准脆性材料的弹塑性各向异性损伤耦合本构模型研究

针对准脆性材料的非线性特征：强度软化和刚度退化、单边效应、侧限强化和拉压软化、不可恢复变形、剪胀及非弹性体胀,在热动力学框架内,建立了准脆性材料的弹塑性与各向异性损伤耦合的本构关系。对准脆性材料的变形机理和损伤诱发的各向异性进行了诠释,并给出了损伤构形和有效构形中各物理量之间的关系。在有效应力空间内,建立了塑性屈服准则、拉压不同的塑性随动强化法则和各向同性强化法则。在损伤构形中,采用应变能释放率,建立了拉压损伤准则、拉压不同的损伤随动强化法则和各向同性强化法则。基于塑性屈服准则和损伤准则,构建了塑性势泛函和损伤势泛函,并由正交性法则,给出了塑性和损伤强化效应内变量的演化规律,同时,联立塑性屈服面和损伤加载面,给出了塑性流动和损伤演化内变量的演化法则。将损伤力学和塑性力学结合起来,建立了应变驱动的应力-应变增量本构关系,给出了本构数值积分的要点。以单轴加载-卸载往复试验识别和校准了本构材料常数,并对单轴单调试验、单轴加载-卸载往复试验、二轴受压、二轴拉压试验和三轴受压试验进行了预测,并与试验结果作了比较,结果表明,所建本构模型对准脆性材料的非线性材料性能有良好的预测能力。     

循环加卸载损伤大理岩的动力学特性

利用MTS 815电液伺服岩石实验系统进行上限应力为80%、85%、90%、95%单轴抗压强度的大理岩单轴压缩循环加卸载实验，每种上限应力条件分别设置20、40、60、80次循环。再利用分离式Hopkinson压杆对损伤岩样进行动力学实验。分析了循环加卸载上限应力及循环次数对大理岩塑性应变的影响，揭示了大理岩动态力学参数和破碎吸收能随损伤变量的演化规律。实验结果表明:塑性应变与循环次数呈正相关，且上限应力越大，塑性应变趋于稳定所需的循环次数也会增大；动态单轴抗压强度、动态弹性模量随损伤变量增加呈指数衰减；破碎吸能占比以损伤变量D=0.343为临界点分为两个阶段，D＜0.343时，破碎吸能占比稳定在10%左右，数值约为13 J，当D＞0.343时破碎吸能占比随损伤变量增加不断增大。研究结果可为岩体工程的设计、施工及支护参数的选取提供参考。     

饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模

饱和砂土在循环加卸载过程中,土体发生显著的组构变化和塑性变形的累积。试验现象分析表明,循环过程中,砂土的首次与再循环塑性模量既有区别又有联系。因此,论文引入考虑组构变化的剪胀内变量,并提出循环塑性模量的关系式,真实描述上述两种现象;进而基于已有本构模型的基础上,建立饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模型。最后,将饱和砂土的模型预测结果与三轴试验结果进行验证对比,得到较好地吻合,这表明该模型能够合理反映饱和砂土循环加卸载的变形行为。     

饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模型

饱和砂土在循环加卸载过程中,土体发生显著的组构变化和塑性变形的累积.试验现象分析表明,循环过程中,砂土的首次与再循环塑性模量既有区别又有联系.因此,论文引入考虑组构变化的剪胀内变量,并提出循环塑性模量的关系式,真实描述上述两种现象;进而基于已有本构模型的基础,建立饱和砂土的循环边界面本构模型.最后,将饱和砂土的模型预测结果与三轴试验结果进行验证对比,得到较好地吻合,这表明该模型能够合理反映饱和砂土循环加卸载的变形行为.     

混凝土与纤维混凝土的劈裂试验及损伤描述

描述工程材料在服役期间所受到的损伤，是评估其可靠度、耐久性等指标的重要依据，本文根据混凝土与纤维混凝土劈裂试验的结果，对一些损伤模型存在的问题进行的探讨认为：对于混凝土复合材料，卸载曲线的斜率受到粗骨料和纤维等因素的干扰，卸载刚度的衰减不能精确描述损伤的演化，并且，针对不同的极限状态，损伤描述应该有不同的形式，针对损伤对混凝土抗渗性能的影响问题，本文提出了损伤描述表达式。     

30CrMnSiA钢板表面塑性损伤的激光检测

本文根据激光衍射谱谱面光强分布随塑性损伤的变化规律，用３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＡ材料进行了实测，给出了应变与损伤变量Ｄ（Ｋ）的关系曲线，并对加载和卸载条件下的Ｄ（Ｋ）～ε曲线进行了比较。结果再次表明，用衍射光强比来定义损伤变量是可行的；该方法检测方便，计算简单，具有较高的精度，可望成为塑性损伤检测的一种有效方法；３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＡ材料沿垂直于轧制方向拉伸的力学性能及损伤状态优于平行轧制方向，且用空穴面积百分数Ｆ＿Ａ得到验证；弹性变形对塑性损伤的影响可以忽略不计。     

