矩形槽道内表面活性剂减阻流体流场特性

采用粒子图像测速仪对矩形槽道内表面活性减阻流体在流动方向(x方向)与壁面垂直方向(y方向)所在平面的流场进行了测量,分析了速度、涡量、速度脉动相关量在流场内的瞬态分布,以及对500幅相同工况的流场进行了统计平均. 结果显示: 与牛顿流体相比, 表面活性剂减阻流体接近于层流流动,横向速度脉动被大幅减弱,导致湍流输运减弱,雷诺应力远远小于水. 减阻流体流向速度脉动呈条带特征,沿流动方向发展,反映了减阻流体不同于水的湍流输运特征.      

TRPIV MEASUREMENT OF DRAG-REDUCTION IN THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OVER RIBLETS PLATE

采用高时间分辨率粒子图像测速技术对沟槽壁面平板湍流边界层速度矢量场的时间序列及其统计量进行了实验测量,讨论了在同一来流速度下沟槽壁面对平均速度剖面﹑雷诺切应力及湍流强度的影响. 用流向速度分量的多尺度空间局部平均结构函数辨识壁湍流多尺度相干结构,用条件采样和相位平均技术提取壁湍流多尺度相干结构喷射和扫掠事件的脉动速度、展向涡量的二维空间拓扑形态. 结果表明,与同材料光滑壁面对比,沟槽壁面实现了10.73%的摩阻减小量;沟槽壁面湍流边界层湍流强度及雷诺切应力皆比光滑平板湍流边界层对应统计量小,说明沟槽壁面有效降低了湍流边界层内流体的脉动. 通过比较壁湍流相干结构猝发事件各脉动速度分量与展向涡量的空间分布特征,肯定了沟槽壁面的减阻效果,发现沟槽壁面通过抑制相干结构猝发事件实现减阻.     

高分子溶液壁湍流减阻机理的TRPIV实验研究

利用高时间分辨率粒子图像测速技术(TRPIV)对回流式水槽中低浓度高分子溶液壁湍流的减阻机理进行实验研究。通过对比分析高分子溶液和纯水平板湍流边界层在相同来流速度下的平均速度剖面、湍流强度和雷诺应力,发现高分子溶液的壁面摩擦阻力减小了21.77%,并且其缓冲层增厚,按对数律外移,雷诺应力减小;高分子聚合物主要在近壁区起到抑制湍流脉动的作用,而在主流区的作用不太明显。用流向局部平均多尺度速度结构函数和相干结构条件采样方法,检测并对比了高分子溶液和水的壁湍流相干结构“喷射”和“扫掠”事件中的脉动速度、展向涡量、雷诺应力等物理量的二维拓扑形态,发现高分子溶液近壁区相干结构在猝发时的脉动速度减小,涡量受到抑制,雷诺应力明显减小,说明高分子溶液湍流近壁区相干结构“喷射”和“扫掠”的强度变弱,猝发频率降低,动量和能量的输运减弱,揭示出高分子溶液减阻的重要机理。     

固体颗粒对沟槽湍流边界层影响的实验研究

本文采用粒子图像测速技术(particles image velocimetry, PIV)研究固体颗粒对放置在平板湍流边界层中的平壁和沟槽壁面减阻效果的影响. 实验对清水和加入粒径为155 μm聚苯乙烯颗粒的流法向二维速度场信息进行采集, 对不同工况下的平均速度剖面、雷诺应力和湍流度等统计量进行对比, 分析流体在边界层中的行为. 运用空间局部平均结构函数提取了不同工况湍流边界层喷射?扫掠行为的空间拓扑结构并进行比较. 结果发现, 在不同的壁面条件下, 粒子加入后的对数律区中无量纲速度均略大于清水组, 雷诺切应力有所降低, 湍流度有所减弱. 对于不同流场速度下的沟槽而言, 颗粒的加入均降低了壁面附近的阻力, 而颗粒单独作用于光滑壁面的减阻效果并不明显. 加入粒子后的相干结构数目有所增加, 法向脉动速度下降. 沟槽壁面附近的相干结构数目有所增加, 法向脉动速度在自由来流速度较大时有所上升, 在速度较小时有所下降. 这表明不同减阻状况下的沟槽均能将大涡破碎成更多的涡, 并且粒子的加入强化了这种破碎作用.      

