四种不同约束形式隔板式铅耗能器的试验研究

铅耗能器主要利用金属铅塑性耗能,是一种构造简单、耗能性能优良而又经济的耗能减震元件。本文提出了一种隔板式铅耗能器。根据其构造和耗能原理,设计了四种不同约束形式的耗能元件,并通过EHF-EM电液伺服疲劳试验机进行了低周循环试验,分析了这四种约束形式对隔板式铅耗能器的力学性能与耗能性能的影响,揭示了其耗能机制。研究结果表明:隔板式铅耗能器主要具有屈服位移小、造价低廉、构造简单、工作性能稳定、耗能性能优良的特点,在建筑结构和大型机械减振控制方面具有广泛的应用前景;对比分析表明,其中B型耗能器力学性能尤为优越,耗能能力大且随位移增大刚度增强,同时对结构振动还具有限位功能。     

建筑结构的SMA被动振动控制方法

文章根据Robery K等研制的SMA中心牵引型耗能器的基本原理，设计出一种具有自我保护能力的新型耗能器，并建立了对应的力学模型。在此基础上，利用Brinson相变发展的本构模型从热力学第一定律出发建立了耗能器的热力学平衡方程式，为了探讨耗能器在结构中的被动控制效果，文章以三层单跨框架结构为例建立了结构在耗能器作用下的动力学方程式。最后，文章分别对耗能器与框架结构进行了数值仿真计算。结果表明，耗能器的耗能能力随温度的升高而下降，通过温控器的调节或改变相变温度点，可以使耗能器处于最佳耗能状态；SMA耗能丝材愈短，在相同的耗能器行程下，丝材应变愈大，相变发展愈充分，耗能量愈大，但最大应变不能超过材料的最大可恢复应变；SMA耗能器对结构在地震作用下的动力响应具有较显著的抑制作用，位移的峰值衰减率约50％一70％。     

带有摩擦耗能元件的框架结构动力分析

本文提出粘性屈服模型来模拟摩擦耗能元件的力-速度关系,该模型是连续变化的,克服了库仑摩擦模型不连续导致数值计算复杂的缺点,在进行摩擦耗能体系的动力分析中,采用缩减自由度技术,并作适当的变换,则带有摩擦耗能元件体系的动力分析归结为求解微分代数方程,本文采用增量型Rosenbrock二级三阶半隐式Runge-Kutta法求解该方程,以考虑框架和支撑的材料和几何非线性。对带有摩擦耗能元件的钢框架进行了弹塑性动力分析,研究了支撑刚度与结构层刚度的比值、摩擦力的大小以及地震波类型等参数对体系的影响。     

不同耗能器安装方式下的结构振动控制效果分析

在斜支撑和Ⅴ形支撑的基础上，提出了安装阻尼器的三种新型附加联动机构支撑形式；并对这三种支撑形式下的阻尼器行程和控制力的计算进行了分析，采用放大系数的形式使计算公式得以简化；以SMA耗能阻尼器为对象，利用笔者编写的计算机程序，对包括斜支撑和Ⅴ形支撑在内的五种阻尼器安装方式进行了仿真计算。结果表明：(1)不同安装方式的振动控制效果各不相同，上肢联动机构的放大作用最大；(2)SMA耗能阻尼器的控制效果受SMA丝材长度的影响较大；(3)对不同的结构和不同的阻尼器应选择不同的阻尼器安装方式，才能使整体控制效果达到最佳。     

阻尼耗能减振框架结构地震作用振动方程求解及地震反应分析Calculation of vibration equation and analysis of seismic response for damping energy dissipation frame structure

研究了设置耗能阻尼器框架的地震作用振动方程求解及该结构的地震反应。框架结构设置耗能阻尼器后,振动方程的阻尼矩阵不再对振型具有正交性,本文对该振动方程给出了状态方程直接积分法,并与传统强制解耦法进行了比较分析,结果表明强制解耦法对结构第一阶振动反应求解偏差较小,而对于高阶振动反应差别较大,并且强制解耦法高估了阻尼器的减震效果。继而采用状态方程直接积分法对设置有粘滞阻尼器的框架结构进行了地震反应分析,探讨了阻尼器位置对框架结构地震反应的影响,结果表明设置有阻尼器的楼层减振效果明显,未设置阻尼器的楼层减振效果差别较大,甚至有可能出现楼层层间侧移增大的现象,由此提出耗能阻尼器应在结构中合理设置。     

