷载,后进行堆载所产生的负摩阻力最大,反之最小。     

Dynamic stability analysis of composite plates including delaminations using a higher order theory and transformation matrix approach

A refined higher order shear deformation theory is used to investigate the dynamic instability associated with composite plates with delamination that are subject to dynamic compressive loads. Both transverse shear and rotary inertia effects are taken into account. The theory is capable of modeling the independent displacement field above and below the delamination. All stress free boundary conditions at free surfaces as well as delamination interfaces are satisfied by this theory. The procedure is implemented using the finite element method. Delamination is modeled through the multi-point constraint approach using the transformation matrix technique. For validation purposes, the natural frequencies and the critical buckling loads are computed and compared with three-dimensional NASTRAN results and available experimental data. The effect of delamination on the critical buckling load and the first two instability regions is investigated for various loading conditions and plate thickness. As expected, the natural frequencies and the critical buckling load of the plates with delaminations decrease with increase in delamination length. Increase in delamination length also causes instability regions to be shifted to lower parametric resonance frequencies. The effect of edge delamination on the static and dynamic stability as well as of delamination growth is investigated.     

Stabilized interface methods for mechanical joints: Physics-based models and variationally consistent embedding

This paper presents the application of a new method for interfacial modeling utilizing a merger of continuous Galerkin and discontinuous Galerkin concepts to simulate the behavior of mechanical joints. The interfacial flux terms arising naturally from the discontinuous Galerkin treatment provide a mechanism to embed friction models in a variationally consistent fashion. Due to the unbiased implementation of the interface, facilitated by avoiding the master–slave concept, the deformation of the two interacting surfaces conforms to the local material and geometric attributes of the surfaces. This results in a better preservation of physics in interface mechanics. Additionally, the method is incorporated into a Variational Multiscale framework that comes equipped with a built-in error estimation module, providing numerical estimation of convergence and distinguishing discretization errors from modeling errors. A series of quasi-static numerical simulations of a lap joint under fretting conditions are conducted to compare the performance of two friction models: (i) classical Coulomb friction model and (ii) physics-based multiscale model. Hysteresis study of a three-dimensional double-bolted lap joint for the two friction models is also presented and the computed results are shown to be consistent between conforming and nonconforming meshes.     

载荷对MoS2/C复合薄膜摩擦学行为的影响

采用直流磁控溅射与高功率磁脉冲磁控溅射制备了以Ti为过渡层的MoS_2/C复合薄膜,并对其结构、组分、力学性能以及摩擦学行为进行了研究.摩擦测试结果表明:载荷增加时,摩擦系数与磨损率呈规律性降低趋势;通过赫兹接触模型对平均摩擦系数进行分析拟合,发现载荷的变化带来赫兹接触面积与接触压强的不同,导致了摩擦系数的变化;通过对摩擦产物的拉曼光谱分析发现不同载荷对非晶碳石墨化程度影响不明显;借助透射电子显微镜对转移膜的微结构进行分析,发现转移膜主要是排列有序且基面平行于滑移界面的MoS_2层,使其在较高载荷下仍具有低的剪切强度,因而获得低的摩擦系数.进一步采用同一磨球、磨痕体系从高载荷到低载荷变化的连续摩擦验证式试验,可以得出,MoS_2/C复合薄膜在所有高载荷条件下获得低摩擦系数,赫兹接触起着主导作用.     

Photoelastic studies on progress of separation in interference fits

Interference fits are used extensively in aircraft structural joints because of their improved fatigue performance. Recent advances in analysis of these joints have increased understanding of the nonlinear load-contact and load-interfacial slip variations in these joints. Experimental work in these problems is lacking due to difficulties in determining partial contact and partial slip along the pin-hole interface. In this paper, an experimental procedure is enumerated for determining load-contact relations in interference/clearance fits, using photoelastic models and applying a technique for detecting progress of separation/contact up to predetermined locations. The study incorporates a detailed procedure for model making, controlling interference, locating break of contact up to known locations around the interface, estimating optically the degree of interference, determining interfacial friction and evaluating stresses in the sheet. Experiments, simulating joints in large sheets, were carried out under both pin and plate loads. The present studies provide load-separation behavior in interference joint with finite interfacial friction.     

速度和载荷对脂润滑2Cr13钢离子渗氮层摩擦学行为的影响

利用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机对不同速度和载荷条件下 PFPE脂润滑2Cr13钢离子渗氮层进行了系统的真空滑动摩擦磨损试验.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分别对磨损表面的形貌、化学状态及润滑脂的成分进行分析.结果表明:随着载荷和滑动速度的增加,脂润滑渗氮层的磨损机制由轻微磨损向轻微复合磨损机制转变.在真空摩擦磨损过程中2Cr13钢离子渗氮层与PFPE润滑脂发生化学反应,并有FeF3生成,促进PFPE润滑脂发生降解,形成酸性的氟化物.增加载荷和速度会加速渗氮层与润滑脂之间的反应,进一步促进润滑脂的降解.     

Measurement of soil parameters useful in predicting tractive ability of off-road vehicles using an instrumented portable device

An instrumented portable device that measures soil sinkage, shear, and frictional parameters in situ was developed to investigate the complexity of soil-traction device interaction process. The device was tested to determine its ability to measure soil frictional and shear characteristics. Extensive laboratory tests were conducted using dry and moist Capay clay and Yolo loam soils. In addition, field tests were also conducted in a Yolo loam field located at the UC Davis Agricultural Experiment Station. The Cohron sheargraph was also tested under the same laboratory experimental conditions to determine adhesion, soil-metal friction, cohesion, and angle of internal friction of soil. The analysis of experimental data indicated that soil adhesion and soil-metal friction were found to be functions of the intercept and slope values of cone torque versus cone index plot (r² = 0.94 and 0.95, respectively). Moreover, soil cohesion was found to be related to adhesion by the constrained adhesion relationship, and soil angle of internal friction was proportional to soil-metal friction as reported by Hettiaratchi [7] and [8]. These results imply that a simpler device consisting of a rotating cone can be developed to measure soil frictional and shear characteristics. Preliminary results showed that the soil parameters determined using this device predicted the maximum net traction developed by four different radial ply tires tested by Upadhyaya et al. [18] under similar soil conditions quite well. These results indicate that the parameters obtained from the device could be useful in obtaining traction related parameters of a soil-tractive device interaction process.     

粗糙表面的弹塑性接触研究

建立了综合载荷作用下粗糙表面弹塑性接触的确定性模型,考虑了微凸峰接触的弹塑性变形阶段,数值求解得到实际接触面积、压力分布和微凸峰塑性形变.分析了实际接触面积与法向载荷的关系,并研究了点接触的椭圆参数对上述关系的影响.建立了结点增长模型,分析了结点增长与滑动摩擦系数的关系以及滑动摩擦系数随椭圆参数的变化.结果表明:随着法向载荷增大,实际接触面积与法向载荷之间的非线性关系愈加显著;椭圆参数越大,实际接触面积越小,选择较小的椭圆参数可降低平均接触压力;结点增长的速率随滑动摩擦系数增大而增大;表面剪切作用力使最大Mises应力值升高,疲劳裂纹的发生源向表面靠近;重载时选择较小的滚动轴承沟曲率半径系数有利于减小摩擦功耗.