30CrMnSiN钢板表面塑性损伤的激光检测

本文根据激光衍射谱谱面光强度随塑性损伤的变化规律，用３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＡ材料进行了实测，给出了应变与损伤变量Ｄ（Ｋ）的关系曲线，并对加载和卸载条件下的Ｄ（Ｋ）￣ε曲线进行了比较，结果再次表明，用衍射光强比来定义损伤变量是可行的，该方法检测方便，计算简单、具有较高的精度，可望成为塑性损伤检测的一种有效方法，３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＡ材料沿垂直于轧制方向拉伸的力学性能及损伤状态优于平行轧制方向，且用空穴面积百分     

岩体结构非平衡演化的有效应力原理及长期稳定性分析

开挖卸荷后的天然岩体往往处于非平衡演化状态, 将直接影响岩体工程结构的正常运行、长期稳定和安全. 时效变形和损伤演化是岩体结构非平衡演化的核心. 在赖斯(Rice) 内变量热力学理论框架下, 提出了岩体结构非平衡演化的有效应力原理, 指出有效应力是总应力中能有效驱动结构演化的部分. 将内变量率形式的非弹性应变率方程和能量耗散率函数表示为有效应力形式, 并提出非弹性余能概念. 给定具体的余能密度函数和内变量演化方程, 得到了考虑损伤的内变量黏塑性应变率方程. 通过相似材料加卸载蠕变试验结果进行参数辨识, 并分别计算了内变量率形式和有效应力形式的黏塑性应变率、能量耗散率和非弹性余能, 并对其进行比较分析. 结果表明:在过渡蠕变和稳态蠕变阶段两种形式的方程计算的黏塑性应变率几乎相等, 但在加速蠕变阶段两者相差较大;非弹性余能和能量耗散率全域积分分别从驱动结构非平衡演化的内在潜力和实际效果的角度表征了结构的非平衡演化状态和演化趋势, 能量耗散率积分更合适用于评价岩体工程结构的长期稳定性. 最后以深埋地下洞室作为工程算例, 并对其长期稳定性进行分析.      

考虑损伤的内变量黏弹--黏塑性本构方程

基于Rice不可逆内变量热力学框架,在约束构型空间中讨论材料的蠕变损伤问题.通过给定具体的余能密度函数和内变量演化方程推导出考虑损伤的内变量黏弹--黏塑性本构方程.通过模型相似材料单轴蠕变加卸载试验对一维情况下的本构方程进行参数辨识和模型验证,本构方程能很好地描述黏弹性变形和各蠕变阶段.不同的蠕变阶段具有不同的能量耗散特点.受应力扰动后,不考虑损伤的材料系统能自发趋于热力学平衡态或稳定态.在考虑损伤的整个蠕变过程中,材料系统先趋于平衡态再背离平衡态发展.能量耗散率可作为材料系统热力学状态偏离平衡态的测度;能量耗散率的时间导数可用于表征系统的演化趋势;两者的域内积分值可作为结构长期稳定性的评价指标.     

考虑损伤的内变量黏弹-黏塑性本构方程

基于Rice 不可逆内变量热力学框架,在约束构型空间中讨论材料的蠕变损伤问题. 通过给定具体的余能密度函数和内变量演化方程推导出考虑损伤的内变量黏弹-黏塑性本构方程. 通过模型相似材料单轴蠕变加卸载试验对一维情况下的本构方程进行参数辨识和模型验证,本构方程能很好地描述黏弹性变形和各蠕变阶段.不同的蠕变阶段具有不同的能量耗散特点. 受应力扰动后,不考虑损伤的材料系统能自发趋于热力学平衡态或稳定态. 在考虑损伤的整个蠕变过程中,材料系统先趋于平衡态再背离平衡态发展. 能量耗散率可作为材料系统热力学状态偏离平衡态的测度;能量耗散率的时间导数可用于表征系统的演化趋势;两者的域内积分值可作为结构长期稳定性的评价指标.      

