Stress concentration around a hole in a radially inhomogeneous plate

The stress concentration factor around a circular hole in an infinite plate subjected to uniform biaxial tension and pure shear is considered. The plate is made of a functionally graded material where both Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio vary in the radial direction. For plane stress conditions, the governing differential equation for the stress function is derived and solved. A general form for the stress concentration factor in case of biaxial tension is presented. Using a Frobenius series solution, the stress concentration factor is calculated for pure shear case. The stress concentration factor for uniaxial tension is then obtained by superposition of these two modes. The effect of nonhomogeneous stiffness and varying Poisson’s ratio upon the stress concentration factors are analyzed. A reasonable approximation in the practical range of Young’s modulus is obtained for the stress concentration factor in pure shear loading.     

Surface tension-induced stress concentration around a nanosized hole of arbitrary shape in an elastic half-plane

This paper studies surface tension-induced stress concentration around a nanosized hole of arbitrary shape inside an elastic half-plane. Of particular interest is the maximum hoop stress on the hole’s boundary with relation to the point of maximum curvature and the distance between the hole and the free surface of the half-plane. The shape of the hole is characterized by a conformal mapping which maps the exterior of the hole onto the exterior of the unit circle in the image plane. On using the technique of conformal mapping and analytic continuation, the complex potentials of the half-plane are expressed in a series form with unknown coefficients to be determined by Fourier expansion method. Detailed numerical results are shown for elliptical, triangular, square and rectangular holes. Two basic conclusions are that the hoop stress increases with decreasing hole size and the maximum hoop stress generally appears nearby but not exactly at the point of maximum curvature. In addition, it is shown that the hoop stress nearby the point of maximum curvature on the hole’s boundary increases rapidly with decreasing distance between the hole and the free surface of the half-plane. On the other hand, if the distance between the hole and the free surface is more than three times the hole size, the effect of the free surface on the stress concentration around the hole is ignorable and the elastic half-plane can be treated approximately as an elastic whole plane.     

含有非圆形双孔的无限平板中应力的解析解研究

无限平板中含有任意形状单个孔的问题可以使用复变函数方法获得其应力解析解.对于无限平板中含有两个圆孔或两个椭圆孔的双连通域问题,也可以利用多种方法进行求解,比如双极坐标法、应力函数法、复变函数法以及施瓦茨交替法等.其中复变函数中的保角变换方法是获得应力解析解的一个重要方法.但目前尚未见到用此方法求解无限板中含有一个正方形孔和一个椭圆孔的问题.当板在无穷远处受有均布载荷和孔边作用垂直均布压力时,利用保角变换方法可以求解板中含有两个特定形状孔的问题.该方法将所讨论的区域映射成象平面里的一个圆环,其中最关键的一步是找出相应的映射函数.基于黎曼映射定理,提出了该映射函数一般形式,并利用最优化方法,找到了该问题的具体映射函数,然后通过孔边应力边界条件建立了求解两个解析函数的基本方程,获得了该问题的应力解析解.运用ANSYS有限单元法与结果进行了对比.研究了孔距、椭圆形孔大小和两孔布置方位对边界切向应力的影响,以及不同载荷下两孔中心线上应力分布规律.      

An efficient and accurate iterative stress solution for an infinite elastic plate around two elliptic holes,subjected to uniform loads on the hole boundaries and at infinity

Using the Schwarz's alternating method and the Muskhelishvili's complex variable function techniques, an efficient and accurate stress solution for an infinite elastic plate around two elliptic holes, subjected to uniform loads on the hole boundaries and at infinity, is presented in this paper. The present algorithm can be used to compute the stress concentration factors (SCF), i.e., the ratio of the maximum tangential hoop stress to the applied uniform load, on the boundaries of the two elliptical holes of different sizes and layouts under different loading conditions, as illustrated in two numerical cases.     

Influences of surface on the interaction between holes or edge

The effects of surface energy on the interaction between holes or edge are investigated. Three typical problems are discussed: (1) an infinite plate containing two holes of unequal size subjected to an all-round tension, (2) a circle disc containing an eccentric hole subjected to uniform pressure on either external or internal surface, (3) a semi-infinite plate containing an unstressed circular hole subjected to a uniform tension parallel to its straight edge. The problems are solved by series expansion in bipolar coordinates. The results show that the surface energy significantly affects the stress concentrations around the holes as the size of the holes shrinks to nanometers. Meanwhile, the interaction between the holes or edge influences the stress distribution around the holes or edge, which becomes evident as the holes or edge close to each other and is affected by the surface effect significantly.     

