测量脉冲大电流的双光路光学电流传感器技术

提出了双光路光学电流传感器检测方法及其数据处理方法，即激光输出功率保持不变时，可采用双光路结构和反正切函数处理方法求出待测脉冲大电流。采用双光路光学电流传感器和罗果夫斯基线圈对比测量了充电电压为18 kV、电容为31.8 F的电炮的短路电流，两种测试方法的实验结果取得了较好的一致性,证明了双光路光学电流传感器的有效性。     

内部爆炸作用下钢筒变形过程的电探针测量技术

为了研究圆柱形爆炸容器在炸药爆炸作用下的变形过程,设计了电探针测量内部爆炸作用下钢筒变形的方法。采用数值模拟方法进行预估,在钢筒的中心进行了120g TNT和180g TNT当量球形装药下的爆炸加载实验,获得了爆炸不同时刻钢筒径向位移随时间的变化关系,电探针测量钢筒最大变形与实验后钢筒变形测量结果较好吻合。     

基于二维DIC的脆性材料拉伸应力-应变曲线测定

在应变测量中,基于普通二维数字图像相关(2D-DIC)的光学引伸计易受到离面刚体位移的影响,从而使得应变测量精度不高。为此,提出了基于双反射镜成像技术的光学引伸计,将试样正反面同时记录在单相机的成像靶面上。在试样正反面对应位置各置一个光学引伸计,取两者应变平均值,则可消除离面刚体位移对光学引伸计应变测量结果的影响。基于该引伸计,开展了环氧树脂和铸铁两类脆性材料的单轴拉伸实验,分别得到了应力-应变曲线。实验结果表明,本文提出的引伸计比基于普通二维DIC的光学引伸计具有更高的应变测量精度,是一种便捷、高效、高精度的应变测量方法,非常适用于脆性试样的应变测量。     

电炮驱动薄膜飞片的运动速度

用双灵敏度激光干涉测速技术测量了充电电压为18 kV的电炮加载下薄膜飞片自由面的速度历史。介绍了相关的实验装置及测量方法,给出了实验结果,并讨论了影响测速的一些关键技术。整个测速过程约为1.6 s,最终速度为6.7 km/s。     

双屈服面法测量金属材料动高压屈服强度的若干改进

在J.R.Asay等提出的双屈服面法（简称AC方法）测量动态屈服强度的基础上,对实验设计和数据处理做了部分改进。在实验设计方面,在满足实验物理设计的前提下,将 AC方法的卸载实验装置(双层飞片和双台阶样品)简化为单飞片和单台阶样品,以简化波系作用,并减少了声速测量不确定度的引入因素。在数据处理方面,发现由Lagrange声速和工程应变关系曲线外推求预冲击态的体积声速容易引入较大的不确定度,而通过Lagrange声速和粒子速度关系曲线可以更清晰地得到塑性卸载起始点,使图解法和积分法得到的屈服强度值趋于一致。利用改进后的AC方法,得到了低温退火后LY12铝在20.0 GPa预冲击压力下的屈服强度为0.6 GPa。     

单色高温计测量火焰动态温度的可行性实验研究

一种测量固体表面温度的单色高温计经改进后,用于火焰动态温度测量,本文设计了三组实验对其可行性进行研究,即:黑火药与铝热剂的分层火焰温度测量实验、单色高温计与热电偶的测温对比实验和激波管内氢氧爆炸火焰动态温度测量实验。结果表明,当目标尺寸远大于单色高温计红外视场时,所测火焰温度可视为单色高温计光轴上的最高温度;采用单色高温计和热电偶同时测量发光火焰的温度,测量结果相差不到6.2%;单色高温计所测氢氧爆炸火焰的动态温度曲线,较好地反映了爆炸火焰的动态传播规律;经改进的单色高温计可以用于爆炸火球等发光火焰的动态温度测量。     

爆炸容器内小药量实验动态标定压力传感器

在爆炸容器中进行小药量空中爆炸实验, 利用传感器序列测量冲击波速度, 根据冲击波Rankine-Hugoniot关系获得测点近似理论峰值压力, 从而实现压力传感器的标定, 获得的灵敏度相对误差较小。同时测量了相应的冲击波参数, 并利用Modified-Friedlander公式进行数据后处理, 结果表明固定超压拟合更接近物理事实, 固定正相时间拟合也具有较高精度。最后进行了误差分析, 发现不同传感器特性及数据后处理方法都会带来一定误差。实验结果表明这种测量和后处理方法具有较高的精度, 可以同时标定传感器和测量冲击波参数。     

