复合材料/金属混合结构热应力分布规律

以飞机机身典型部位复合材料与Z型长桁螺栓连接为研究对象,采用Python脚本语言编程,在ABAQUS平台建立了6种紧固长度有限元模型,模拟飞机在高空低温的飞行环境,得到了混合结构的应力、应变分布规律。数值仿真结果表明:铝梁顶部应变结果呈现中间高、两边低的现象,紧固螺栓应变结果则呈现出相反的趋势;末端紧固件承受的剪切载荷最大,而中心的紧固件剪切载荷最小;该温度场结果与已有文献的试验测试结果误差在3℃以内,对复合材料与金属混合结构的设计具有一定意义。     

颗粒增强复合材料有效性能的三维数值分析

将细观力学和计算力学方法相结合用以确定复合材料中的局部和平均应力－应变场．对旋转体和非旋转体颗粒增强复合材料的有效模量进行了三维有限元数值计算，数值与实验结果对比表明，该方法是有效的、可靠的．分析了颗粒的排列分布、颗粒取向和颗粒的几何形状对有效模量的影响．数值结果表明，颗粒的排列对有效轴向弹性模量影响较大．颗粒的取向和颗粒的形状对有效性能的影响也是显著的     

民机机身结构耐撞性研究的进展与挑战

应急着陆场景下的民机耐撞性与乘员安全直接相关,是民机安全性的重要体现,其中机身结构耐撞性是民机结构强度领域内的研究热点。机身结构耐撞性是复杂的非线性冲击动力学问题,涉及到结构的大变形、断裂失效与动态接触等。运输类飞机适航标准对机身结构耐撞性做出了明确规定,要求通过合理的设计,避免乘员承受过于严酷的冲击载荷,维持客舱内大质量体的有效约束,保持乘员的可生存空间以及维持乘员应急撤离通道的可用等,相关的设计需要通过实验方法或经验证的分析方法进行评估。本文对民机机身结构耐撞性研究中的几个关键问题,如紧固件和机械连接结构的冲击动力学行为,高效吸能元件与吸能结构设计方法,机身结构耐撞性评估的实验与数值方法等近年来的研究情况进行了分析,总结了主要研究进展,并分析了当前研究面临的主要挑战。     

民机机身结构耐撞性研究的进展与挑战

应急着陆场景下的民机耐撞性与乘员安全直接相关，是民机安全性的重要体现，其中机身结构耐撞性是民机结构强度领域内的研究热点。机身结构耐撞性是复杂的非线性冲击动力学问题，涉及到结构的大变形、断裂失效与动态接触等。运输类飞机适航标准对机身结构耐撞性做出了明确规定，要求通过合理的设计，避免乘员承受过于严酷的冲击载荷，维持客舱内大质量体的有效约束，保持乘员的可生存空间以及维持乘员应急撤离通道的可用等，相关的设计需要通过实验方法或经验证的分析方法进行评估。本文对民机机身结构耐撞性研究中的几个关键问题，如紧固件和机械连接结构的冲击动力学行为，高效吸能元件与吸能结构设计方法，机身结构耐撞性评估的实验与数值方法等近年来的研究情况进行了分析，总结了主要研究进展，并分析了当前研究面临的主要挑战。     

Effective properties of fiber and platelet systems and related phase arrangements in n-phase heterogenous media

For the structures which are neither aggregates nor inclusion-reinforced matrices, relevant property estimates are missing. We address composites with several, all or none co-continuous phases. Property estimates from various fibre systems and platelet systems that are likely to well approach the effective properties of such microstructures are examined. We provide arguments in favour of the relevancy of some of the investigated systems to represent phase co-continuity (or co-discontinuity), the reported results being supported by theoretical, topological and experimental considerations. The discussion is held in the linear elasticity framework with open extensions to other properties and behaviours.     

长型浮置板轨道隔振系统理论分析(I)——弥散曲线及临界速度

浮置板轨道结构是近年来减振降噪效果最好的轨道结构形式.将整个轨道结构看作一个隔振黑匣子,钢轨与浮置板分别用欧拉梁来模拟,推导动力方程,用傅氏变换将其转换到频率-波数域中,求得系统的弥散方程,并给出轨道结构临界速度计算方法.定义了反映浮置板轨道结构参数的质量比例ξ_(m)、刚度比例ξ_(h)及阻尼比例ξ_(c)等三个系数.在给定实际中板上结构物理参数的条件下,深入讨论了三个比例系数对于系统弥散曲线以及临界速度的影响,进而为浮置板轨道共振频率及临界速度的初步设计提供建议.     

