多工况应力和位移约束下连续体结构拓扑优化

将文「１」所提出的对拓扑变量的独立连续映射（ＩＧＭ）的拓扑估化方法应用于连续体结构,从而建立了统一的以重量为目标,考虑应力和位移约束的连续体结构拓扑优化模型。通过对位移－应力拓扑解和各工况下应力拓扑解的综合协调,进而对于协调拓扑解按照阈值完成从离散到连续的反演,并且采用分层与加权策略克服了“荷载病态”困难。给出的经典的二维平面问题和三维连续体结构拓扑优化算例表明,这种统一的模型由骨架结构发展到连续     

The ICM method with objective function transformed by variable discrete condition for continuum structure

ICM (Independent Continuous Mapping) method can solve topological optimization problems with the minimized weight as the objective and subjected to displacement constraints. To get a clearer topological configuration, by introducing the discrete condition of topological variables and integrating with the original objective, an optimal model with multi-objectives is formulated to make the topological variables approach 0 or 1 as near as possible, and the model reduces the effect of deleting rate on the result. The image-filtering method is employed to eliminate the checkerboard patterns and mesh dependence that occurred in the topology optimization of a continuum structure. The computational efficiency is enhanced through selecting quasi-active displacement constraints and a design region. Numerical examples indicate that this algorithm is robust and practicable, though the number of iterations is slightly increased with respect to the original algorithm. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10472003), Beijing Natural Science (3002002) and Beijing Educational Committee Foundations (KM200410005019) and Suspensoried by American MSC Company. The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

结构拓扑优化ICM方法的改善

对结构拓扑优化的ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法进行了深入探讨，通 过选取不同的过滤函数可以不进行每步删除而得到清晰的拓扑图形. 以位移约束为例阐述了 ICM方法建模及求解过程. 对位移约束、频率约束、位移及频率约束、简谐载荷激励下动位 移幅值约束等拓扑优化进行了研究，计算算例表明ICM方法在处理静力问题及动力问题的拓 扑优化都是可行的. 程序算法都在MSC.Nastran及MSC.Patran的二次开发环境下实现，与 原软件有机结合在一起.     

基于ICM方法的刚架拓扑优化

将ICM(独立、连续、映射)优化方法应用于刚架结构，建立了以重量为目标函数、考虑多工况下应力和位移约束的刚架结构拓扑优化模型。借助于磨光函数和过滤函数，实现了离散变量和连续变量之间的相互转换。考虑多工况应力拓扑解之间、应力和位移约束下拓扑解之间的协调，得到了合理的结果。文中给出的刚架结构拓扑优化算例表明，刚架结构的拓扑结构不同于桁架或连续体。     

频率约束的三维连续体结构动力拓扑优化设计

针对频率约束和结构重量最小的动力拓扑优化问题, 基于(independent continuous mapping, ICM)独立、连续、映射方法,建立了频率约束下的三维连续体拓扑优化模型. 利用瑞利商和一阶泰勒展式对频率约束进行了显式化处理,并采用幂函数与复合指数函数作为过滤函数,将优化模型进行了标准化转换, 利用对偶理论及数学规划法进行了求解. 另外,利用质量矩阵和刚度矩阵过滤函数比值与动态约束处理了局部模态和模态交换等数值问题. 最后,通过应用两类不同过滤函数的数值算例表明了文中模型及方法在处理动力拓扑优化问题上的合理性与有效性.      

频率约束板结构拓扑优化

本文利用ICM（独立、连续、映射）方法建立了频率约束下平板结构重量最轻的拓扑优化模型。采用指数函数作为单元重量、单元质量及单元刚度的过滤函数。通过瑞利商对刚度过滤函数倒变量的泰勒一阶展式,将频率约束近似显式化。利用对偶理论将含有大量设计变量的约束优化模型转化为易于求解的少设计变量拟无约束优化模型,通过序列二次规划将转化模型进行求解,提高了求解的效率。本文选择MSC.Patran&Nastran软件及PCL二次开发语言构架了平板结构频率约束拓扑优化问题的软件。数值算例表明：本文的方法具有迭代稳定性和收敛高效性。     

Optimal placement of piezoelectric active bars in vibration control by topological optimization

A continuous variable optimization method and a topological optimization method are proposed for the vibration control of piezoelectric truss structures by means of the optimal placements of active bars. In this optimization model, a zero-one discrete variable is defined in order to solve the optimal placement of piezoelectric active bars. At the same time, the feedback gains are also optimized as continuous design variables. A two-phase procedure is proposed to solve the optimization problem. The sequential linear programming algorithm is used to solve optimization problem and the sensitivity analysis is carried out for objective and constraint functions to make linear approximations. On the basis of the Newmark time integration of structural transient dynamic responses, a new sensitivity analysis method is developed in this paper for the vibration control problem of piezoelectric truss structures with respect to various kinds of design variables. Numerical examples are given in the paper to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods.     