带变截面可更换耗能梁段的高强钢框架-偏心支撑有限元参数分析

提出了一种新型变截面可更换耗能梁,控制塑性变形集中在耗能区域中,通过扩大截面与框架梁采取翼缘和腹板螺栓拼接连接,易于实现螺栓弹性设计,减小螺栓滑移,完成耗能梁端在地震作用后的更换。利用变截面可更换耗能梁段中部区域耗能集中与塑性变形优越的特性,结合高强钢的较大弹性变形,在偏心支撑钢框架中设置变截面可更换耗能梁段,形成带变截面可更换耗能梁段的高强钢框架-偏心支撑结构体系,通过有限元软件模拟验证了已有端板连接可更换耗能梁段试验,对比破坏模式、承载能力与耗能特性,以此为基础,建立了带变截面可更换耗能梁段的高强钢框架-偏心支撑结构有限元模型,通过循环加载研究了结构的承载能力、刚度、受力特点、塑性转角和塑性分布等受力机理。考虑了中间耗能区域长度(e)、钢材牌号组合和变截面可更换耗能梁段长度(e'')三个参数变化对结构抗震性能的影响规律。     

基于离散单元法的颗粒阻尼耗能减振特性研究

采用离散单元法并从能量耗散的角度研究颗粒阻尼对系统减振特性的影响。建立了颗粒介质细观下的法向、切向和滚动方向的粘弹性接触模型和能量耗散模型,通过冲击激励和简谐激励下系统振动响应的多参数能量耗散分析来研究颗粒阻尼的耗能机理和减振特性。数值试验表明,颗粒介质可以在一个较宽的振动幅值范围内有效的发挥其阻尼效应,其耗能具有阶梯状周期性的特点。填充率是影响颗粒阻尼耗能减振效果的主要工程可控参数并对系统共振频率产生重大影响,当填充率接近极值时,系统出现无阻尼共振及共振频率超出无颗粒系统固有频率的现象。系统在最优填充率下共振时,颗粒与箱体保持恒定相位差的超振幅稳态运动。较小粒径的颗粒可以提高能量耗散率并使振动系统更快趋向静平衡状态,而恢复系数和摩擦系数则对法向和切向耗能的比值有较大影响。     

百色水利枢纽主要工程地质问题及施工处理

应用拉索索端阻尼器是大跨度斜拉桥拉索减振的主要措施之一. 将主梁、 索与阻尼器组合起来作为一个振动体系,通过理论分析与试验研究相结合的方法初步研究了 主梁振动对拉索附加阻尼器减振效果的影响. 建立了由索、梁和Kelvin阻尼器组成的简化理 论模型; 设计了索、梁和阻尼器组合系统的简化力学试验模型; 详细研究了主梁振动对拉 索附加阻尼器减振效果的影响. 理论与试验分析结果表明: 对于容易发生索、梁耦合振动的 拉索,主梁振动明显降低拉索附加阻尼器的减振效果;在大跨度斜拉桥拉索的减振设计中, 需考虑主梁参与振动的影响.     

一种新型防屈曲-分阶段耗能剪切型阻尼器及其性能分析

为解决传统剪切型金属阻尼器耗能形式单一,剪切腹板易过早发生局部屈曲的问题,设计了一种新型防屈曲-分阶段耗能剪切型阻尼器。该阻尼器主要由剪切腹板和防屈曲耗能件组成,防屈曲耗能件分布于剪切腹板两侧,上下两端与固定架相连。为考察其耗能和防屈曲能力,本文以传统的剪切型阻尼器试验模型为参考,利用ABAQUS有限元分析平台建立了14组阻尼器数值模型,分析了防屈曲耗能件的截面形状、使用材料的类型及与固定架间的连接方式等对阻尼器性能的影响,并采用刚度退化系数和等效黏滞阻尼比为评价参数衡量新型阻尼器的抗震性能。结果表明,设置了防屈曲耗能件的新型阻尼器其剪切腹板的最大面外位移与传统阻尼器的比值低于1/4,防屈曲耗能件与剪切腹板的最大屈服位移比超过3:1,可以有效防止剪切腹板过早发生屈曲,具备多阶段耗能的能力。相比于传统无防屈曲耗能件剪切型阻尼器,此类阻尼器耗能能力强、滞回性能稳定、具备较好的抗震性能,可以满足实际工程结构的抗震设计要求。     

一种含负刚度元件的新型动力吸振器的参数优化

提出了一种含有负刚度弹簧元件的新型动力吸振器模型,对该模型的最优参数进行了详细研究. 通过拉氏变换得到了系统的解析解,发现该系统存在着两个固定点,利用固定点理论得到了动力吸振器的最优阻尼比和最优频率比. 进一步研究发现接地刚度取负值时能够得到更好的减振效果,根据负刚度的特性得到了在保证系统稳定情况下的最优负刚度比. 通过数值解与解析解的对比证明了解析解的正确性. 通过与两种已有的典型动力吸振器模型在简谐激励和随机激励情况下的对比,说明了负刚度模型在主系统减振方面具有很大的优势,减振效果远优于两种已有动力吸振器模型,从而为设计新型动力吸振器模型提出了理论上的依据.      

