多自由度Maxwell阻尼器减震结构(Ⅰ)——随机响应特性

对多自由度带支撑Maxwell粘滞阻尼器减震结构的随机响应特性进行了系统研究。建立了结构一般运动方程;将运动方程按原结构振型展开,将运动方程化为振型广义坐标的微分和积分混合地震响应方程组;基于多自由度随机平均法理论,获得了结构随机平均It方程组的解析式,推导出耗能结构各振型振子的振幅与相位瞬态联合概率密度函数、位移与速度瞬态联合概率密度函数、位移与速度瞬态响应方差的一般解析解;根据SRSS组合方法,给出了耗能结构随机地震响应方差的一般解析式,从而建立了此类耗能结构随机响应特性分析的完备解析解法。     

粘滞和粘弹性阻尼器减震结构的等效阻尼

利用积分型本构关系,建立了带支撑的一般粘滞和粘弹性阻尼器单自由度耗能结构的微分-积分混合地震响应方程;基于与随机平均分析完全相同的等效准则,推导了可直接应用反应谱的阻尼器的等效刚度和等效阻尼的解析公式;得到了带支撑广义Maxwell阻尼器和广义微分模型阻尼器的等效刚度和等效阻尼的一般结果。通过与一些典型问题的数值计算结果比较,表明了所提方法的有效性。     

设置支撑的广义Maxwell阻尼器系统基于非平稳巴斯金谱的地震响应分析

对设置支撑的广义Maxwell阻尼器单自由度减震系统非平稳随机地震响应问题进行了系统的研究。首先,建立设置支撑广义Maxwell阻尼器的等效本构关系,将设置支撑广义Maxwell阻尼器转化为不带支撑的等效阻尼器;然后,采用传递函数法,直接在耗能结构原始空间上,获得减震系统在非零初始条件和任意激励下结构整体系统(含支撑和阻尼器的位移、速度以及受力,结构位移与速度)的时域瞬态响应精确解;最后,针对2种经典均匀调制四参数巴斯金谱地震激励,获得了减震系统的结构整体系统非平稳响应解析解。所获得的结构系统时域瞬态响应精确解和非平稳地震响应解析解,可为结构系统各构件建立抗震反应谱设计法和动力可靠度提供分析路径。     

多自由度Maxwell阻尼器减震结构(Ⅱ)——等效阻尼

对多自由度带支撑Maxwell阻尼器减震结构的等效阻尼比进行了系统研究。构建了耗能结构一般微分和积分混合地震响应方程组;基于与多自由度随机平均法分析完全相同的等效准则,建立了耗能结构各振型等效阻尼比的一般解析计算式。与一些典型问题的模态应变能法的计算精度进行对比分析,结果显示:本文方法的计算结果在特定条件下与精确解完全相同;在一个二自由度系统中相对位移响应方差的误差分别为0.99%和0.45%,优于应变能法的8%和5.4%,表明了本文方法的有效性。从而为建立此类耗能结构等效阻尼分析的完备解析解法、直接应用反应谱法进行实际工程设计提供了依据。     

带支撑Maxwell阻尼器耗能隔震结构的随机风振响应分析

对设置带支撑Maxwell阻尼器的高层耗能隔震结构的随机风振响应进行了研究。建立结构运动方程,基于传递函数法及随机振动理论,获得结构基于Davenport谱激励下位移和阻尼器受力响应方差,并将其分解为系列标准振子的线性组合,得到结构随机风振响应的解析表达式、阻尼器受力的随机响应、等效风荷载取值,从而建立了带支撑Maxwell阻尼器高层耗能隔震结构的随机风振响应解析分析方法。算例分析表明:支撑刚度对阻尼器的减震效果有着较大的影响,以上部结构风振位移响应为例,阻尼器的支撑刚度为1倍隔震层刚度比支撑刚度为0.001倍隔震层刚度的位移响应减小了30%左右。所获得的解析解对耗能隔震结构的设计和阻尼器的参数优化设计具有重要的意义。     

