应力和位移约束下的板壳结构截面优化

将准则法和数学规划法相结合，根据满应力准则将应力约束化为动态下限，借助单位虚载荷法将位移约束转化为设计变量的近似显函数，建立了满足应力和位移约束的优化模型. 为了解决多变量的大型优化问题，根据对偶理论将上千设计变量的优化模型转化为几个变量的对偶模型，并通过二次规划求解. 以MSC/Nastran软件为结构分析的求解器，借助MSC/Patran软件为开发平台，完成了板壳结构截面优化程序. 程序完全和Patran及Nastran融为一体，在Patran中建立模型，利用Nastran分析计算，根据优化结果对设计变量调整，再用Nastran进行结构重分析，反复迭代直到结构重量收敛. 算例表明程序的合理性和有效性，能够满足工程设计的需要.     

板壳结构的应力约束拓扑优化设计

应用ICM 方法求解应力约束板壳结构拓扑优化问题,建立了寻求应力约束下结构重量极小化,每个设计变量控制多个单元的板壳结构拓扑优化近似显式的ICM 模型. 依据畸变能理论,将应力约束转化为畸变能约束,减少了约束数目. 采用精确对偶映射下的序列二次规划算法进行求解. 以MSC.Patran 及MSC.Nastran 软件作为二次开发平台,应用PCL 语言实现本文算法. 算例对于设计变量数等于单元数时的情况进行了计算,表明该方法有效可行.     

同时满足刚度和强度约束的框架拓扑优化

基于ICM（Independent Continuous Mapping，即独立、连续、映射）方法．对单元重量、单元许用应力和单元刚度分别引入不同的过滤函数，把0-1型离散拓扑变量转化为[0．1]区间上的连续变量．建立了拓扑变量连续的优化模型。借助满应力准则将应力约束转化为拓扑变量的动态下限．用单位虚载荷法将位移约束显式化．得到拓扑优化的近似显式模型。为了提高模型的求解效率，根据对偶理论求解原问题的对偶模型，通过在对偶空间迭代求解对偶模型得到原模型的解。引入结构非奇异、结构响应不被违背和结构重量不改变三个准则判断迭代收敛。并根据这三个准则自适应的调整折减系数来搜索最佳阁值。然后根据闻值将连续拓扑变量回归为0-1型离散拓扑变量。利用MSC／Nastran的开放性，借助MSC／Patran提供的PCL（Patran Command Language）开发环境．完成了满足刚度和强度的多变量的框架拓扑优化程序。算例结果表明．用ICM方法解决多变量框架拓扑优化问题是快速、有效的。     

应力约束下三维连续体结构拓扑优化分析

本文基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法,建立了以连续体结构重量为目标的应力约束下多工况的三维连续体结构拓扑优化模型。利用von Mises强度理论,提出了应力约束全局化方法,从而将局部的应力约束转化为全局的应变能约束,由此减少了约束数目,降低了问题的规模,避免了敏度分析。另外,利用对偶理论,将建立的优化模型转化为对偶模型,用序列二次规划法进行了求解,从而减少了设计变量的数目,提高了求解效率。借助MSC．Patran和MSC．Nastran提供的软件平台,利用PCL语言实现了本文的优化算法。数值算例验证了方法的可行性与有效性。     

频率约束板结构拓扑优化

本文利用ICM（独立、连续、映射）方法建立了频率约束下平板结构重量最轻的拓扑优化模型。采用指数函数作为单元重量、单元质量及单元刚度的过滤函数。通过瑞利商对刚度过滤函数倒变量的泰勒一阶展式，将频率约束近似显式化。利用对偶理论将含有大量设计变量的约束优化模型转化为易于求解的少设计变量拟无约束优化模型，通过序列二次规划将转化模型进行求解，提高了求解的效率。本文选择MSC.Patran&Nastran软件及PCL二次开发语言构架了平板结构频率约束拓扑优化问题的软件。数值算例表明：本文的方法具有迭代稳定性和收敛高效性。     

板壳结构满应力设计及在MSC/Nastran软件上的实现

根据满应力准则和板壳结构的应力与内力的关系,推导了求解板壳结构满应力设计的迭代关系式。采用无量纲设计变量实现变量连接,一个设计变量可以控制多个不同厚度的单元,扩大了程序的适用范围。在MSC/Nastran软件的基础上开发了适用于多工况、多变量的板壳满应力优化程序。利用Nastran的开放性,借助Pat-ran提供的PCL(Patran Command Language)开发环境,程序完全和Patran及Nastran融为一体。首先在Patran中建立有限元模型,利用Nastran进行有限元分析,按照满应力准则对设计变量调整,然后再次利用Nastran进行分析,这样反复迭代直到结构重量收敛。数值算例表明算法的可靠性、精确性和高效性,程序能够满足工程实际需要。     

膜结构截面的离散变量优化方法

通过将截面离散变量映射为连续变量的途径,建立了力学模型,在连续变量截面优化最优解附近构造两节模型,并采用两节无限小单元的无穷组合的方法和变量无量纲化技术对膜结构截面离散变量进行了优化。建立了多工况下具有尺寸和应力、位移约束的优化模型。同时,在MSC.Patran和MSC.Nastran上进行了二次开发。数值算例结果表明该理论的高效性和二次开发的可行性。     

