非球形固体颗粒对弯管内壁的磨损机制

为研究弯管内固体颗粒在液相夹带条件下的运动特性及颗粒对弯管内壁的磨损,采用计算流体动力学与离散元耦合的方法,建立数值模型,考虑固液两相之间的作用,对弯管内的固液两相流动进行数值模拟;通过软件的应用程序编程接口嵌入自编译磨损模型;借助试验结果,验证数值模型的有效性. 结果表明,所建立的数值模拟方案可以准确地模拟颗粒在管内的运动特征并能够预测弯管内壁的磨损位置以及磨损程度. 弯管内的二次流对颗粒运动有重要影响,弯管外侧壁面中心线附近的磨损较严重,磨损的形式以小角度划擦切削为主. 弯管磨损主要与颗粒对壁面的碰撞速度、碰撞角度及碰撞频率有关. 运动中的颗粒与壁面发生多次碰撞,碰撞角度逐渐减小. 随着颗粒球形度的增大,在相同碰撞条件下引起的磨损量变小,但是会降低颗粒的随流性. 颗粒形状影响颗粒在流场中的运动速度以及颗粒与壁面的碰撞. 随着颗粒球形度增大,严重磨损区域向弯管进口方向移动,壁面平均磨损量先减小后增大;当输送颗粒的球形度为0.91时,壁面磨损量最小.      

Y型分支管内气固两相流动的数值模拟

本文采用Euler-Lagrange两相流研究方法,固相采用离散相(DPM)模型,对三种不同夹角的Y型分支管内气固两相流动进行了数值模拟.气相湍流采用Realizable k-ε模型,固相的湍流耗散采用随机轨道模型.模拟结果较好地预估了颗粒在分叉处的流动形态、颗粒在分支管内的运动轨迹,以及重新实现颗粒相流场均匀分布所需的距离.同时发现,随机轨道模型较适于评估分支与主管夹角较大情况下,固体颗粒在分叉处的运动.将分支管内固体颗粒质量分配的数值模拟结果与试验结果比较,发现两者较吻合,相对误差较小.     

颗粒流研究评述

颗粒流可看作一种颗粒间直接作用占优势的特殊两相流,它涉及自然界和工程实际中的许多流动问题,例如泥石流、雪崩、滑坡及固体物料的管道输送等,现阶段在国际上对颗粒流的研究正形成一个热点,而在国内这方面的工作才刚刚开始,本文在广泛收集资料的基础上对颗粒流研究现状作了全面的评述,内容包括颗粒流动现彖、实验研究、基本理论、数值模拟,颗粒流研究中的主要问题及将来的发展方向.     

稀疏两相湍流的惯性颗粒倾向性弥散

气相采用大涡模拟、颗粒相采用拉格朗日轨道模型的方法对后台阶突扩流、充分发展槽道流和圆湍射流3种典型的稀疏气固两相流动进行了数值模拟,研究了颗粒倾向性弥散的特征和规律. 研究表明颗粒的跟随性和倾向性相联系,颗粒惯性和大涡结构同时决定颗粒的倾向性分布特征. Stokes数量级为1(气相时间参考尺度取为宏观特征时间尺度)左右的颗粒,倾向性分布特征最强烈. 颗粒倾向分布于低涡量(或是低脉动速度)的湍流区域.      

气固两相流场的湍流颗粒浓度理论模型

本文进行了气固两相流动颗粒湍流扩散现象的理论分析，提出了颗粒湍流扩散系数和气流弥散效应二个颗粒湍流模化新概念，在此基础上建立了气固两相流场湍流颗粒浓度模型。理论模型包括离心力和其它外加力场作用下颗粒运动和浓度分布的计算方法。运用湍流颗粒浓度模型，对直管气固两相流动、受限射流气固两相流动和９０°弯管气固两相流动等三种流动做了数值模拟，计算获得颗粒速度、颗粒浓度等主要流动参数。讨论了湍流颗粒浓度模型的适用性。     

湍流扩散多相流

湍流扩散多相流在许多工程和环境科学实际应用中十分常见.流体相中的湍流和扩散相的随机本质使得湍流扩散多相流中遇到的问题远比单一流体中遇到的湍流现象复杂得多.首先评述了湍流扩散多相流研究中实验技术和数值计算方面的现状、各自的优点与局限性,以及该领域研究中未来面临的挑战.主要关注湍流扩散多相流研究中以下3方面重点内容:颗粒、液滴和气泡的选择性聚积;湍流对流体相和扩散相耦合作用的影响以及颗粒物和气泡的存在对流体相中湍流的调节机制.     