基于胡聿贤谱的带支撑广义Maxwell阻尼隔震结构随机响应分析

工程中通过设置支撑将阻尼器和建筑结构连接, 但常为了简化分析, 将支撑的水平刚度看成无穷大, 即不考虑支撑对耗能结构随机地震响应的影响. 实际上, 考虑有限水平刚度的支撑对耗能结构响应的影响更加符合工程实际, 为考虑支撑影响的广义Maxwell耗能隔震结构在胡聿贤谱地震激励下的响应分析, 提出一种求解随机地震响应的简明解析解法. 将带支撑广义Maxwell阻尼器等效本构关系、隔震结构运动方程以及胡聿贤谱滤波方程联合组成非经典阻尼系统, 运用复模态法对该非经典阻尼系统解耦, 通过不同响应模态获得耗能隔震系统系列响应基于白噪声激励的Duhamel积分表达式; 利用Dirac函数的性质, 将系统系列响应协方差简化为无积分运算的表达式, 根据功率谱密度函数与其协方差函数的Wiener-Khinchin关系, 得到耗能隔震系统系列响应功率谱和地面加速度功率谱, 基于随机振动理论中谱矩的定义, 得到耗能隔震系统系列响应0 ~ 2阶谱矩. 算例通过与虚拟激励法对比分析, 验证所提方法在该耗能隔震系统分析的正确性和高效性, 并讨论了不同支撑刚度对阻尼器减震效果的影响.      

粘滞阻尼器减震结构非线性随机振动的时域显式降维迭代随机模拟法

粘滞阻尼器在大型复杂结构减震设计中应用广泛。由于粘滞阻尼器的非线性阻尼力特性,粘滞阻尼器减震结构非平稳随机地震反应分析是一个典型的局部非线性随机振动问题。利用减震结构动力响应时域显式表达式的降维列式优势,仅针对与粘滞阻尼器相关的局部自由度进行非线性迭代计算,提出了局部非线性随机振动问题的时域显式降维迭代随机模拟法,为设置粘滞阻尼器的大型复杂减震结构非线性地震反应分析提供一种高效的随机振动方法。以安装了四个纵桥向粘滞阻尼器的某主跨1200m悬索桥为工程实例,开展E2水准地震激励下的非线性随机振动分析。计算结果显示,设置阻尼器后,主梁的纵桥向位移得到明显控制,降幅达到80%,大桥的关键截面内力也有5%左右的降幅。     

带支撑粘弹性阻尼器耗能框架结构随机振动分析

对带支撑粘弹性阻尼器的框架结构减震性能进行了分析.首先分析了粘弹性阻尼器松弛时间系数η和支撑系数ψ等对粘弹性阻尼器复合刚度的影响,在此基础上,采用随机振动理论对设置带支撑粘弹性阻尼器框架结构的振动方程进行求解,研究了改进Kanai-Tajimi功率谱地震激励作用下框架结构层间位移角均方差、结构顶部楼层位移均方差和结构各楼层地震作用均方差等.算例分析表明,阻尼器支撑系数ψ宜根据松弛时间系数η合理取值,只要支撑系数ψ取值足够大,就可忽略支撑对粘弹性阻尼器减震性能的影响,并且阻尼器松弛时间系数η也不宜过大.分析还表明,设置粘弹性阻尼器框架结构各楼层地震作用明显低于无阻尼器框架结构相应值.     

线性粘滞阻尼耗能框架结构地震反应分析与优化

振动方程阻尼矩阵对于布置了阻尼器框架结构的振型不再具有正交性,传统的振型解耦法已不再适合于该振动方程的求解。本文采用状态方程直接积分法,研究了线性粘滞阻尼耗能框架结构的地震响应,并与SAP2000有限元软件的分析结果进行了对比,两者误差在5%以内;本文也探讨了阻尼器布置方式对框架结构地震响应的影响。结果表明:减震结构布置阻尼器的楼层,其层间位移角减小较显著;但未布置阻尼器的楼层,其层间位移角较大,甚至会出现层间位移角超过传统抗震结构相应值的现象,因此粘滞阻尼器在结构中应连续布置,不宜在结构中间断;当粘滞阻尼器在结构各楼层均匀布置时,结构各楼层最大位移反应相对传统抗震结构降低很多,约为抗震结构的20%~40%,减震效果较显著,但各楼层阻尼系数可根据均匀布置阻尼器的结构层间位移角优化;阻尼系数优化后,结构各楼层层间位移角差别减小,较为均匀。本文最后提出了线性粘滞阻尼耗能结构地震作用的实用计算方法。     

基于速度反馈分数阶PID控制的达芬振子的主共振.

