高强混凝土热-力响应的断裂相场分析方法研究

高强混凝土(High-Strength Concrete, HSC)的力学性能受温度影响较大,尤其在高温环境下性能衰退剧烈,因此在结构分析中宜采用随温度变化的材料性能参数．断裂相场方法基于Griffith变分断裂准则,无需复杂的裂纹拓展追踪技术便可处理多裂纹的问题,可方便地模拟裂纹的萌生、扩展、分岔及汇合过程．本文采用适宜进行结构断裂分析的断裂相场方法,基于能量泛函变分原理,将温度对混凝土材料弹性模量及断裂能的影响引入断裂相场分析方法中,用于高强混凝土高温环境下的强度和破坏分析．以高温作用下高强混凝土梁三点弯曲试验为算例,进行方法验证,通过与实测结果对比,证实了算法的有效性．     

喷水冷却对聚丙烯纤维混凝土高温后力学性能的影响

通过进行高温后不同冷却条件下（自然冷却和喷水冷却）聚丙烯纤维混凝土与普通混凝土的力学试验,分析了温度和冷却方式对聚丙烯纤维混凝土的质量损失、单轴抗压强度、峰值应变、杨氏模量和显微结构等性能的影响．试验结果表明,随着温度的升高,混凝土的弹性模量与抗压强度都呈下降趋势．聚丙烯纤维混凝土在经历高温后内部纤维熔化,留下大量空隙,使得混凝土高温后的力学性能进一步恶化．通过显微镜观察到,喷水冷却下的混凝土试件中产生大量的裂缝,内部结构更加疏松．此外,通过对试验数据的统计分析,建立了在不同冷却条件下,聚丙烯纤维混凝土的相对抗压强度和杨氏模量随温度变化的关系式．     

一种表面裂纹高温断裂韧性测试方法

提出了一种表面裂纹高温断裂韧性测试方法，包括试样加热、温控和裂纹嘴张开位移测试方法．该方法适合于在相对简单的条件下测试表面裂纹高温断裂韧性．最后给出了铝合金焊缝表面裂纹高温断裂韧性的测试结果．     

细观尺度下岩石热变形破坏的实验研究

利用带扫描电镜的高温疲劳试验机等目前最先进的实验手段,实时观测了在温度和载荷同时作用下岩石在单向压缩和和拉伸中微细观结构的变化、缺陷演化方式和变形破坏过程,针对岩石的热膨胀是不可逆的,即它会受加温历史的影响,加热时和冷却后岩石结构有差异的特点,对岩石在温度载荷作用下的细观结构特征和细观破坏机理进行了较为系统的实验研究。得到了在不同载荷和温度作用下岩石中微裂纹萌生、扩展、断裂破坏等各个阶段清晰的SEM图像和数据。结合实时观测得到的数据和高清晰度图片,分析研究了岩石热细观损伤特性,探讨了载荷和温度的变化对岩石细观结构的影响。     

一种经验型疲劳小裂纹扩展模型

金属材料疲劳寿命由裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展寿命两部分组成，其中对于萌生寿命中的小裂纹分析是精确描述裂纹萌生寿命的关键．而小裂纹在扩展过程中由于尺寸相对较小，导致传统线弹性断裂力学预测方法失效，需要对其进行改进，考虑裂纹尖端塑性区引起的残余压应力对小裂纹扩展速度的影响．本文针对此问题进行了初步分析，通过对塑性区引起的残余应力的量化，结合小裂纹门槛值特性，提出了一种经验型修正的小裂纹扩展模型，用于定量预测裂纹的萌生寿命．使用铝合金6082-T6缺口试样进行了疲劳实验，并与理论结果进行了对比，验证了所提模型的有效性．     

抽油杆疲劳裂纹形状比变化规律

采用断裂力学方法研究了抽油杆杆体疲劳裂纹形状比在扩展过程中的变化规律，证明无论初始形状如何，抽油杆杆体疲劳裂纹形状比在扩展过程中趋于同一个稳定数值．通过裂纹扩展实验对直径为15．9mm的抽油杆疲劳裂纹形状比进行了实验测定，发现其裂纹形状比迅速靠近0．78．     

脆性材料在双向应力下的断裂实验与理论分析

研究了脆性材料在双向应力下的断裂特性和失效机理，特别是在平行于裂纹的应力对临界断裂参数的影响方面进行了实验上和理论上的研究．采用玻璃、陶瓷等脆性材料进行了平面双向拉伸和单向拉伸试验，并对实验结果进行比较．观测直通裂纹的启裂和扩展过程，证明了双向应力对裂纹驱动力有明显影响，讨论了裂纹扩展的应变准则．     