双振子同异步振动主动控制湍流边界层减阻实验研究

本文以镶嵌在平板上沿展向对放的两个压电陶瓷振子为主动控制激励器,自主设计了零质量射流主动控制湍流边界层减阻实验方案.在风洞中开展了双压电振子同步和异步振动主动控制湍流边界层减阻的实验研究,实现了压电振子的周期扰动对湍流边界层多尺度相干结构的干扰和调制,施加控制后减小了壁面摩擦阻力,获得减阻效果.当异步控制100 V, 160 Hz工况时得到最大减阻率为18.54%.小波多尺度分析结果表明,施加控制工况中PZT振子的周期性扰动使得小尺度结构的湍流脉动强度增强,改变了近壁区大尺度和小尺度结构的含能分布,且异步控制工况比同步控制工况的减阻效果好.当双振子振动频率为160 Hz时,流向脉动速度的小波系数PDF曲线呈现出波动特征,尾部变宽显著,近壁湍流脉动更加有序和规则,湍流间歇性减弱.对小尺度脉动进行条件相位平均的结果表明,施加PZT周期扰动后使得大尺度结构破碎成为小尺度结构,小尺度脉动强度增强,实现减阻.随着流向位置离PZT振子越来越远,周期性扰动对相干结构的调制作用逐渐减弱.     

基于单个压电振子的湍流边界层主动控制

利用安装在壁面上的单个压电振子周期振荡,采用开环主动控制方案,实现了对平板湍流边界层相干结构猝发的主动控制和壁湍流减阻.根据不同的输入电压幅值和频率,完成了10种工况的实验.在压电振子下游2mm处,用热线风速仪和迷你热线单丝探针,精细测量湍流边界层不同法向位置瞬时流向速度信号的时间序列,分析了在Re_?=2183压电振子振动对湍流边界层平均速度剖面、减阻率和相干结构猝发过程的影响.实验结果表明,施加控制的工况使平均速度剖面对数律层上移,产生减阻效果;压电振子振幅越大,减阻率越高,减阻效果越明显;通过对施加控制前后流向瞬时速度的多尺度湍涡结构脉动动能的尺度分析,当压电振子振动频率与壁湍流能量最大尺度的猝发频率相近时,减阻率达到最大,为25%,说明控制壁湍流能量最大尺度相干结构的猝发是实现壁湍流减阻的关键;通过对比相干结构猝发的流向速度分量条件相位平均波形,发现施加控制的工况中相干结构猝发流向速度分量的波形幅值明显降低,且流向速度在扫掠后期高速阶段迅速衰减,缩短了高速流体的下扫过程,说明压电振子的振动能抑制相干结构的高速流体下扫过程,减弱高速流体与壁面的强烈剪切过程,并使近壁区域相干结构的振幅显著减弱,迁移速度加快,从而减小壁面摩擦阻力.      

表面活性剂减阻溶液湍流流动研究进展

与聚合物添加剂相比,表面活性剂具有寿命长,不受机械力和高温影响发生降解的特点,目前被认为是最具有适用价值的减阻添加剂．针对表面活性剂湍流减阻机理,尽管已经开展了大量的实验研究、理论分析和数值模拟,但仍处于探索阶段,尚未定论．文中对目前国内外有关表面活性剂减阻溶液湍流流动的研究如平均速度、湍流强度、雷诺应力和相关系数等湍流统计量以及取得的成果进行了归纳和总结．目前普遍认为阻力减小是由流动垂直方向的湍流强度受抑和脉动速度分量解耦导致雷诺应力极大降低引起的．分析了目前研究存在的问题,对今后继续开展研究提出了自己的观点．      

壁面温度在多参数下对平板边界层的影响研究

为了得到壁面温度在不同来流速度、不同湍流强度条件下对边界层转捩与减阻的影响规律,本文采用Transitionk-kl-ω模型对低来流速度下无压力梯度的光滑平板进行了数值模拟。结果表明,随着来流速度的升高,壁温升高所起到的减阻效果更好,即高来流速度对壁面温度更为敏感。当来流处于中高湍流强度下时,壁温升高能起到推迟转捩的作用,且随着湍流强度的升高,转捩推迟的效果越好,但减阻效果正好相反;当来流处于低湍流强度下时,壁温升高会使得转捩提前发生。壁温升高抑制了边界层内流体的脉动程度,使得层流的稳态不易被破坏,流动更加稳定;同时,壁温升高使得边界层内流体的速度梯度减小,从而降低了壁面摩擦系数,故壁温升高能起到推迟边界层转捩与减阻的作用。     