纤维增强树脂基复合材料多轴疲劳研究进展

纤维增强树脂基复合材料结构在工程应用中常常承受复杂载荷的作用, 从而使材料处于多轴循环应力条件下. 为了更加合理地进行复合材料结构设计, 必须对复合材料多轴疲劳行为进行深入的研究, 建立比较理想的复合材料疲劳寿命预测模型. 首先简单回顾了复合材料单轴疲劳损伤判据及其寿命预测模型, 然后结合作者的研究结果, 总结了近年来国内外纤维增强树脂基复合材料多轴疲劳理论的研究成果, 对各种失效准则、疲劳寿命预测模型进行了较为深入的分析, 指出了它们各自的特点及其存在的问题, 并对复合材料多轴疲劳理论的研究趋势作出了展望. 最后, 对目前常用的复合材料多轴疲劳实验方法进行了总结, 并指出了各种方法的优缺点及其实验中存在的困难.      

Characterisation of pure and mixed mode fracture in composite laminates

The extensive use of advanced fibre composite materials for aircraft construction has necessitated the development of a damage tolerance methodology for aircraft components. Such a methodology would facilitate the design of more efficient and reliable composite structures and their maintenance in service. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize and understand the complex failure modes of fibre composites, including the influence of temperature, moisture and various defects arising from manufacture or service conditions.This paper briefly discusses the present status of some approaches to the experimental characterization of pure and mixed-mode fracture of composite laminates.     

Direct Measurement of the Cohesive Law of Adhesives Using a Rigid Double Cantilever Beam Technique

Engineering adhesive joints are being increasingly used in industry because of the advantages they offer over other joining methods such as fastening or welding. The development and the use of adhesives in a design environment require accurate mechanical tests in order to measure their strength and toughness. Standard techniques such as the shear lap test are commonly used to measure shear strength, but the results they produce generally depend on geometry and on initial defects within the bond line. Fracture tests such as the double cantilever beam (DCB) tests overcome these limitations, but rely on elasticity models and assumptions to determine toughness. In this study, we present a novel technique to directly determine the mode I fracture toughness of engineering adhesive joints as well as their full cohesive law, without any initial assumption on its shape. Our new method is remarkably simple in terms of experimental setup, execution and analysis. It is similar to the standard double cantilever beam (DCB) test with the difference that the material and dimensions of the beams are chosen so that they are assumed to be rigid compared to the bond line. In this rigid DCB (RDCB) technique the crack opening is known everywhere along the interface, which we use to compute the cohesive law of the adhesive directly from the load-displacement data obtained from experiment and the geometry of the RDCB specimen. The RDCB method is validated and applied to three typical commercial adhesives (polyurethane, epoxy, and silicone), to determine their cohesive law and fracture toughness.     

An instrumented fastener for shear force measurements in joints

A preliminary investigation has been conducted on instrumented fasteners for use as sensors to measure the shear loads transmitted by individual fasteners installed in double-splice joints. Calibration and load verification tests were conducted for instrumented fasteners installed at three fastener torque levels. Results from calibration tests show that the shear strains obtained from the instrumented fasteners vary linearly with the applied load and that the instrumented fasteners can be effectively used to measure shear loads transmitted by individual fasteners installed in double-splice joints. Tests were also conducted with three instrumented fasteners installed in a typical double-splice joint. The test results showed that the load distribution between individual fasteners is dependent on the location of the fastener in the joint and the fastener torque level. The fastener located near the end of the joint with the single plate carried more load than the fasteners located near the end of the joint with the two plates. Installing the fasteners with a torque greater than finger tight results in a significant amount of the load being carried by friction between the faying surfaces of the plates even if the faying surfaces are polished and lubricated. Increasing the fastener torque increases the load being carried by friction between the faying surfaces of the joint. Increasing friction between the faying surfaces of the joint. Increasing the fastener torque also results in a more uniform distribution of the loads between the individual fasteners for joints in aluminum plates with two fasteners, but does not have a significant effect for joints in steel plates with three fasteners. Paper was presented at the 1992 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in Las Vegas, NV on June 8–11.     