A physical model of the structure and attenuation of shock waves in metals

In this paper, a physical model of the structure and attenuation of shock waves in metals is presented. In order to establish the constitutive equations of materials under high velocity deformation and to study the structure of transition zone of shock wave, two independent approaches are involved. Firstly, the specific internal energy is decomposed into the elastic compression energy and elastic deformation energy, and the later is represented by an expansion to third-order terms in elastic strain and entropy, including the coupling effect of heat and mechanical energy. Secondly, a plastic relaxation function describing the behaviour of plastic flow under high temperature and high pressure is suggested from the viewpoint of dislocation dynamics. In addition, a group of ordinary differential equations has been built to determine the thermo-mechanical state variables in the transition zone of a steady shock wave and the thickness of the high pressure shock wave, and an analytical solution of the equations can be found provided that the entropy change across the shock is assumed to be negligible and Hugoniot compression modulus is used instead of the isentropic compression modulus. A quite approximate method for solving the attenuation of shock wave front has been proposed for the flat-plate symmetric impact problem.     

砼受压全过程损伤的实验研究

本文利用ＭＴＳ公司８１５．０２型电液伺服实验系统对砼进行了等应变速率和单调和循环复受试验，测定了砼单调受压全过程的声发射特性和反复受压时砼弹性模量的变化，经研究发现与声光射相应的损伤能相对比和弹性模量的衰减比均可以表征砼的损伤发展程度，且具有较好的一致性，文中还根据试验结果，给出所定义损伤随应变变化的关系表达式。     

Analytic model of deformation of construction interfaces of rolled control concrete dam

The construction interfaces of RCCD have a distinct influence on the deformation of dams. The characters and rules on deformation of construction interfaces are studied. The methods simulating the deformation of the interfaces at different stages are proposed. A thickness analytic model and a no-thickness analytic model of construction interfaces are built. These models can reflect the elastic deformation, the attenuation creep deformation, the irreversible creep deformation and the accelerating creep defor- mation of interfaces. The example shows that these proposed models can simulate the deformation of the dam structure objectively. Especially, the results of the thickness analytic model which simulates the gradual changing regularities of interfaces can tally with those of monitoring in situ preferably. The methods proposed and the analytic models can be generalized and applied to general concrete dams, especially to the analysis on deformation rules of fault and interlayer in dam base.     

冲击荷载作用下滤波混凝土的动态响应与层裂损伤数值研究

借鉴局域共振材料的工作机制，通过在混凝土基体中嵌入滤波单元，设计出具有应力波衰减特性的滤波混凝土。通过将滤波混凝土结构简化为质量弹簧力学系统来分析滤波混凝土对应力波的衰减机制。采用数值模拟方法，对比研究了冲击荷载作用下普通混凝土模型和滤波混凝土模型中应力波的传播特性和层裂破坏模式。通过参数分析，研究了滤波单元的材料和几何属性对其储能效果的影响。研究结果表明：滤波单元有效降低了混凝土基体中应力波的传播速度和应力峰值；滤波单元的储能机制有效降低了混凝土基体中的能量；金属球的质量越大，滤波单元的储能效果越好，但弹性层的弹性模量和厚度需要通过适当分析进行设计以实现滤波单元的储能最大化；滤波混凝土基体的局部损伤耗散了荷载中的大量能量，有效降低了结构自由面附近的破坏程度。     

Fractal effect and anisotropic constitutive model for concrete

An elasto-anisotropic damage constitutive model for concrete is developed in this work. Disregarding the coupling between the isotropic and the anisotropic damage, the isotropic damage variables are defined as functions of the microcrack fractal dimension, and the anisotropic parts are expressed by the lengths of cracks in concrete which various in different directions. The Helmholtz free energy is decomposed into the elastic deforming, damage and irreversible deforming components, with the last component used to replace the plastic deformation. Therefore the damage constitutive formulas for concrete are derived based on continuum damage mechanics. Evolution laws for both isotropic and anisotropic damage variables are derived, in which the anisotropic parts are obtained by modifying an empirical model. The critical fracture stress and the fracture toughness are investigated for materials with a single fractal crack based on the fractal geometry and the Griffith fracture criterion. Numerical computation is conducted for concrete under the uniaxial and the biaxial compression. The results indicate that the material stiffness degradation can be well addressed when the anisotropic damage is incorporated; the irreversible deformation is greatly related to the behavior of the descending branch beyond the peak load. The validation of the presented model is proofed by comparing results with the experimental data. This model provides an approach to link the macro properties of a material with its micro-structure change.     

Coupled viscoplasticity damage constitutive model for concrete materials

A coupled viscoplasticity damage constitutive model for concrete materials is developed within the framework of irreversible thermodynamics.Simultaneously the Helmholtz free energy function and a non-associated flow potential function are given, which include the internal variables of kinematic hardening,isotropic hardening and dam- age.Results from the numerical simulation show that the model presented can describe the deformation properties of the concrete without the formal hypotheses of yield criterion and failure criteria,such as the volume dilatancy under the compression,strain-rate sen- sitivity,stiffness degradation and stress-softening behavior beyond the peak stress which are brought by damages and fractures.Moreover,we could benefit from the application of the finite element method based on this model under complex loading because of not having to choose different constitutive models based on the deformation level.     