基于IS–FEM的颗粒曳力系数计算与试验验证

基于浸没光滑有限元模型（immersed smooth finite element model,IS–FEM），计算球形与非球形颗粒曳力系数。设计颗粒曳力图像测量试验，验证IS–FEM模拟精度。颗粒相的运动行为基于连续介质理论的光滑有限元法求解；流体控制方程通过特征分解的半隐式有限元法求解；颗粒与流体相通过非贴体网格交换数据。结果表明，球形颗粒流场特征对称分布，非球形颗粒稳定沉降时长轴与重力方向垂直。不同雷诺数下球形颗粒的曳力系数计算值与Stokes曳力系数一致，非球形颗粒曳力系数高于等效球形颗粒，IS–FEM计算值与沉降试验吻合良好。     

大速差射流预燃室内三维回流两相湍流的数值模拟

本文由多流体两相流模型、气相湍流κ-ε模型和颗粒湍流代数模型出发,成功地模拟了真实形状大速差射流预燃室中三维湍流回流两相流动,得到了这类复杂的气固两相流中不同纵横截面上气相速度场、颗粒速度场及浓度场和两相湍流度场的分布,并且获得了与实验定性一致的合理结果,揭示了预燃室中气固两相流动与混合的主要物理特征,探讨了大速差射流技术稳焰和强化燃烧的两相流动机理。     

强旋湍流气－固两相流动的颗粒随机轨道法模拟

应用颗粒随机轨道模型，并与一种新的代数Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ应力模型相结合，对新型煤粉涡旋燃烧炉内强旋湍流气。固两相流动进行了数值模拟。得到了与实验相符合的颗粒相密度分布和质量流分布。计算结果表明，在涡旋燃烧炉内的强旋湍流流场中，外壁附近颗粒浓度最高，颗粒停留时间加长，气－固两相间滑移速度增大。     

环空后台阶管道内气固两相流动的数值模拟研究

环空管道后台阶突扩流动是空气正循环钻井过程中十分重要的关键部分,直接决定了钻探岩屑是否能够顺利上返地面.本文采用Euler-Lagrange两相流研究方法,气相湍流采用Realizable k-ε模型,固相采用离散相模型(DPM),固相的湍流耗散采用随机轨道模型,对环空后台阶突扩管道内气固两相流动进行了数值模拟研究.得出了气相场大涡演变规律,在此基础上研究了不同粒径时颗粒在流道中的浓度分布规律、运动轨迹,以及速度场分布规律.这为细观框架下研究气固两相相互作用规律提供了依据.     

Effect of inertial particles with different specific heat capacities on heat transfer in particle-laden turbulent flow

The effect of inertial particles with different specific heat on heat transfer in particle-laden turbulent channel flows is studied using the direct numerical simulation(DNS) and the Lagrangian particle tracking method. The simulation uses a two-way coupling model to consider the momentum and thermal interactions between the particles and turbulence. The study shows that the temperature fields display differences between the particle-laden flow with different specific heat particles and the particle-free flow,indicating that the particle specific heat is an important factor that affects the heat transfer process in a particle-laden flow. It is found that the heat transfer capacity of the particle-laden flow gradually increases with the increase of the particle specific heat. This is due to the positive contribution of the particle increase to the heat transfer. In addition,the Nusselt number of a particle-laden flow is compared with that of a particle-free flow.It is found that particles with a large specific heat strengthen heat transfer of turbulent flow, while those with small specific heat weaken heat transfer of turbulent flow.     

Modeling of dynamics, heat transfer, and combustion in two-phase turbulent flows: 1. Isothermal flows

This paper presents a review of authors' collective works in the field of two-phase flow modeling done in the past few decades. The paper is aimed at the construction of mathematical models for simulation of particle-laden turbulent flows. A kinetic equation was obtained for the probability density function (PDF) of the particle velocity distribution in turbulent flows. The proposed kinetic equation describes both the interaction of particles with turbulent eddies of the carrier phase and particle-particle collisions. This PDF equation is used for the derivation of different schemes describing turbulent momentum transfer in the dispersed particle phase. The turbulent characteristics of the gaseous phase are calculated on the basis of the k - turbulence model with a modulation effect of particles on the turbulence.