Mechanics of composites: A historical review

This review is concerned with mechanics of continuous fiber composites. The earliest and most important advancements in the field are emphasized. No doubt the coverage is limited to some extent by the interests and experiences of the writer as well as time and space considerations. The advancements in mechanics of composites have been influenced to a great extent by the development of advanced composites through materials science. No attempt is made to discuss these developments. This review emphasizes the use of theoretical and applied mechanics in the development of theories, confirmed by experimentation, to predict the response of composite materials and structures. Citations have been given for many published works, but certainly not all. Apologies to those not listed; numerous additional references can be found in the works cited.     

A novel self-locked energy absorbing system

Metallic thin-walled round tubes are widely used as energy absorption elements. However, lateral splash of the round tubes under impact loadings reduces the energy absorption efficiency and may cause secondary damage. Therefore, it is necessary to assemble and fasten round tubes together by boundary constraints and/or fasteners between tubes, which increases the time and labor cost and affects the mechanical performance of round tubes. In an effort to break through this limitation, a novel self-locked energy-absorbing system has been proposed in this paper. The proposed system is made up of thin-walled tubes with dumbbell-shaped cross section, which are specially designed to interlock with each other and thus provide lateral constraint under impact loadings. Both finite element simulations and impact experiment demonstrated that without boundary constraints or fasteners between tubes, the proposed self-locked energy-absorbing system can still effectively attenuate impact loads while the round tube systems fail to carry load due to the lateral splashing of tubes. Furthermore, the geometric design for a single dumbbell-shaped tube and the stacking arrangement for the system are discussed, and a general guideline on the structural design of the proposed self-locked energy absorbing system is provided.     

Optimization of bolt thread stress concentrations

Designs of threaded fasteners are controlled by different standards, and the number of different thread definitions is large. The most commonly used thread is probably the metric ISO thread, and this design is therefore used in the present paper. Thread root design controls the stress concentration factor of threads and therefore indirectly the bolt fatigue life. The root shape is circular, and from shape optimization for minimum stress concentration it is well known that the circular shape is seldom optimal. An axisymmetric Finite Element formulation is used to analyze the bolted connection, and a study is performed to establish the need for contact modeling with regard to finding the correct stress concentration factor. Optimization is performed with a simple parameterization with two design variables. Stress reduction of up to 9% is found in the optimization process, and some similarities are found in the optimized designs leading to the proposal of a new standard. The reductions in the stress are achieved by rather simple changes made to the cutting tool.     

Nonlinear dynamic behavior of a microbeam array subject to parametric actuation at low,medium and large DC-voltages

The dynamic response of parametrically excited microbeam arrays is governed by nonlinear effects which directly influence their performance. To date, most widely used theoretical approaches, although opposite extremes with respect to complexity, are nonlinear lumped-mass and finite-element models. While a lumped-mass approach is useful for a qualitative understanding of the system response it does not resolve the spatio-temporal interaction of the individual elements in the array. Finite-element simulations, on the other hand, are adequate for static analysis, but inadequate for dynamic simulations. A third approach is that of a reduced-order modeling which has gained significant attention for single-element micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), yet leaves an open amount of fundamental questions when applied to MEMS arrays. In this work, we employ a nonlinear continuum-based model to investigate the dynamic behavior of an array of N nonlinearly coupled microbeams. Investigations focus on the array’s behavior in regions of its internal one-to-one, parametric, and several internal three-to-one and combination resonances, which correspond to low, medium and large DC-voltage inputs, respectively. The nonlinear equations of motion for a two-element system are solved using the asymptotic multiple-scales method for the weakly nonlinear system in the afore mentioned resonance regions, respectively. Analytically obtained results of a two-element system are verified numerically and complemented by a numerical analysis of a three-beam array. The dynamic behavior of the two- and three-beam systems reveal several in- and out-of-phase co-existing periodic and aperiodic solutions. Stability analysis of such co-existing solutions enables construction of a detailed bifurcation structure. This study of small-size microbeam arrays serves for design purposes and the understanding of nonlinear nearest-neighbor interactions of medium- and large-size arrays. Furthermore, the results of this present work motivate future experimental work and can serve as a guideline to investigate the feasibility of new MEMS array applications.     