可压缩各向同性衰减湍流直接数值模拟研究

采用五阶有限差分WENO格式直接模拟了高初始湍流Mach数的可压缩均匀各向同性湍流,主要分析了湍流的统计特性 和压缩性的影响,包括能谱特征、激波串、耗散率、标度律等. 研究表明,湍动能主要来自于速度场螺旋分量的贡献;各向同性湍流的小尺度脉动对压缩性更为敏感,并且压缩性的增强加快了湍流大 尺度脉动向小尺度脉动的湍动能输运;随着湍流Mach数的升高,胀量(压缩)耗散率所占比率也显著增长. 标度律分析表明,强可压缩湍流的横向速度结构函数仍然具有扩展自相似性;当阶数较高(p ≥ 5)时,纵向速度结构函数的扩展自相似性则不再成立. 对于压缩性较弱的湍流,与不可压缩湍流一致,横向湍流脉动的间歇性要强于纵向湍流脉动;而对于强可压缩湍流,纵向湍流脉动的 间歇性要强于横向湍流脉动.     

基于卡门尺度和滤波方法的SST方程改进

基于滤波方法和卡门尺度对原始剪切应力输运(shear stress transport, SST)湍流模型进行了改进,提出了一种卡门尺度修正的滤波SST 方法. 湍流多尺度效应必须在分离流场模拟中给予反映,该方法减弱了雷诺平均(Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes, RANS)方法时间平均特性对于流场脉动量的压迫作用,在流场中引入了大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)方法的亚格子模型,形成一种新型的脱体涡模拟方法(detached eddy simulation,DES)方法;同时,为了降低原始DES方法在网格加密过程中产生网格诱发的雷诺应力损耗,利用卡门尺度对滤波因子进行修正. 平板边界层算例中,卡门尺度对于RANS方法的跟随性远远强于DES方法,在边界层内的速度型和RANS方法吻合很好,而DES方法在加密过程中速度型的鲁棒性较差,说明卡门尺度在有效地保护了边界层内使用RANS求解,降低速度型偏离对数率现象的产生;HGR-01翼型算例证明BY-SST方法可以有效的避免网格诱导分离现象的产生;证明BY-SST方法在分离流动中的精度高于DES方法.     

Experimental study on swirling flow of dilute surfactant solution with deformed free-surface

An experimental investigation was performed on a swirling flow of dilute surfactant solution with deformed free-surface in a cylindrical container driven by the constantly rotating bottom wall. The purpose of the experiment was to estimate weak viscoelasticity in the tested surfactant solutions as well as to investigate the flow characteristics. The tested fluid was an aqueous solution of CTAC (CTAC: cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride), which is a cationic surfactant. Water, 40 ppm, 60 ppm and 200 ppm CTAC solution flows were tested at Froude numbers ranging from 2.59 to 16.3. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the secondary velocity field in the meridional plane. The deformed free-surface level was extracted from the PIV images. At a similar Froude number, the depth of the dip formed at the center region of the free surface was decreased for CTAC solution flow compared with water flow. The inertia-driven vortex at the up-right corner in the meridional plane becomes more and more weakened with increase of the solution concentration or viscoelasticity. Through analyzing the overall force balance compared with water flow, the first normal stress difference characterizing the viscoelasticity was estimated for the dilute CTAC solution flows. The result supports the viscoelasticity-based turbulent drag-reduction mechanism of surfactant solution flow.     