板壳结构的应力约束拓扑优化设计

应用ICM 方法求解应力约束板壳结构拓扑优化问题,建立了寻求应力约束下结构重量极小化,每个设计变量控制多个单元的板壳结构拓扑优化近似显式的ICM 模型. 依据畸变能理论,将应力约束转化为畸变能约束,减少了约束数目. 采用精确对偶映射下的序列二次规划算法进行求解. 以MSC.Patran 及MSC.Nastran 软件作为二次开发平台,应用PCL 语言实现本文算法. 算例对于设计变量数等于单元数时的情况进行了计算,表明该方法有效可行.     

应力约束全局化策略下的连续体结构拓扑优化

利用Mises强度理论，提出了应力约束全局化策略，将局 部的应力约束问题转化为结构整体的应变能约束问题. 基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法， 引入了独立、连续的拓扑变量，对单元重量、单元刚度和单元许用应力的过滤函数进行了选 择，建立了以重量为目标，以结构应变能代替应力约束的多工况下连续体结构拓扑优化模型， 寻找到了多工况下的最佳传力路径. 运用对偶二次规划方法对上述优化模型进行了求解. 另 外，利用PCL语言，在MSC/PATRAN的开发平台上，实现了应用应力约束全局化策略进行连 续体结构拓扑优化的模块化处理. 数值算例表明了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

平面膜结构拓扑优化的有无复合体方法

将作者对桁架在应力约束下结构拓扑优化的有无复合体模型发展到平面膜结构在应力、位移约束下结构拓扑优化的建模与求解。同时提出了该模型的有效解法,获得了令人满意的数值结果。本文工作表明独立连续拓扑变量的提出对于结构拓扑优化的研究是有意义的。     

用ICM法拓扑优化静位移及频率约束下连续体结构

用ICM方法建立了静位移及频率约束下、重量最小为目标的连续体结构拓扑优化模型。采用独立于截面及形状参数的连续拓扑变量,借助于过滤函数,位移约束用莫尔定理显式化,频率约束用瑞利商求导数借助模态动能及模态应变能近似显式化。用图形过滤处理的方法解决了棋盘格及网格依赖问题。通过构造适当的过滤函数有效地防止了局部模态问题。动态引入防止模态交换的频率约束条件,使迭代过程不发生振荡。算例表明:用ICM方法建立的模型在处理多工况静位移约束、多频率约束及解决局部模态及模态交换等问题上有优势。     

结构拓扑优化中不同过滤函数间关系的探讨

为了确定结构拓扑优化中不同过滤函数间的关系, 深入研究了ICM方法中的 过滤函数, 针对幂函数形式的过滤函数, 利用均匀化方法的思想, 结合最小二乘法, 确定了 单元重量和单元刚度的过滤函数, 然后采用数值模拟的方法, 探讨了重量过滤函数和刚度过 滤函数之间的关系, 最后提出过滤函数幂指数系数的概念, 得出刚度过滤函数随重量过滤函 数变化的规律.     

连续体结构屈曲约束的ICM方法拓扑优化

基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法解决具有屈曲约束的连续体拓扑优化问题。建立以结构重量为目标,以屈曲临界力为约束的拓扑优化模型;采用独立的连续拓扑变量,借助泰勒展式将目标函数作二阶近似展开;借助瑞利商、泰勒展式、过滤函数将约束化为近似显函数,避免了灵敏度的计算;将优化模型转化为对偶规划,并利用序列二次规划求解,减少了设计变量的数目,缩小了模型的求解规模。给出三个算例,结果表明:该方法可有效地解决屈曲约束的连续体拓扑优化问题,能够得到合理的拓扑结构,并有较高的计算效率。     

统一骨架与连续体的结构拓扑优化的ICM理论与方法

技术了基于ＩＣＭ方法的结构拓扑优化新模型并应用于骨架与连续体结构。ＩＣＭ方法意指独立、连续变量与映射及其反演。新模型将两种结构统一建立了具有重量目标函数和多工况下应力与位移约束下的优化问题,提出的过滤函数是ＩＣＭ方法的关键技术之一。说明了优化策略与算法。     

基于ICM方法的多工况位移约束下板壳结构拓扑优化设计

基于ICM方法,建立了多种载荷工况下受位移约束极小化结构重量的拓扑优化近似显式模型,采用精确对偶映射下的序列二次规划算法进行求解,得到了结构的最优拓扑.数值算例表明:ICM方法也可以很好地应用于多工况下板壳结构拓扑优化设计,且收敛快,稳定性好;边界条件和位移约束值都会影响结构的最优拓扑;多工况最优传力路径不是各个单工况最优传力路径的简单叠加.     