开口裂纹梁振动特性参数分析

开展仿真分析探究梁边界条件、裂纹位置、裂纹程度、梁几何尺寸对开口裂纹矩形梁振动特性的影响．采用等效刚度模型建立裂纹梁结构振动方程，并与试验比较完成验证．预报梁在简支、悬臂、固支三种边界下，在不同位置发生不同程度裂纹损伤时的固有频率．研究发现，裂纹梁固有频率特性与完好无损梁曲率模态相关．裂纹可使固有频率降低，且降低程度随损伤程度增加而愈显著．裂纹位置接近完好梁某阶曲率模态零点（无效位置）/极点时，该阶固有频率受到影响将会减弱/增强．开展悬臂裂纹梁在不同几何尺寸下曲率模态分析．研究发现，曲率模态在裂纹处发生尖角突变现象，且尖角峰值随着损伤程度的增加而增大．裂纹位置接近某阶曲率模态极点/零点时，该阶模态受裂纹影响更显著/不明显．在裂纹相对位置和损伤程度相同时，增加梁长度使裂纹处尖角峰值减小，改变梁宽度不影响曲率模态，增加梁高度可使尖角峰值增加．研究成果可为试验提供基础，为扩建数据库，探索一种在线检测方法，基于实时大数据和人工智能技术开展各项振动参数综合分析，为实现梁裂纹智能识别与定位提供依据．     

基于耗散能密度的疲劳裂纹扩展规律研究

在疲劳裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹尖端的能量耗散决定了裂纹扩展能力.研究基于耗散能密度的裂纹扩展规律更有物理意义.耗散能密度是材料疲劳性能的一种表征参数,实验测得了镍基高温合金GH4169材料室温和450℃高温的耗散能密度与控制应力幅值的关系曲线.参照Paris公式的形式提出了基于耗散能密度的裂纹扩展方程,并通过疲劳裂纹扩展试验测量了GH4169材料在室温和450℃高温下的裂纹扩展速率与耗散能密度的关系.试验结果的总体趋势与所提出的扩展方程一致.     

水冷却对高温花岗岩的细观损伤及动力学性能影响

为探讨高温花岗岩经水冷却后的细观结构损伤及动态力学性能，对水冷却后高温花岗岩开展波速和核磁共振测试，分离式霍普金森压杆冲击试验，以及冲击破碎试样的扫描电镜观察，分析比较不同状态下花岗岩波速、孔隙度和动力学参数的变化规律。研究发现:随着温度升高，经水冷却处理后高温花岗岩波速非线性下降，大孔径孔隙度分量增大，且水冷却后试样的孔隙孔径尺寸和数量均大于自然冷却；水冷却后高温花岗岩动力学参数呈现出随着温度升高，峰值应力减小，峰值应变增大，弹性模量则先增大后减小的规律；由于水冷却使高温花岗岩表面温度急剧降低，产生额外的温度应力，花岗岩内部损伤加剧，表现出更低的波速与峰值应力；而水的冷淬作用一定程度上提高了表层花岗岩的硬度，降低了高温后花岗岩的塑性能力，与自然冷却相比水冷却后花岗岩的峰值应变减小，弹性模量增大，表现出脆性破坏特征。在温度低于400 ℃时，冷却方式对冲击裂纹影响不大，随着温度升高到800 ℃，自然冷却后花岗岩冲击断面呈蜂窝状，而水冷却后冲击断面则相对平整。     

岩石破裂电磁辐射幅值与岩石属性参数的关系

基于岩石破裂电磁辐射是由岩石破裂时传播裂纹引起原子扰动产生的假说, 通过断裂力学理论计算了岩石破裂时的裂纹扩展长度及裂纹面积. 由电磁辐射幅值与裂纹长度 及裂纹面积之间的关系,给出了电磁辐射幅值与岩石属性参数之间的关系表达式. 讨论了主 要的不同属性参数对电磁辐射幅值的影响. 发现电磁辐射幅值随岩石弹性模量增大而增大;岩石破 裂的电磁辐射与岩石的尺寸有关,且岩石尺寸因素影响大于岩性因素影响. 本文的研究结果与现有的 实验结果是吻合的.     

Theoretical modeling and analysis of thermal fracture of semi-infinite functionally graded materials with edge cracks

The present investigation is devoted to a problem of the interaction of two edge cracks inclined arbitrary to the boundary of a non-homogeneous half-plane, which is a functionally graded layer on a homogeneous substrate. The functionally graded properties vary exponentially in thickness direction. One cycle of cooling from sintering temperature is considered. An approach based on integral equations is used and a solution is obtained, then the stress intensity factors are calculated and direction of the initial crack propagation is evaluated by using the maximum circumferential stress criterion. Influence of geometrical and material (inhomogeneity) parameters on the fracture characteristics is investigated. This study can serve as a part of the modeling of the fracture process in FGM coatings under cyclic heating–cooling thermal loading.     

Heat transfer by combined free and forced convection in vertical tubes

The influence of free convection on forced convection heat transfer becomes important in laminar flows. Numerical methods have been applied for a study of mixed convection in vertical tubes for the following conditions: temperature-dependent fluid density, constant wall temperature and parabolic profile of axial velocity at the tube entrance. Both cases: heating and cooling have been considered.     