减阻用表面活性剂溶液分子动力学模拟研究进展

减阻用表面活性剂在能源动力及化工领域有着广泛应用,在管道流体中加入少量表面活性剂可以使流动阻力大大降低从而节约能源,对于表面活性剂减阻机理的讨论也是近些年学者关注的热点之一.本文不仅对课题组前些年在表面活性剂溶液流变性、湍流减阻、减阻与传热的相关性、布朗动力学模拟方面的工作进行了概述,而且详细介绍了近三年来在表面活性剂粗粒化分子动力学模拟方面的研究成果.粗粒化模拟是近年来发展起来的方法,目前已广泛应用于化学、生物等诸多领域.在粗粒化分子动力学模拟方面的工作包括:表面活性剂溶液的流变性能与微观结构、表面活性剂溶液湍流减阻机理研究、湍流减阻失效分析三个部分.通过对表面活性剂溶液分子动力学模拟研究进展的回顾,作者认为,利用粗粒化分子动力学模拟方法可以合理揭示表面活性剂胶束的结构与流变性的对应关系,对胶束的断裂与再连接能力进行多维度的评价,如胶束的拉伸能、断裂能、最大拉伸长度、结合能、$\zeta$电势、疏水基驱动作用等方面.并对"黏弹说"减阻机理进行分子模拟层面的验证,对实际应用中的湍流减阻失效原理进行初步分析.最后,根据对近几年分子动力学模拟工作的总结,展望了未来粗粒化分子动力学模拟在表面活性剂方面的研究方向.      

Experimental study on the effects of shear induced structure in a drag-reducing surfactant solution flow

In this paper, The drag reduction characteristics of surfactant solutions have been experimentally studied, as well as, the shear viscosities of turbulent drag-reducing surfactant solution have been measured as a function of concentration, shear rate and temperature by using AG-G2 (TA Instruments, New Castle, USA) rheometer. In comparison the rheological property with the macroscopic behavior of the solutions in turbulent channel flow, a deeper insight into the mechanisms of drag-reducing surfactant solution has been obtained. For no shear induced structure of surfactant solutions they just show features shear thinning, but the drag reduction is very significant phenomenon. Surfactant solution of the shear induced structure is not a surfactant fluid drag reduction of the necessary elements.     

Flow and heat transfer characteristics of drag reducing surfactant solution in a helically coiled pipe

The reduction characteristic of turbulent drag and heat transfer of drag reduction surfactant solution flowing in a helically coiled pipe were experimentally investigated. The drag reduction surfactant used in the present study was the amine oxide type nonionic surfactant of oleyldihydroxyethylamineoxide (ODEAO, C₂₂H₄₅NO₃=371). The zwitterion surfactant of cetyldimethylaminoaciticacidbetaine (CDMB, C₂₀H₄₁NO₂=327) was added by 10% to the ODEAO solution in order to avoid the chemical degradation of ODEAO by ionic impurities in a test tape water. The experiments of flow drag and heat transfer reduction were carried out in the helically coiled pipe of coil to pipe diameter ratio of 37.5 and the helically coiled pipe length to pipe diameter of 1180.5 (pipe diameter of 14.4 mm) at various concentrations, temperatures and flow velocities of the ODEAO surfactant solution. The ODEAO solution showed a non-Newtonian behavior at high concentration of the ODEAO. From the experimental results, it was observed that the friction factor of the ODEAO surfactant solution flowing through the coiled pipe was decreased to a great extent in comparison with water as a Newtonian fluid in the turbulent flow region. Heat transfer measurements for water and the ODEAO solution were performed in both laminar and turbulent flow regions under the uniform heat flux boundary condition. The heat transfer coefficients for the ODEAO solution flow were the same as water flow in the laminar region. On the other hand, heat transfer reduction of the ODEAO solution flow was remarkedly reduced as compared with that of the water flow in the turbulent flow region.     

DNS of viscoelastic turbulent channel flow with rectangular orifice at low Reynolds number

Direct numerical simulations of turbulent viscoelastic-fluid flow in a channel with a rectangular orifice were performed to investigate the influence of viscoelasticity on turbulence statistics and turbulent structures downstream of the orifice. The geometry considered is periodic rectangular orifices with 1:2 expansion. The constitutive equation follows the Giesekus model, valid for polymer (or surfactant) solutions, which are generally capable of reducing the turbulent frictional drag in a smooth channel. The friction Reynolds number and the Weissenberg number were set to 100 and 20-30, respectively. A drag reduction of about 20% was achieved in the viscoelastic flows. The onset Reynolds number for the transition from a symmetric to an asymmetric state was found to be shifted to higher values than that for the Newtonian flow. In the viscoelastic flow, the turbulent kinetic energy was decreased and fewer turbulent eddies were observed, as the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices were quickly damped. Away from the orifice, quasi-streamwise vortices in the viscoelastic flow were sustained for a longer period, accompanied by energy exchange from elastic energy of the viscoelastic fluid to kinetic energy.     