The constructed models have been applied to the calculation of various two-phase gas-particle turbulent flows in jets and channels as well as particle deposition in tubes and separators. For validating the theoretical and numerical results, a wide range of comparisons with experimental data from Russian and foreign sources has been done.     

Characteristics of turbulence transport for momentum and heat in particle-laden turbulent vertical channel flows

The dynamic and thermal performance of particle-laden turbulent flow is investigated via direction numerical simulation combined with the Lagrangian point-particle tracking under the condition of two-way coupling, with a focus on the contributions of particle feedback effect to momentum and heat transfer of turbulence. We take into account the effects of particles on flow drag and Nusselt number and explore the possibility of drag reduction in con-junction with heat transfer enhancement in particle-laden turbulent flows.The effects of particles on momentum and heat transfer are analyzed,and the possibility of drag reduc-tion in conjunction with heat transfer enhancement for the prototypical case of particle-laden turbulent channel flows is addressed.We present results of turbulence modification and heat transfer in turbulent particle-laden channel flow,which shows the heat transfer reduction when large inertial parti-cles with low specific heat capacity are added to the flow. However,we also found an enhancement of the heat transfer and a small reduction of the flow drag when particles with high specific heat capacity are involved.The present results show that particles,which are active agents,interact not only with the velocity field,but also the temperature field and can cause a dissimilarity in momentum and heat transport.This demonstrates that the possibility to increase heat transfer and suppress friction drag can be achieved with addition of par-ticles with different thermal properties.     

Rod-like particles matching algorithm based on SOM neural network in dispersed two-phase flow measurements

A matching algorithm based on self-organizing map (SOM) neural network is proposed for tracking rod-like particles in 2D optical measurements of dispersed two-phase flows. It is verified by both synthetic images of elongated particles mimicking 2D suspension flows and direct numerical simulations-based results of prolate particles dispersed in a turbulent channel flow. Furthermore, the potential benefit of this algorithm is evaluated by applying it to the experimental data of rod-like fibers tracking in wall turbulence. The study of the behavior of elongated particles suspended in turbulent flows has a practical importance and covers a wide range of applications in engineering and science. In experimental approach, particle tracking velocimetry of the dispersed phase has a key role together with particle image velocimetry of the carrier phase to obtain the velocities of both phases. The essential parts of particle tracking are to identify and match corresponding particles correctly in consecutive images. The present study is focused on the development of an algorithm for pairing non-spherical particles that have one major symmetry axis. The novel idea in the algorithm is to take the orientation of the particles into account for matching in addition to their positions. The method used is based on the SOM neural network that finds the most likely matching link in images on the basis of feature extraction and clustering. The fundamental concept is finding corresponding particles in the images with the nearest characteristics: position and orientation. The most effective aspect of this two-frame matching algorithm is that it does not require any preliminary knowledge of neither the flow field nor the particle behavior. Furthermore, using one additional characteristic of the non-spherical particles, namely their orientation, in addition to its coordinate vector, the pairing is improved both for more reliable matching at higher concentrations of dispersed particles and for higher robustness against loss of particle pairs between image frames.     

Spectral-based simulations of particle-laden turbulent flows

In this paper, we discuss the application of spectral-based methods to simulation of particle-laden turbulent flows. The primary focus of the article is on the past and ongoing works by the authors. The particles are tracked in Lagrangian framework, while direct numerical simulation (DNS) or large-eddy simulation (LES) is used to describe the carrier-phase flow field. Two different spectral methods are considered, namely Fourier pseudo-spectral method and Chebyshev multidomain spectral method. The pseudo-spectral method is used for the simulation of homogeneous turbulence. DNS of both incompressible and compressible flows with one- and two-way couplings are reported. For LES of particle-laden flows, two new models, developed by the authors, account for the effect of sub-grid fluctuations on the dispersed phase. The Chebyshev multidomain method is employed for the works on inhomogeneous flows. A number of canonical flows are discussed, including flow past a square cylinder, channel flow and flow over backward-facing step. Ongoing research on particle-laden LES of inhomogeneous flows is briefly reported.     