STUDY ON PARAMETERS FOR TOPOLOGICAL VARIABLES FIELD INTERPOLATED BY MOVING LEAST SQUARE APPROXIMATION

This paper presents a new approach to the structural topology optimization of continuum structures. Material-point independent variables are presented to illustrate the existence condition,or inexistence of the material points and their vicinity instead of elements or nodes in popular topology optimization methods. Topological variables field is constructed by moving least square approximation which is used as a shape function in the meshless method. Combined with finite element analyses,not only checkerboard patterns and mesh-dependence phenomena are overcome by this continuous and smooth topological variables field,but also the locations and numbers of topological variables can be arbitrary. Parameters including the number of quadrature points,scaling parameter,weight function and so on upon optimum topological configurations are discussed. Two classic topology optimization problems are solved successfully by the proposed method. The method is found robust and no numerical instabilities are found with proper parameters.     

Numerical performance of two formulations of truss topology optimization

The present paper studies topology optimization of truss structures in multiple loading cases and with stress constraints. It is pointed out in the paper that the special difficulty of adding bars and/or deleting bars from structure in the numerical algorithm of truss topology optimization is caused by the discontinuity of stress functions at the zero cross sectional area in the conventional formulation. In a new formulation, we replace the stress constraints by new constraints. The new constraints retain the same feasibility of the stress constraints, but are continuous in the closed interval up to zero cross sectional area. The new formulation enables us to solve topology optimization problem in the frame of the existing FEM software and mathematical programming techniques. Powell constrained variable metric method is applied to a number of examples of truss topology optimization. Numerical performances of the two formulations are compared. It is shown that in the conventional formulation the iteration of numerical algorithm may be blocked by discontinuity of the stress constraint and often stops at a nonoptimum solution. And in the new formulation the bar adding and bar deleting is done rationally and a local optimum, even the global optimum can be obtained by iteration. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

METHOD BASED ON DUAL-QUADRATIC PROGRAMMING FOR FRAME STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION WITH LARGE SCALE

The optimality criteria (OC) method and mathematical programming (MP) were combined to found the sectional optimization model of frame structures. Different methods were adopted to deal with the different constraints. The stress constraints as local constraints were approached by zero-order approximation and transformed into movable sectional lower limits with the full stress criterion. The displacement constraints as global constraints were transformed into explicit expressions with the unit virtual load method. Thus an approximate explicit model for the sectional optimization of frame structures was built with stress and displacement constraints. To improve the resolution efficiency, the dual-quadratic programming was adopted to transform the original optimization model into a dual problem according to the dual theory and solved iteratively in its dual space. A method called approximate scaling step was adopted to reduce computations and smooth the iterative process. Negative constraints were deleted to reduce the size of the optimization model. With MSC/Nastran software as structural solver and MSC/Patran software as developing platform, the sectional optimization software of frame structures was accomplished, considering stress and displacement constraints. The examples show that the efficiency and accuracy are improved.     

多约束膜结构截面优化及在MSC/Nastran上的程序实现

将准则法和数学规划法相结合，借助满应力准则将应力约束转化为动态尺寸约束，利用单位虚载荷法将位移约束转化为设计变量的显式表达式建立优化模型，然后用数学规划法求解；采用无量纲设计变量实现设计变量连接，对膜结构的厚度进行优化设计；根据对偶理论，应用对偶规划精确映射原问题，再按泰勒展式建立对偶问题的二阶近似。为了提高优化效率，采用射线步调整结构性态，运用粗选有效约束技术筛选约束，并采用主、被动变量循环确保收敛稳定。以MSC／Nastran软件作为结构分析的求解器，以MSC／Patran软件作为开发平台，完成了膜结构截面优化程序。对膜结构的单变位、多变位的结构优化问题进行了优化计算，并与MSC／Nastran优化模块的计算结果进行比较。算例结果表明程序的可靠性、高效性和稳定性以及理论算法的优越性。     

Plate/shell topological optimization subjected to linear buckling constraints by adopting composite exponential filtering function

In this paper, a model of topology optimization with linear buckling constraints is established based on an independent and continuous mapping method to minimize the plate/shell structure weight. A composite exponential function (CEF) is selected as filtering functions for element weight, the element stiffness matrix and the element geomet-ric stiffness matrix, which recognize the design variables, and to implement the changing process of design variables from“discrete”to“continuous”and back to“discrete”. The buck-ling constraints are approximated as explicit formulations based on the Taylor expansion and the filtering function. The optimization model is transformed to dual programming and solved by the dual sequence quadratic programming algo-rithm. Finally, three numerical examples with power function and CEF as filter function are analyzed and discussed to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method.