基于市场机制的TLCD半主动控制方案

基于市场机制控制是利用市场来模拟复杂的控制系统,用销售商和消费者来代替控制器和受控结构,从而将整个控制系统离散化,对结构的振动实施有效的控制。本文将基于市场机制的控制理论应用于TLCD半主动控制,提出了一种新的TLCD的半主动控制方案,即基于市场机制的TL CD半主动控制方案。首先建立TLCD-结构控制体系的运动方程,给出了半主动控制方案,用一个单自由度结构为例来阐述基于市场机制的TLCD半主动控制方案并对控制系统进行分析。然后用一个五层结构来验证这种方法的有效性。结果表明,基于市场机制的半主动TLCD开关控制不仅减振效果好,而且节约能量,简单易行,便于在实际工程中应用。     

一种耗能剪力墙结构地震反应的简化计算方法

本文用哈密顿原理建立了一种带竖缝耗能剪力墙结构在地震作用下的动力平衡方程，用Ritz法求解该方程，采用基于割线刚度和阻尼比等概率 幅值平均的等效线性方法求解竖缝中的耗能装置的刚度和阻尼比，并通过对一耗能剪力墙结构模型振动台试验的计算分析表明了该方法计算简单，且有较好的计算精度，为便于工程应用，对由耗能装置提供给结构的附加阻尼进行强行解耦，用振型分解反应谱的方法进行耗能结构地震反应的简化计算，并通过对一算例的计算分析表明了该简化方法具有一定的精度，该简化方法使对耗能结构的抗震计算与普通结构比较一致，该方法主要适用于小震作用下的耗能结构的抗震计算。     

The effect of underplatform dampers on the forced response of bladed disks by a coupled static/dynamic harmonic balance method

Friction contacts are often used in turbomachinery design as passive damping systems. In particular, underplatform dampers are mechanical devices used to decrease the vibration amplitudes of bladed disks.Numerical codes are used to optimize during designing the underplatform damper effectiveness in order to limit the resonant stress level of the blades. In such codes, the contact model plays the most relevant role in calculation of the dissipated energy at friction interfaces. One of the most important contact parameters to consider in order to calculate the forced response of blades assembly is the static normal load acting at the contact, since its value strongly affects the area of the hysteresis loop of the tangential force, and therefore the amount of dissipation.A common procedure to estimate the static normal loads acting on underplatform dampers consists in decoupling the static and the dynamic balance of the damper. A preliminary static analysis of the contact is performed in order to get the static contact/gap status to use in the calculation, assuming that it does not change when vibration occurs.In this paper, a novel approach is proposed. The static and the dynamic displacements of the system (bladed disk+underplatform dampers) are coupled together during the forced response calculation. Static loads acting at the contacts follow from static displacements and no preliminary static analysis of the system is necessary.The proposed method is applied to a numerical test case representing a simplified bladed disk with underplatform dampers. Results are compared with those obtained with the classical approach.     

Analysis and design of the force and displacement transmissibility of nonlinear viscous damper based vibration isolation systems

This study is concerned with the analysis and design of the force and displacement transmissibility of nonlinear viscous damper based vibration isolation systems. Analytical algorithms are derived using the Ritz–Galerkin method to evaluate the transmissibility of SDOF displacement vibration isolation and force vibration isolation systems where a nonlinear viscous damper is used as an energy dissipating device. The results reveal that compared to linear dampers, nonlinear viscous dampers can more significantly improve the system vibration isolation performance in a wider frequency range. A procedure is then proposed based on the analysis results to facilitate the design of nonlinear viscous dampers for system vibration isolation purposes. These results have significant implications for the design of vibration isolation systems in many engineering applications.     