Lagrangian particle dispersion in turbulent flow over a wall mounted obstacle

Large-eddy simulations (LES) of particle-laden turbulent flows are presented in order to investigate the effects of particle response time on the dispersion patterns of a space developing flow with an obstruction, where solid particles are injected inside the wake of an obstacle [Vincont, J.Y., Simoens, S., Ayrault M., Wallace, J.M., 2000. Passive scalar dispersion in a turbulent boundary layer from a line source at the wall and downstream of an obstacle. J. Fluid Mech. 424, 127–167]. The numerical method is based on a fully explicit fractional step approach and finite-differences on Cartesian grids, using the immersed boundary method (IBM) to represent the existence of solid obstacles. Two different turbulence models have been tested, the classical Smagorinsky turbulence model and the filtered structure function model. The dispersed phase was modelled either by an Eulerian approach or a Lagrangian particle tracking scheme of solid particles with Stokes numbers in the range St = 0–25, assuming one-way coupling between the two phases. A very good agreement was observed between the Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches. The effect of particle size was found to significantly differentiate the dispersion pattern for the inhomogeneous flow over the obstacle. Although in homogeneous flows like particle-laden turbulent channels near-wall particle clustering increases monotonically with particle size, for the examined flow over an obstacle, preferential concentration effects were stronger only for an intermediate range of Stokes numbers.     

Modelling of gas–solid turbulent channel flow with non-spherical particles with large Stokes numbers

This paper describes a complete framework to predict the behaviour of interacting non-spherical particles with large Stokes numbers in a turbulent flow. A summary of the rigid body dynamics of particles and particle collisions is presented in the framework of Quaternions. A particle-rough wall interaction model to describe the collisions between non-spherical particles and a rough wall is put forward as well. The framework is coupled with a DNS-LES approach to simulate the behaviour of horizontal turbulent channel flow with 5 differently shaped particles: a sphere, two types of ellipsoids, a disc, and a fibre. The drag and lift forces and the torque on the particles are computed from correlations which are derived using true DNS.The simulation results show that non-spherical particles tend to locally maximise the drag force, by aligning their longest axis perpendicular to the local flow direction. This phenomenon is further explained by performing resolved direct numerical simulations of an ellipsoid in a flow. These simulations show that the high pressure region on the acute sides of a non-spherical particle result in a torque if an axis of the non-spherical particle is not aligned with the flow. This torque is only zero if the axis of the particle is perpendicular to the local direction of the flow. Moreover, the particle is most stable when the longest axis is aligned perpendicular to the flow.The alignment of the longest axis of a non-spherical particle perpendicular to the local flow leads to non-spherical particles having a larger average velocity compared to spherical particles with the same equivalent diameter. It is also shown that disc-shaped particles flow in a more steady trajectory compared to elongated particles, such as elongated ellipsoids and fibres. This is related to the magnitude of the pressure gradient on the acute side of the non-spherical particles. Finally, it is shown that the effect of wall roughness affects non-spherical particles differently than spherical particles. Particularly, a collision of a non-spherical particle with a rough wall induces a significant amount of rotational energy, whereas a corresponding collision with a spherical particle results in mostly a change in translational motion.     

Temperature statistics in a radiatively heated particle-laden turbulent square duct flow

Radiation absorption by preferentially concentrated particles in a turbulent square duct flow is studied experimentally. The particle-laden flow is exposed to near-infrared radiation, and the gas phase temperature statistics are measured along the wall bisector of the duct. It is found that the instantaneous temperature fluctuations are comparable to the overall mean temperature rise. The temperature statistics at the duct centerline and near the wall are qualitatively different. The former reflects preferential concentration in isotropic flows while the latter displays evidence of particle clustering into streamwise elongated streaks. Comparison of the experimental data to a simplified heat transfer model suggests that the Lagrangian evolution of particle clusters and voids, and turbulent mixing in the vicinity of particle clusters, are important. This work was motivated by particle solar receiver technology, but the findings are also relevant to systems where there is localized heat release or mass transfer from disperse particles or droplets. It shows that obtaining Lagrangian histories of particle trajectories is an important next step towards understanding thermal transport phenomena in particle-laden turbulent flows.