与传统整数阶比例-积分-微分(PID)控制器相比,分数阶比例-积分-微分控制器由于增加了两个控制参数,因此能够更灵活地控制受控对象.研究了基于速度反馈分数阶比例-积分-微分控制的达芬振子的主共振,利用平均法获得了系统的近似解析解.研究发现分数阶比例-积分-微分控制器的比例环节以等效线性阻尼的形式影响系统的共振振幅,积分环节以等效线性阻尼和等效线性刚度的形式影响系统的动力学特性,微分环节以等效线性阻尼和等效质量的形式影响系统的动力学特性.建立了主共振幅频响应方程的解析表达式和稳定性判断准则,并对主共振幅频响应的近似解析解和数值解进行了比较,二者吻合良好,验证了求解过程和近似解析解的正确性.分析了分数阶比例-积分-微分控制器的比例环节系数、积分环节系数、微分环节系数以及分数阶阶次变化时,对系统主共振幅频响应的影响.对分数阶比例-积分-微分控制器与传统整数阶比例-积分-微分控制器的控制效果进行了对比,发现当控制器各个环节的系数相同时,基于速度反馈的分数阶比例-积分-微分控制对达芬振子主共振的控制效果要优于传统整数阶比例-积分-微分控制.      

Theoretical analysis,numerical calculation and experimental measurement of transient elastic waves in strips subjected to dynamic loadings

In this study, the transient response of an elastic strip subjected to dynamic in-plane loadings on the surface is investigated in detail. One of the objectives of this study is to develop an effective analytical method for determining transient solutions in a strip. By applying Laplace transform, the analytical solution in the transformed domain is derived and expressed in matrix form. The solution is then decomposed into infinite wave groups in which the multiple reflected waves with the same reflection are involved. Each multi-reflected wave can be identified by a coding method and be verified by the theory of generalized ray. The inverse transform is performed by using the well-known Cagniard method. The transient solutions in time domain for stresses and displacements are expressed in a closed form and are discussed in detail by an example. The experimental results show that the early time transient responses of displacements on the surface agree very well with the numerical calculations based on the theoretical solutions.     

Shock initiated instabilities in underwater cylindrical structures

An experimental investigation to understand the mechanisms of dynamic buckling instability in cylindrical structures due to underwater explosive loadings is conducted. In particular, the effects of initial hydrostatic pressure coupled with a dynamic pressure pulse on the stability of metallic cylindrical shells are evaluated. The experiments are conducted at varying initial hydrostatic pressures, below the critical buckling pressure, to estimate the threshold after which dynamic buckling will initiate. The transient underwater full-field deformations of the structures during shock wave loading are captured using high-speed stereo photography coupled with modified 3-D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. Experimental results show that increasing initial hydrostatic pressure decreases the natural vibration frequency of the structure indicating loss in structural stiffness. DIC measurements reveal that the initial structural excitations primarily consist of axisymmetric vibrations due to symmetrical shock wave loading in the experiments. Following their decay after a few longitudinal reverberations, the primary mode of vibration evolves which continues throughout later in time. At the initial hydrostatic pressures below the threshold value, these vibrations are stable in nature. The analytical solutions for the vibration frequency and the transient response of cylindrical shell are discussed in the article by accounting for both (1) the added mass effect of the surrounding water and (2) the effect of initial stress on the shell imposed by the hydrostatic pressure. The analytical solutions match reasonably well with the experimental vibration frequencies. Later, the transient response of a cylindrical shell subjected to a general underwater pressure wave loading is derived which leads to the analytical prediction of dynamic stability.     