Three-dimensional size effects in composite pin joints

Mechanical fastening is commonly used in joining composite laminates. It is especially superior to adhesive bonding in joining thick composite laminates. The significant effects of composite thickness on the efficiency of pin joining have been reported in a previous study. The present study further investigated the three-dimensional (thickness as well as in-plane dimensions) size effects on pin joining. A glass-fabric/phenolic composite material was used as the studied material while double-lap-single-pin joints were used as the experimental models. Based on four different thicknesses and seven different hole diameters, in total nine composite joint configurations were prepared. The nine configurations were organized into three groups with differentH/D ratios (thickness versus hole diameter). Experimental results revealed that the load-displacement curves of the groups withH/D=0.4 and 0.75 were brittle-type while those of the group withH/D=1.5 were ductile-type. The microscopic damage modes of the joints with brittle-type curves were due to outward buckling for 8-ply cases and kink bands for 24-ply and 40-ply cases. The bearing strengths of the pin joints decreased monotonically in the group withH/D=0.4 but increased then decreased in the groups withH/D=0.75 and 1.5 as the joint size increased. It was found that both the material properties and the geometry parameters were responsible for the three-dimensional size effects.     

屋面光伏板风荷载特性数值分析

风荷载在屋面光伏阵列结构体系设计中起控制作用。采用计算风工程的方法分析讨论了屋面光伏板的风荷载特性。数值算法采用分离涡模拟方法。数值计算结果与现有风洞实验数据的比较,验证了本文方法的正确性。考虑影响光伏板风荷载的因素主要有光伏板在屋面上的安装位置、安装倾角、光伏阵列之间的距离和风向等。计算结果表明,屋面处脱落的涡对安装在不同位置的光伏阵列风荷载的影响较明显。当倾角由15°增加到45°时,电池板受到的风荷载随着倾角的增加而增大。在一定阵列间距范围内,光伏板风荷载主要表现为前排对下游光伏板的遮挡影响。本文方法与结果能为屋面光伏建筑结构设计提供重要参考。     

Biomimetic staggered composites with highly enhanced energy dissipation: Modeling, 3D printing,and testing

We investigate the damping enhancement in a class of biomimetic staggered composites via a combination of design, modeling, and experiment. In total, three kinds of staggered composites are designed by mimicking the structure of bone and nacre. These composite designs are realized by 3D printing a rigid plastic and a viscous elastomer simultaneously. Greatly-enhanced energy dissipation in the designed composites is observed from both the experimental results and theoretical prediction. The designed polymer composites have loss modulus up to ~500 MPa, higher than most of the existing polymers. In addition, their specific loss modulus (up to 0.43 km²/s²) is among the highest of damping materials. The damping enhancement is attributed to the large shear deformation of the viscous soft matrix and the large strengthening effect from the rigid inclusion phase.     

光纤传感器测量FRP加固结构的损伤

A distributed fiber optic sensor is developed for condition monitoring of civil infrastructure sys-tems. The fiber optic sensor is especially useful in applications involving structures strengthened by fiberreinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The sensor principles are simple and therefore, practical for detec-tion of cracks, debonding and deformation measurements. Structural monitoring capability of the sensor     

The effective properties of piezocomposites, part II: The effective electroelastic moduli

Since piezoelectric ceramic/polymer composites have been widely used as smart materials and smart structures, it is more and more important to obtain the closed-from solutions of the effective properties of piezocomposites with piezoelectric ellipsoidal inclusions. Based on the closed-from solutions of the electroelastic Eshelby's tensors obtained in the part I of this paper and the generalized Budiansky's energy-equivalence framework, the closed-form general relations of effective electroelastic moduli of the piezocomposites with piezoelectric ellipsoidal inclusions are given. The relations can be applicable for several micromechanics models, such as the dilute solution and the Mori-Tanaka's method. The difference among the various models is shown to be the way in which the average strain and the average electric field of the inclusion phase are evaluated. Comparison between predicted and experimental results shows that the theoretical values in this paper agree quite well with the experimental results. These expression can be readily utilized in analysis and design of piezocomposites. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Fatigue design of bolted joints taking into account reliability concepts

A method is presented for fatigue design by comparing the load on the bolt in joints with the fatigue strength of the bolt-nut joints. Two types of bolted joints, cylindrical and T-flange joints, are treated as examples. Reliability concepts are introduced to the design. Fatigue tests of the above-mentioned bolted joints were also carried out to verify the applicability of the method. As a result, it appears that the fatigue behavior of threaded fasteners can be estimated to some extent by comparing the load on the bolt with the fatigue strength. Paper was presented at the 1986 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in New Orleans, LA on June 8–13.