多约束作用下连续体结构的拓扑优化

基于ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法建立了以结构重量最小为目标,以屈曲临界力、位移及应力三种约束同时作用的连续体拓扑优化模型:采用独立的连续拓扑变量,借助泰勒展式、过滤函数将目标函数作二阶近似展开。借助瑞利商、泰勒展式、过滤函数将屈曲约束化为近似显函数,借助于过滤函数,将位移约束用莫尔定理显式化;将应力这种局部性约束采用全局化策略进行处理,即借助第四强度理论、过滤函数将应力局部性约束转化为应变能约束,大大减少了灵敏度分析的计算量;将优化模型转化为对偶规划,减少了设计变量的数目,并利用序列二次规划求解,缩小了模型的求解规模。数值算例表明,ICM方法在解决屈曲、位移及应力三种约束共同作用的连续体拓扑优化问题上有优势。     

对偶法求解应力与位移约束不同显式的优化模型

基于响应面法,通过内力将应力约束显式化为正变量的一阶近似,位移约束采用倒变量一阶近似,建立以桁架结构重量最小为目标的截面优化模型,采用对偶规划理论转化为拟无约束模型,采用序列二次规划算法求解。此方法同应力约束零阶近似和一阶近似(使用响应面方法显式化)等方法进行了算例比较,表明本文的优化模型有较好的求解效率。     

基于ICM方法三维连续体结构拓扑优化

基于ICM方法,建立了在应力和位移约束下以重量为目标的多工况下的三维连续体结构拓扑优化模型.利用von Mises强度理论,提出了应力全局化的方法,从而将局部的应力约束转化为全局的应变能约束问题,减少了约束数目,避免了敏度分析的困难;利用单位虚载荷法,将位移约束表示为设计变量的显式关系.为减小由于不同物理量在数量级上相差太大引起数值计算的误差,将应变能约束和位移约束进行无量纲化,由此建立了包含两类约束的无量纲化的优化模型.同时处理了多工况下的最佳传力路径的问题.利用对偶规划理论对模型进行了求解.另外,利用PCL语言在MSC/Patran的开发平台上实现了该文算法.数值算例表明了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

METHOD BASED ON DUAL-QUADRATIC PROGRAMMING FOR FRAME STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION WITH LARGE SCALE

The optimality criteria (OC) method and mathematical programming (MP) were combined to found the sectional optimization model of frame structures. Different methods were adopted to deal with the different constraints. The stress constraints as local constraints were approached by zero-order approximation and transformed into movable sectional lower limits with the full stress criterion. The displacement constraints as global constraints were transformed into explicit expressions with the unit virtual load method. Thus an approximate explicit model for the sectional optimization of frame structures was built with stress and displacement constraints. To improve the resolution efficiency, the dual-quadratic programming was adopted to transform the original optimization model into a dual problem according to the dual theory and solved iteratively in its dual space. A method called approximate scaling step was adopted to reduce computations and smooth the iterative process. Negative constraints were deleted to reduce the size of the optimization model. With MSC/Nastran software as structural solver and MSC/Patran software as developing platform, the sectional optimization software of frame structures was accomplished, considering stress and displacement constraints. The examples show that the efficiency and accuracy are improved.     

平面膜结构拓扑优化的有无复合体方法

将作者对桁架在应力约束下结构拓扑优化的有无复合体模型发展到平面膜结构在应力、位移约束下结构拓扑优化的建模与求解。同时提出了该模型的有效解法,获得了令人满意的数值结果。本文工作表明独立连续拓扑变量的提出对于结构拓扑优化的研究是有意义的。     

Independent continuous mapping for topological optimization of frame structures

Based on the Independent Continuous Mapping method (ICM), a topological optimization model with continuous topological variables is built by introducing three filter functions for element weight, element allowable stress and element stiffness, which transform the 0-1 type discrete topological variables into continuous topological variables between 0 and 1. Two methods for the filter functions are adopted to avoid the structural singularity and recover falsely deleted elements: the weak material element method and the tiny section element method. Three criteria (no structural singularity, no violated constraints and no change of structural weight) are introduced to judge iteration convergence. These criteria allow finding an appropriate threshold by adjusting a discount factor in the iteration procedure. To improve the efficiency, the original optimization model is transformed into a dual problem according to the dual theory and solved in its dual space. By using MSC/Nastran as the structural solver and MSC/Patran as the developing platform, a topological optimization software of frame structures is accomplished. Numerical examples show that the ICM method is very efficient for the topological optimization of frame structures.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10472003) and Beijing Natural Science Foundation (3042002) The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

APPROACH FOR LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION OF TRUSS STRUCTURES WITH DISCRETE VARIABLES UNDER DYNAMIC STRESS, DISPLACEMENT AND STABILITY CONSTRAINTS

A mathematical model was developed for layout optimization of truss structures with discrete variables subjected to dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and dynamic stability constraints. By using the quasi-static method, the mathematical model of structure optimization under dynamic stress, dynamic displacement and dynamic stability constraints were transformed into one subjected to static stress, displacement and stability constraints. The optimization procedures include two levels, i.e., the topology optimization and the shape optimization. In each level, the comprehensive algorithm was used and the relative difference quotients of two kinds of variables were used to search the optimum solution. A comparison between the optimum results of model with stability constraints and the optimum results of model without stability constraint was given. And that shows the stability constraints have a great effect on the optimum solutions.     

结构拓扑优化ICM方法的改善

对结构拓扑优化的ICM(独立、连续、映射)方法进行了深入探讨，通 过选取不同的过滤函数可以不进行每步删除而得到清晰的拓扑图形. 以位移约束为例阐述了 ICM方法建模及求解过程. 对位移约束、频率约束、位移及频率约束、简谐载荷激励下动位 移幅值约束等拓扑优化进行了研究，计算算例表明ICM方法在处理静力问题及动力问题的拓 扑优化都是可行的. 程序算法都在MSC.Nastran及MSC.Patran的二次开发环境下实现，与 原软件有机结合在一起.