On the anti-plane shear of an elliptic nano inhomogeneity

The elastic field of an elliptic nano inhomogeneity embedded in an infinite matrix under anti-plane shear is studied with the complex variable method. The interface stress effects of the nano inhomogeneity are accounted for with the Gurtin–Murdoch model. The conformal mapping method is then applied to solve the formulated boundary value problem. The obtained numerical results are compared with the existing closed form solutions for a circular nano inhomogeneity and a traditional elliptic inhomogeneity under anti-plane. It shows that the proposed semi-analytic method is effective and accurate. The stress fields inside the inhomogeneity and matrix are then systematically studied for different interfacial and geometrical parameters. It is found that the stress field inside the elliptic nano inhomogeneity is no longer uniform due to the interface effects. The shear stress distributions inside the inhomogeneity and matrix are size dependent when the size of the inhomogeneity is on the order of nanometers. The numerical results also show that the interface effects are highly influenced by the local curvature of the interface. The elastic field around an elliptic nano hole is also investigated in this paper. It is found that the traction free boundary condition breaks down at the elliptic nano hole surface. As the aspect ratio of the elliptic hole increases, it can be seen as a Mode-III blunt crack. Even for long blunt cracks, the surface effects can still be significant around the blunt crack tip. Finally, the equivalence between the uniform eigenstrain inside the inhomogeneity and the remote loading is discussed.     

Elasticity solutions for plane anisotropic functionally graded beams

This paper considers the plane stress problem of generally anisotropic beams with elastic compliance parameters being arbitrary functions of the thickness coordinate. Firstly, the partial differential equation, which is satisfied by the Airy stress function for the plane problem of anisotropic functionally graded materials and involves the effect of body force, is derived. Secondly, a unified method is developed to obtain the stress function. The analytical expressions of axial force, bending moment, shear force and displacements are then deduced through integration. Thirdly, the stress function is employed to solve problems of anisotropic functionally graded plane beams, with the integral constants completely determined from boundary conditions. A series of elasticity solutions are thus obtained, including the solution for beams under tension and pure bending, the solution for cantilever beams subjected to shear force applied at the free end, the solution for cantilever beams or simply supported beams subjected to uniform load, the solution for fixed–fixed beams subjected to uniform load, and the one for beams subjected to body force, etc. These solutions can be easily degenerated into the elasticity solutions for homogeneous beams. Some of them are absolutely new to literature, and some coincide with the available solutions. It is also found that there are certain errors in several available solutions. A numerical example is finally presented to show the effect of material inhomogeneity on the elastic field in a functionally graded anisotropic cantilever beam.     

Gradient model in the problem of stress-concentration around a circular hole in two-component stochastic composites

The gradient model of stochastically inhomogeneous media is used to study the stress concentration around a circular hole in a two-component elastic composite. The study is based on a general solution of the system of equilibrium equations expressed in terms of harmonic functions and functions that satisfy the Helmholtz equation. This solution is used to solve problems for an infinite plane with a circular hole under uniform and uniaxial tension. The results obtained are compared with the solutions found using the theory of effective moduli, which is simpler __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 12, pp. 41–53, December 2007.     

高炉炉壳开孔位置对应力集中的影响

考虑到冶金行业中高炉炉壳开孔的实际情况，本文应用有限元分析的方法研究受远场均匀拉伸载荷，二维有限区域内菱形分布的圆孔中间不同开孔位置下的应力分布，得到最大应力集中系数随孔位置变化的三维变化曲面。此外，孔沿座标轴及沿原孔边缘位置变化对应力集中系数的影响被详细研究，从而为合理设计炉壳开孔提供了理论依据。     

偶应力理论的无网格法

根据偶应力理论的基本方程,在能量泛函中引入罚函数来满足偶应力理论的几何约束条件,从而得到偶应力理论的无网格法的控制方程.通过算例,分析了偶应力对带中心圆孔的无限平板在单轴拉伸及纯剪状态下的应力集中的影响,验证了该无网格方法的有效性和可行性.     