On pipe diameter effects in surfactant drag-reducing pipe flows

Remarkable power saving in a fluid transport system is possible if the surfactant drag reduction technology is used. Application of surfactant drag reduction to district heating and cooling systems has been investigated in the past. The establishment of the scale-up law in drag-reducing pipe flows is one of the most important problems in this application. Main purpose of this study is aimed to develop a reliable scale-up law in surfactant drag-reducing flows. As the basic data of surfactant solutions, both non-Newtonian viscosity and viscoelasticity were experimentally determined. A turbulent eddy diffusivity model based on the Maxwell model was employed to estimate the drag reduction of surfactant solutions. The predictions by the turbulence model developed in this study with proper rheological characteristics of surfactant solutions has resulted in a reliable estimation of the pipe diameter effect in surfactant drag-reducing flows over the pipe diameter range from 11 to 150mm. Received: 30 June 1997 Accepted: 29 December 1997     

添加剂湍流减阻流动与换热研究综述

添加剂湍流减阻是指在液体的管道湍流中添加少量的高分子聚合物或某种表面活性剂从而使湍流阻力大大降低的现象.从其被发现至今,经过近半个世纪的研究(实验研究、理论分析、数值模拟和实际系统的应用研究),尽管对这一现象及其实际应用价值已有了较为深入的认识,但仍有许多方面尚有欠缺,例如对湍流减阻的机理仍然在探索中.本文归纳评述了高分子聚合物或表面活性剂添加剂湍流减阻流动与换热现象的研究现状,从湍流减阻剂的特性、减阻剂的湍流减阻机理、湍流减阻发生时的换热机理、减阻流动速度场分布和换热控制等几个方面综述了添加剂湍流减阻流动与换热特性,并综述了湍流减阻剂在实际工业系统中的应用情况,在对添加剂湍流减阻机理、有湍流减阻发生时的对流换热机理等的理解方面进行了新的总结.      

Analysis of an organized turbulent structure using a pattern recognition technique in a drag-reducing surfactant solution flow

This work presents the investigation for an organized turbulent structure in a drag-reducing flow of dilute surfactant solution by utilizing a particle image velocimetry system to perform the pattern recognition technique on a trajectory in four quadrants of streamwise and wall-normal velocity fluctuations. The pattern recognition is added to a new algorithm in order to directly capture the spatial rotation motion. The Reynolds number based on the channel height and bulk mean velocity was set to 1.5 × 10⁴. Surfactant solution with a weight concentration of 150 ppm was employed and the drag reduction rate was 65%. In the drag-reducing flow, we observe increased frequencies of occurrence of the flow events that correspond to a meandering motion in the wall-normal direction of the high-and low-speed regions. Three findings from investigation of the ensemble-averaged Reynolds shear stress and vortex structure are as follows: (i) the Reynolds shear stress in the large fluctuation range occurs in the narrow region; (ii) Size, strength, arrangement and inclination in the spatial vortex structure in the drag-reducing flow differ from those of the water; and (iii) all trajectory contributions for the wall friction coefficient decrease. Finally, we interpreted that the viscoelasticity characterizing the viscoelastic stress and relaxation time in rheological properties of the flow changes specific elementary vortex for the drag-reducing flow, and the trajectories of each flow pattern change drastically.     

The conformation of drag reducing micelles from small-angle-neutron-scattering experiments

Small-angle-neutron-scattering measurements (SANS) were done with a dilute solution of the surfactant n-tetradecyltrimethylammoniumbromide (TTAB) with sodium salicylate (Na Sal) in pipe and channel flow. The solvent used was heavy water. The anisotropy observed in the SANS-curves can be related to the drag reduction behaviour of the surfactant solution. The breakdown of the drag reducing properties above the critical wall shear stress is accompanied by a strong decrease in the scattering anisotropy. However, in this flow region the scattering curves reveal a very similar micellar structure to that found in the fluid at rest. This shows that the micelles exist above the critical wall shear stress.