陶瓷和金属微波烧结在线实验及微观机理分析

为研究陶瓷和金属微波烧结时的微观演化机理,从而为优化不同材料的烧结过程提供依据,本文采用同步辐射技术对陶瓷(SiC)和金属(Al)的微波烧结微结构演化过程进行实时、无损的观测,并结合有限元模拟分析两者的微结构演化特征及微观机理。通过滤波反投影等数字图像处理技术得到烧结过程中样品内部的二维、三维重建图像,清晰地观察到SiC和Al在颗粒表面和界面演化上存在差异。定量地统计了陶瓷和金属烧结颈相对尺寸与时间的双对数关系,并与陶瓷和金属双球模型的微波烧结模拟结果进行了对比。运用模拟分别对实验中的烧结颈和微观形貌演化进行分析,得出结论:陶瓷和金属微波烧结时的加热机制不同,分别为整体介质损耗加热和表面涡流损耗加热。陶瓷的整体加热将会在材料内部特别是界面产生较高的温度,而金属的表面加热使颗粒表面温度高于界面。由相应的加热机制产生的温度分布差异,将会对材料的物质扩散过程产生不同程度的影响,进而产生不同的微结构。     

Molten droplet solidification and substrate remelting in microcasting Part II: Parametric study and effect of dissimilar materials

This paper presents a parametric study of relevant processing parameters found in microcasting Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM). Microcasting SDM is a novel, layered manufacturing process capable of rapidly manufacturing near net shape, metal objects. The quality of artifacts built with this process depends on proper metallurgic bonding between impacting molten droplets and previously deposited substrate layers, as well as on the final microstructure of the artifact. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effect of operating conditions on the metallurgic bonding induced by substrate remelting and on the microstructure determined by the cooling rates during solidification. Particularly, the effect of droplet impinging temperatures, substrate initial temperatures and combinations of copper and stainless steel materials are investigated. Numerical predictions reveal that impinging droplet temperature variations, within the attainable range in microcasting SDM, have a minimal effect on the cooling rates during solidification. However, droplet temperature has a significant effect on the substrate remelting depth. Furthermore, this investigation quantifies the extent to which substrate preheating lowers the cooling rate during solidification and promotes substrate remelting. The study of the interaction between copper and stainless steel materials shows that the cooling rates during solidification of the deposition material and the occurrence of substrate remelting are both highly dependent on the combination of materials. Received on 10 June 1998     

Transient thermal shock fracture analysis of functionally graded piezoelectric materials by the extended finite element method

Transient thermal dynamic analysis of stationary cracks in functionally graded piezoelectric materials (FGPMs) based on the extended finite element method (X-FEM) is presented. Both heating and cooling shocks are considered. The material properties are supposed to vary exponentially along specific direction while the crack-faces are assumed to be adiabatic and electrically impermeable. A dynamic X-FEM model is developed in which both Crank–Nicolson and Newmark time integration methods are used for calculating transient responses of thermal and electromechanical fields respectively. The generalized dynamic intensity factors for the thermal stresses and electrical displacements are extracted by using the interaction integral. The accuracy of the developed approach is verified numerically by comparing the calculated results with reference solutions. Numerical examples with mixed-mode crack problems are analyzed. The effects of the crack-length, poling direction, material gradation, etc. on the dynamic intensity factors are investigated. It shows that the transient dynamic crack behaviors under the cooling shock differ from those under the heating shock. The influence of the thermal shock loading on the dynamic intensity factors is significant.     

Microscope activation near the wall during explosive boiling

The inception process of nucleation in explosive boiling systems is theoretically investigated. With the effect of pulse heating or sudden cooling, the temperature distribution near the surface during explosive boiling is calculated. The liquid near the wall can maintain a stable layer induced by strong attractive force, and there exists maximum supersaturation beyond this stable layer. As the surface temperature and temperature gradient are high enough, the critical distance of maximum supersaturation can be larger than the radius of critical bubble, and the homogeneous nucleation will dominate the inception boiling process. For explosive boiling induced by pulse heating, homogeneous nucleation forms after a short time; while homogeneous nucleation can dominate the initial explosive boiling induced by sudden cooling.     

高分子材料注塑固化阶段的残余应力分析

在结晶性高分子材料注塑过程的固化阶段，温度分布、材料细观结构和应力应变之间相互耦合，因而其变化规律非常复杂．本文在井上等人考虑材料细观结构变化的金属热加工工艺应力分析［３～６］的基础上，发展了一套用于高分子注塑固化阶段残余应力分析的本构描述和有限元分析方法．在本构模型中，同时考虑了温度变化、结晶和“冻结取向”对变形的贡献．     

单轴下岩石声发射参数的分形特征

通过采集大理岩和红砂岩单轴压缩声发射信 号,引入关联分维函数,计算了不同应力水平下的声发射过程时间序列的关联维数,得 到了关联分维数与应力水平的变化关系. 结果表明,在同一应力水平下,随着$m$值的 增大, AE过程的分形特征越不明显;在不同应力水平下,关联分维数不同, AE过程参数具有不同的自相似和分形程度. 同时发现,声发射过程参数的分形特 征具有一定的尺度范围.