A comparative study on parameter identification of fluid viscous dampers with different models

Fluid viscous dampers are extensively adopted as efficient and cheap energy dissipation devices in structural seismic protection. If we consider the usefulness of these passive control devices, the exact recognition of their mechanical behavior is of outstanding importance to provide a reliable support to design a very efficient protection strategy. In scientific and technical applications, many different constitutive models have been proposed and adopted till now to represent fluid viscous dampers, with different levels of complexity and accuracy. This paper focuses on parameter identification of fluid viscous dampers, comparing different existing literature models, with the aim to recognize the ability of these models to match experimental loops under different test specimens. The identification scheme is developed evaluating the experimental and the analytical values of the forces experienced by the device under investigation. The experimental force is recorded during the dynamic test, while the analytical one is obtained by applying a displacement time history to the candidate mechanical law. The identification procedure furnishes the device mechanical parameters by minimizing a suitable objective function, which represents a measure of the difference between the analytical and experimental forces. To solve the optimization problem, the particle swarm optimization is adopted, and the results obtained under various test conditions are shown. Some considerations about the agreement of different models with experimental data are furnished, and the sensitivity of identified parameters of analyzed models against the frequency excitation is evaluated and discussed.     

Gas Flow in Porous Media With Klinkenberg Effects

Gas flow in porous media differs from liquid flow because of the large gas compressibility and pressure-dependent effective permeability. The latter effect, named after Klinkenberg, may have significant impact on gas flow behavior, especially in low permeability media, but it has been ignored in most of the previous studies because of the mathematical difficulty in handling the additional nonlinear term in the gas flow governing equation. This paper presents a set of new analytical solutions developed for analyzing steady-state and transient gas flow through porous media including Klinkenberg effects. The analytical solutions are obtained using a new form of gas flow governing equation that incorporates the Klinkenberg effect. Additional analytical solutions for one-, two- and three-dimensional gas flow in porous media could be readily derived by the following solution procedures in this paper. Furthermore, the validity of the conventional assumption used for linearizing the gas flow equation has been examined. A generally applicable procedure has been developed for accurate evaluation of the analytical solutions which use a linearized diffusivity for transient gas flow. As application examples, the new analytical solutions have been used to verify numerical solutions, and to design new laboratory and field testing techniques to determine the Klinkenberg parameters. The proposed laboratory analysis method is also used to analyze data from steady-state flow tests of three core plugs from The Geysers geothermal field. We show that this new approach and the traditional method of Klinkenberg yield similar results of Klinkenberg constants for the laboratory tests; however, the new method allows one to analyze data from both transient and steady-state tests in various flow geometries.     

Sweep technique to measure the relative performance of dampers

The sweep technique described in this paper represents a new method for measuring the relative performance of different dampers. Based on laboratory measurements, the technique is easy to use and keeps test execution time to a minimum. It also allows measurement of the relative performance of nonlinear dampers for which it is difficult to derive the analytical expression for their mechanical impedance. In addition to describing the test setup, the paper also presents results obtained from the application of this technique to four types of commercial dampers.     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的挤出胀大的数值模拟

将单相格子Boltzmann方法(lattice Boltzmann method, LBM)引入到粘弹流体的瞬态挤出胀大的数值模拟中,建立了基于双分布函数的自由面粘弹性流动格子Boltzmann模型．分析得到的流道中流动速度分布和构型张量结果与理论解十分吻合．对粘弹流体瞬态挤出胀大过程进行了模拟,并分析了运动粘度比和剪切速率对挤出胀大率的影响,得到的胀大率结果与理论分析和其它模拟结果基本一致．表明给出的LBM可以捕捉挤出胀大的瞬态效应．     

MR阻尼器的半主动控制研究

MR阻尼器能提供可以调节的阻尼力,适合用作减少结构地震响应的半主动控制器。本文对MR阻尼器的半主动控制进行研究,提出了状态跳跃算法,根据结构响应的大小实现MR阻尼器的状态切换,使结构响应得到有效的控制。这种控制策略简便,不需要在线计算,便于实施。由于速度响应直接影响MR阻尼器的阻尼力,建议用速度响应作为MR阻尼器进行状态切换的变量。文中给出了两个算例,进行了计算分析和比较,说明了状态跳跃控制算法的特点。     