Magneto elastic stress subjected to uniform magnetic field over a thin infinite plate containing an elliptical hole with an edge crack

Two dimensional solutions of the magnetic field and magneto elastic stress are presented for a magnetic material of a thin infinite plate containing an elliptical hole with an edge crack subjected to uniform magnetic field. Using a rational mapping function, each solution is obtained as a closed form. The linear constitutive equation is used for these analyses. According to the electro-magneto theory, only Maxwell stress is caused as a body force in a plate. In the present paper, it raises a plane stress state for a thin plate, the deformation of the plate thickness and the shear deflection. Therefore the magneto elastic stress is analyzed using Maxwell stress. No further assumption of the plane stress state that the plate is thin is made for the stress analysis, though Maxwell stress components are expressed by nonlinear terms. The rigorous boundary condition expressed by Maxwell stress components is completely satisfied without any linear assumptions on the boundary. First, magnetic field and stress analyses for soft ferromagnetic material are carried out and then those analyses for paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials are carried out. It is stated that those plane stress components are expressed by the same expressions for those materials and the difference is only the magnitude of the permeability, though the magnetic fields H_x, H_y are different each other in the plates. If the analysis of magnetic field of paramagnetic material is easier than that of soft ferromagnetic material, the stress analysis may be carried out using the magnetic field for paramagnetic material to analyze the stress field, and the results may be applied for a soft ferromagnetic material. It is stated that the stress state for the magnetic field H_x, H_y is the same as the pure shear stress state. Solutions of the magneto elastic stress are nonlinear for the direction of uniform magnetic field. Stresses in the direction of the plate thickness and shear deflection are caused and the solutions are also obtained. Figures of the magnetic field and stress distribution are shown. Stress intensity factors are also derived and investigated for the crack length.     

基于双向聚能拉张爆破理论的巷道顶板定向预裂

为在切顶卸压沿空留巷中获得巷道顶板预裂炮孔的最优间距,基于双向聚能拉张爆破技术,采用以LS-DYNA动力分析软件为基础的数值模拟和现场试验对巷道顶板定向预裂进行研究,优化炮孔间距。数值模拟结果表明,当炮孔间距为400 mm时,应力波叠加后产生有效的拉应力;当炮孔间距为500 mm时,应力波叠加后也能够产生有效的拉应力,该拉应力大于孔壁围岩的抗拉强度,能够使孔壁围岩沿聚能方向形成裂缝,且利于炮孔间裂纹的扩展;随着炮孔间距进一步的增大,当炮孔间距为600 mm爆破时,由于间距过大,应力波无法有效叠加,不能产生连续裂缝。现场试验表明,间距为400和500 mm的炮孔间隔爆破时,未爆破孔自炮孔孔底至孔口产生连续有效裂缝,裂缝长度达2.4 m,相邻炮孔间沿炮孔中心线均能够形成连续有效的切缝面,能够有效控制沿空巷道顶底板位移及沿空巷道顶板压力。综合分析,在3种不同炮孔间距的试验方案中,确定间隔爆破、500 mm的炮孔间距为同一地质条件下3种试验设计中的最优方案。     

含孔边非均匀材料圆环的无限大薄板的应力集中系数

对于含圆孔及孔边非均匀材料圆环的无限大薄板，假设非均匀材料的弹性模量沿径向按照指数函数变化，而泊松比为常数，分别导出了双轴拉伸和纯剪切作用时孔边及界面处的应力集中系数的解析解．通过数值算例详细分析了非均匀材料圆环的弹性模量的变化对无限大薄板的孔边及界面处的应力集中系数的影响．研究结果表明，合理选择孔边非均匀材料圆环的材料性能变化参数可有效地缓解薄板的孔边应力集中程度．本文的研究结果可为含圆孔的薄板的设计提供一定的参考．     

Shape optimization of the hole in an orthotropic plate

The exploration in this work is how to minimize the stress concentration around the edge of the hole in an orthotropic plate. The study first presents the analytical solution of the stress distribution around arbitrary holes using the complex variable method and then carries out the shape optimization using the mixed penalty function method. In the optimization process, optimal holes and stress distributions under the different factors are investigated, i.e., the loading, the Young’s modulus, and the fiber direction. Finally, we come to the conclusion that in the biaxial compressive load state, the shape and the stress are mainly affected by the loading, followed by the fiber direction and the Young’s modulus. In the pure shear condition, all three factors determine the optimum results.     

Photoelastic analysis of a thick plate with an elliptical hole subjected to simple out-of-plane bending

A three-dimensional photoelastic analysis using the stress freezing and slicing techniques was employed to study the stress distribution and the stress-concentration factors around an elliptical hole in a plate of finite thickness. The plate was subjected to simple out-of-plane bending. A special bending device was designed to produce uniform bending moment at the two opposite free edges of the plate. Six plates with various elliptical holes were studied. The stress variation across the plate thickness at the periphery of the elliptical hole was also investigated. The experimental results were correlated with the existing theoretical solutions.     