双向受压状态下的混凝土率效应试验研究

利用三峡大学自行研制的大型多功能三轴材料试验机,完成了4种侧应力等级和3个数量级加载速率的C30混凝土立方体试件双向受压试验,系统地探讨了不同侧应力和不同加载速率下混凝土的强度特性及变形特性。研究表明,侧应力和应变速率都能提高混凝土的应变峰值,但侧应力对混凝土的应变峰值的影响较应变速率的影响大;随着侧应力的增加,混凝土的率敏感性逐渐降低;在有侧应力的情况下,随应变速率的增加,混凝土弹性模量变化逐渐减小;随应变速率的增加,应力应变曲线上升段更加陡峭,曲线更加饱满,混凝土剩余强度越来越高;双轴受压情况下,混凝土的应力应变曲线下降段趋势比无侧应力状态下较平缓,随侧应力的增加下降段曲线越来越平缓,混凝土的应力应变曲线更加饱满,峰值点无明显尖峰出现,混凝土剩余强度越来越高。     

THE USE OF VISCO-ELASTOPLASTIC DAMAGE CONSTITUTIVE MODEL TO SIMULATE NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE

A visco-elastoplastic damage constitutive model is proposed for simulating nonlinear behavior of concrete. Based on traditional plastic theory, the irreversible deformation is simulated in effective stress space. In order to reflect different stiffness degradation mechanism of concrete under tensile and compressive loading conditions, both tensile and compressive damage variables are introduced, and then on the basis of energy release rate, the model is firmly derived within the concept of irreversible thermodynamics. The rate-dependent model is considered by introducing viscous regularization into the inelastic strain and damage variable, and combined with an additional elastic condition. Fully implicit backward-Euler algorithm is used to perform constitutive integration. Results of numerical examples using the proposed model agree well with test results for specimens under uniaxial tension and compression, biaxial loading and triaxial loading. Failure processes of single-edge-notched (SEN) beam and double-edge-notched (DEN) specimen are also simulated to further validate the proposed model.     

基于CT扫描的环氧树脂基混凝土裂缝观测与冲击损伤演化研究

环氧树脂基混凝土是一种新型路面铺装材料。本文估算了道路使用过程发生"跳车"现象时货车车轮对路面产生的冲击荷载,根据计算结果,利用落锤冲击试验机对含有不同程度初始损伤的环氧树脂基混凝土试件进行多次冲击试验,研究其冲击疲劳现象。为了准确描述环氧树脂基混凝土的初始损伤,采用CT(计算机断层)扫描技术重构了试件的立体图像,对其中的内部裂缝进行了统计,建立了初始损伤裂缝体积占试件体积的百分比与基于材料弹性模量衰减的损伤变量之间的关系。通过追踪经受一定次数冲击后试件的弹性模量,分析了不同程度初始损伤下环氧树脂基混凝土的冲击损伤随冲击次数的变化规律;结合多次冲击荷载下环氧树脂基混凝土弹性模量的衰减,研究了初始损伤对环氧树脂基混凝土冲击疲劳过程中损伤演化规律的影响。     

三向受压混凝土的动态特性研究

为探究混凝土在三向受压状态下的动态特性,利用自行研制的大型多功能三轴材料试验机,进行不同应变速率(10^-5/s、10^-4/s、10^-3/s、10^-2/s)下混凝土不同定侧压比(1:1、2:1、3:1、4:1)的动态真三轴抗压试验,研究了混凝土在动态抗压下的强度和变形特性。结果表明:混凝土在三向受压状态下表现出明显的应变率效应,峰值应力随着应变速率的增加先减小后增大,峰值应力减小最大幅度为5.42%而后开始增大,最大增幅为18.22%。而峰值应力随着侧压比的增大而增大,到达3:1时应力速率敏感性降低。混凝土的峰值应变在低侧压比(1:1和2:1)时随着应变速率的增加而减小,而在侧压比较高(3:1和4:1)时先减小再增大。随着应变速率的增加,裂纹开始从骨料处产生,塑性应变增大,导致峰值应变增大;在动态加载条件下,峰值应变随着侧压比的增大有先增大后减小的趋势。较高侧压比时混凝土的弹性模量随着应变速率的增加具有增大的趋势,最大增幅为240.66%。应力-应变曲线上升段随着应变速率增大越来越陡峭。试件的破坏形态随着侧压比的增大从柱状破坏变为斜剪破坏。