Micromechanical theoretical and computational modeling of energy dissipation due to nonlinear vibration of hard ceramic coatings with microstructural recursive faults

Engine failures due to high-cycle fatigue during severe dynamic vibration have cost the US Air Force an estimated $400 million dollars per year over the past two decades. Therefore, structural materials that exhibit high damping capacities are desirable for mechanical vibration suppression and acoustic noise attenuation. Few experimental studies suggested that hard ceramic coatings, which are commonly used as thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to protect engine components from high temperatures and corrosion, can also serve as passive dampers due to their unique microstructure which consists of several layers of splats with inter- and intra-microstructural recursive faults (micro-cracks). Therefore, the focus of this study is on the development of a fundamental understanding of the unique microstructural features and mechanisms responsible for this observed energy dissipation in ceramic coatings under nonlinear vibration through the development of a micromechanical computational framework. Inter- and intra-fatigue damage and internal friction is simulated through the development of thermodynamic-based nonlinear cohesive laws that consider interfacial degradation, debonding, plastic sliding, and Coulomb/contact friction between the interfaces of microstructural faults. Representative volume element-based micromechanical simulations are conducted in order to assess the main micromechanical mechanisms responsible for the experimentally observed nonlinear (amplitude- and frequency-dependent) damping in plasma sprayed hard ceramic coatings. It is concluded that the major part of energy dissipation is achieved through contact friction which results from sliding of the splat interfaces along the microstructural recursive faults. Energy dissipation due to progressive decohesion and evolution of new micro-cracks is not that significant as compared to energy dissipated due to increased friction from existing and new created faults. Therefore, internal friction is the main mechanism that makes TBCs effective dampers.     

Nonlinear multimodal model for TLD of irregular tank geometry and small fluid depth

Tuned liquid dampers (TLDs) utilize sloshing fluid to absorb and dissipate structural vibrational energy. TLDs of irregular or complex tank geometry may be required in practice to avoid tank interference with fixed structural or mechanical components. The literature offers few analytical models to predict the response of this type of TLD, particularly when the fluid depth is small. In this paper, a multimodal model is developed utilizing a Boussinesq-type modal theory which is valid for small TLD fluid depths. The Bateman–Luke variational principle is employed to develop a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations which describe the fluid response when the tank is subjected to base excitation. Energy dissipation is incorporated into the model from the inclusion of damping screens. The fluid model is used to describe the response of a 2D structure–TLD system when the structure is subjected to external loading and the TLD tank geometry is irregular.Shake table experiments are conducted on a rectangular and chamfered tank subjected to unidirectional base excitation. Comparisons of the experimental and predicted sloshing forces and energy dissipation per cycle indicate that the model is able to predict the fluid response at fluid depth ratios greater than h/L=0.10. Next, structure–TLD system tests are conducted and it is found that the model can predict the structural and TLD responses. The simulated and experimental results show that the TLD tank transfers energy between orthogonal structural sway modes.     

Synchronization and sommerfeld effect as typical resonant patterns

We analyze a classical problem of oscillations arising in an elastic base caused by rotor vibrations of an asynchronous driver near the critical angular velocity. The nonlinear coupling between oscillations of the elastic base and rotor takes place naturally due to unbalanced masses. This provides typical frequency–amplitude patterns, even let the elastic properties of the base be linear one. As the measure of energy dissipation increases, the effect of bifurcated oscillations can disappear. The latter circumstance indicates the efficiency of using vibration absorbers to stabilize the dynamics of the electromechanical system. The second section of this paper presents results of theoretical studies inspired by the problem of reducing the noise and vibrations by using hydraulic absorbers as dampers to dissipate the energy of oscillations in railway electric equipments. The results of experimental trials over this problem and some theoretical calculations, discussed in the text, are demonstrated the ability to customize the damping properties of hydraulic absorbers to save an electric power and to protect the equipment itself due to utilizing the synchronous modes of rotation of the rotors.     

挤压油膜阻尼在储能飞轮转子支承系统中应用研究

在飞轮储能系统实验研究中,利用永磁轴承-螺旋槽流体动压锥轴承的混合支承,并采用了挤压油膜阻尼为转子支承系统提供阻尼。基于流体润滑理论的雷诺方程和长轴承近似理论,推导出一端封闭、一端开口边界的挤压油膜的压力分布近似解析解,得到等效油膜刚度和阻尼系数。最后对比分析了飞轮转子支承系统不平衡响应的计算与试验结果。     

离心机振动台复合环境实验系统的隔振研究

离心 振动复合环境实验系统由振动台安装在离心机机臂上构成 ,离心机提供线加速度环境 ,振动台提供振动环境 ,在振动台与离心机臂之间容易产生耦合 ,影响复合环境的实现。本文考虑将振动台垂臂安装于离心机臂上 ,根据模态试验结果 ,将离心机臂简化为单自由度系统 ,建立了振动台系统数学模型 ,分析了振动台与离心机机臂间的连接刚度和连接阻尼对隔振的影响 ,并设计了减振器 ,分析表明具有较好的隔振效果