Stress-concentration factors at intersecting and closely approaching orthogonal coplanar holes

Using two models, each containing three groups of intersecting or closely approaching holes, 18 different cases were investigated by three-dinensional frozen-stress photoelasticity. In all cases, the coplanar holes were orthogonal to the applied uniaxial tension. Included were three cases of intersecting hoes with square corners and varying hole-diameter ratios. Five cases of intersecting holes with rounded corners were studied for two hole-diameter ratios and varying corner radius. Stresses were determined for two cases where the end of one drilled hole partially penetrated another hole leaving acute corners or feathered edges at the intersection. Three types of closely approaching holes were studied: two cases in which the end of one drilled hole nearly intersected the side of an-other hole, two cases in which the ends of two drilled holes approached each other along a common axis, and four cases (called corner-approach cases) in which the ends of two drilled holes approached each other along orthogonal axes. A stress-concentration factor of 13 was found for one of the partially penetrating drilled-hole cases. The upper limit on stress-concentration factor for a very small hole intersecting a large hole in an infinite body subjected to uniaxial stress is 8.4 for metals. This factor is reduced to 5.2 as the diameters of the intersecting holes become equal. Rounding the corners on intersecting holes reduced the stress concentration by only four to seven percent. Closely approaching drilled holes results in higher stresses than fully intersecting holes when the minimum ligament width is less than ten percent of the hole diameter. Corner approach cases do not result in high stress-concentration factors as long as the ligament width is greater than the percent of the hole diameter.     

Surface tension-induced stress concentration around an elliptical hole in an anisotropic half-plane

We examine the surface tension-induced stress concentration around an elliptical hole inside an anisotropic half-plane with traction-free surface. Using conformal mapping techniques, the corresponding complex potential in the half-plane is expressed in a series whose unknown coefficients are determined numerically. Our results indicate that the maximum hoop stress around the hole (which appears in the vicinity of the point of maximum curvature) increases rapidly with decreasing distance between the hole and the free surface. In particular, for an elliptical or even circular hole in an anisotropic half-plane we find that, with decreasing distance between the hole and the free surface, the hoop stress can switch from compressive to tensile at certain points on the hole's boundary and from tensile to compressive at others. This phenomenon is absent in the case of an elliptical or even circular hole in the corresponding case of an isotropic half-plane.     

Some problems in plane thermopiezoelectric materials with holes

Piezoelectric materials have recently attracted considerable attention due to their potential use in intelligent structural systems. In this paper, we treat the plane problem of thermopiezoelasticity with various holes and subject to coupled mechanical, electric and thermal loads. An analytical solution is obtained by applying the technique of conformal mapping and some identities in the Stroh formalism. The solution has a simple unified form for various holes such as ellipse, circle, triangle and square. By way of the solution, the expressions for the energy release rate and stress intensity factors of cracks are presented. Numerical results for concentration coefficients of stress and electric displacement along the hole boundary are given to assess the acceptability of the proposed method.     

Strength analysis of an elastic plane containing a square lattice of circular holes under mechanical loading

The strength characteristics of an elastic plane weakened by a square lattice of circular holes are considered. The stress concentrations in three distinct lattices under the conditions of uniaxial tension/compression in various directions are studied. The minimum and maximum values of the stress concentrations are calculated, and the stress fields in various lattices are considered. We show that under the compression conditions fracture can occur inside the material rather than on the hole boundaries. It is demonstrated that in dense lattices the stress concentrations exhibit power-law dependence on the structure parameter equal to the ratio of the length of the interval between the holes to the hole radius.     

Stress concentration and stress intensity factors fop an infinite plane with several rows of elliptic holes and cracks

This paper deals with the stress concentration in plane with swveral arbitrarily distributed elliptic holes. By using the functions of complex variables, the stress functions in which the interactions of neighbouring holes are taken into consideration can be constructed. By applying the conformed mapping method to satisfy the boundary conditions of each hole, the governing equations can then be transformed into a set of simultaneous equations through boundary integrals. Moreover, the problems with crack can be derived by changing the elliptical rates of the ellipses, thereby an approximate solution of cracking problem may be obtained. Some computing examples are given in the paper.