Elastic structural response of prismatic metal sandwich tubes to internal moving pressure loading

The analytical and numerical modeling of the structural response of a prismatic metal sandwich tube subjected to internal moving pressure loading is investigated in this paper. The prismatic core is equivalent to homogeneous and cylindrical orthotropic solids via homogenization procedure. The sandwich tube with the “effective” homogenized core is modeled using multi-layer sandwich theory considering the effects of transverse shear deformation and compressibility of the core; moreover, the solutions are obtained by using the precise integration method. Several dynamic elastic finite element (FE) simulations are carried out to obtain the structural response of the tube to shock loading moving at different velocities. The comparison between analytic solutions and FE simulations demonstrates that the transient analytical model, based on the proposed sandwich model, is capable of predicting the critical velocity and the dynamic structural response of the sandwich tube with the “effective” homogenized core with a high degree of accuracy. In addition, the critical velocity predicted using FE simulations of the complete model is not in agreement with that of the effective model. However, the structural response and the maximum amplification factors obtained using FE simulations of the complete model are nearly similar to that of the effective model, when the shock loading moves at the critical velocity. The influences of the relative density on the structural response are studied, and the capabilities of load bearing for sandwich tubes with different cores are compared with each other and with the monolithic tube. The results indicate that Kagome and triangle-6 are preferred among five topologies.     

DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS ON A KIND OF SEMI-ACTIVE VIBRATION ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH DAMPING CONTROL 1)

研究了一类基于相对速度反馈的含立方刚度的单自由度非线性半主动隔振系统.通过平均法得到了系统分别在基于加速度-相对速度反馈的加速度驱动阻尼控制策略、速度-相对速度反馈的天棚阻尼控制策略和位移-相对速度反馈的地棚阻尼控制策略下主共振响应的近似解析解,并利用数值解验证了近似解析解的准确性.通过 Lyapunov 理论对不同控制策略下系统的稳定性进行了分析,讨论了系统参数对控制效果的影响.分析结果表明,对 3 种基于相对速度反馈的控制策略进行解析研究时,切换条件中的控制参数具有相同的表达式;在抑制共振响应振幅方面,基于速度-相对速度反馈的天棚阻尼控制策略在低频时的减振效果最好,而基于加速度-相对速度反馈的加速度驱动阻尼控制策略在高频时的减振效果最优;在抑制瞬态响应振幅方面,基于速度-相对速度反馈的天棚阻尼控制策略的减振效果最好.此类解析研究方法可应用到其他半主动开关控制策略中,为半主动隔振系统的控制策略研究提供了有效的方法和手段.     

一类阻尼控制半主动隔振系统的解析研究

研究了一类基于相对速度反馈的含立方刚度的单自由度非线性半主动隔振系统.通过平均法得到了系统分别在基于加速度-相对速度反馈的加速度驱动阻尼控制策略、速度-相对速度反馈的天棚阻尼控制策略和位移-相对速度反馈的地棚阻尼控制策略下主共振响应的近似解析解,并利用数值解验证了近似解析解的准确性.通过 Lyapunov 理论对不同控制策略下系统的稳定性进行了分析,讨论了系统参数对控制效果的影响.分析结果表明,对 3 种基于相对速度反馈的控制策略进行解析研究时,切换条件中的控制参数具有相同的表达式;在抑制共振响应振幅方面,基于速度-相对速度反馈的天棚阻尼控制策略在低频时的减振效果最好,而基于加速度-相对速度反馈的加速度驱动阻尼控制策略在高频时的减振效果最优;在抑制瞬态响应振幅方面,基于速度-相对速度反馈的天棚阻尼控制策略的减振效果最好.此类解析研究方法可应用到其他半主动开关控制策略中,为半主动隔振系统的控制策略研究提供了有效的方法和手段.