水中电爆炸的实验研究

利用冲击大电流通过水中的一段金属丝进行水中电爆炸实验 ,通过对水中电爆炸的放电电压、电流波形测量以及高速阴影摄影和扫描摄影 ,记录了冲击波的传播、汽泡增长和等离子体半径的时间特性 ;由不同充电参数的实验 ,得到了一些基本规律。比较了水中电爆炸和空中电爆炸的异同 ,揭示了水中电爆炸存在的放电模式。     

JOB-9003和JB-9014炸药平面爆轰驱动飞片的对比研究

采用双灵敏度激光速度干涉仪(VISAR)测量了JOB-9003和JB-9014两种炸药平面一维爆轰驱动飞片的速度历史,比较了二者的做功能力;并用DYNA2D程序进行了数值模拟。在有JO-9159炸药的条件下,实验和计算结果表明,JB-9014炸药的做功能力可以达到JOB-9003炸药的75.0%;无JO-9159炸药条件下的计算结果表明,JB-9014炸药的做功能力约为JOB-9003炸药的71.2%     

TNT药柱水中爆炸近场压力轴向衰减规律

通过TNT药柱水中爆炸实验,建立了利用高速相机测量水中爆炸近场冲击波的实验方法,得到了药柱轴向的扫描图像,并对图像进行了数字化分析;利用Rankine-Hugoniot关系从冲击波的扫描轨迹求得冲击波阵面压力,并外推至冲击波的初始压力;用LS-DYNA计算了柱形装药近场压力沿轴向的衰减曲线;用锰铜压力传感器测量了冲击波的初始压力。研究结果表明,测试结果与计算结果比较符合,TNT药柱的近场轴向压力遵循指数衰减规律。     

Nonisothermal moisture transport in hygroscopic building materials: modeling for the determination of moisture transport coefficients

A mathematical model for calculating the nonisothermal moisture transfer in building materials is presented in the article. The coupled heat and moisture transfer problem was modeled. Vapor content and temperature were chosen as principal driving potentials. The coupled equations were solved by an analytical method, which consists of applying the Laplace transform technique and the Transfer Function Method. A new experimental methodology for determining the temperature gradient coefficient for building materials was also proposed. Both the moisture diffusion coefficient and the temperature gradient coefficient for building material were experimentally evaluated. Using the measured moisture transport coefficients, the temperature and vapor content distribution inside building materials were predicted by the new model. The results were compared with experimental data. A good agreement was obtained.     

A new evaluation method for Nusselt numbers in naphthalene sublimation experiments in rotating-disk systems

A comparative analysis of theoretical and empirical relations, as well as experimental data for mass transfer of a rotating disk in laminar, transitional and turbulent flows for naphthalene sublimation in air was done. New correlations between local and average Sherwood numbers for the entire disk were offered. A new evaluation approach for Nusselt numbers based on the experimental data for naphthalene sublimation in laminar, transitional and turbulent flows was developed.     

On the use of the stratified momentum balance for the deduction of shear stress in horizontal gas–liquid pipe flow

The use of the stratified flow momentum balance for the deduction of interfacial and liquid wall shear stresses from experimental measurements is examined. A systematic error analysis is applied to the governing equations using the principle of maximum uncertainty. A series of air–water experiments were conducted in 50 and 80 mm diameter pipes, in which gas pressure drop, liquid height and gas wall shear stress were measured. A framework for the correlation of the deduced shear stresses is proposed from the experimental measurements. The uncertainty analysis is used to show that the definition of mean liquid height does not significantly influence the overall results. The development of empirical equations based on such methods may lead to total uncertainties of up to 40%, irrespective of accuracy of the experimental data or the appropriateness of the correlating technique. Comparisons with state-of-the-art correlations for the liquid wall and interfacial friction factor data showed even larger discrepancies between measurement and prediction.     

爆炸载荷作用下铝蜂窝夹芯板的动力响应

为了考察铝蜂窝夹芯板在爆炸载荷下的动态响应,采用自行设计的冲击摆系统,用激光位移传感器测定了爆炸载荷作用在铝蜂窝夹芯板上的冲量,对夹芯板的变形和失效模式进行了归类和分析,并就芯层的几何尺寸、炸药当量及板厚对其响应的影响进行了系统研究。给出的理论分析结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

On the use of the stratified momentum balance for the deduction of shear stress in horizontal gas–liquid pipe flow

The use of the stratified flow momentum balance for the deduction of interfacial and liquid wall shear stresses from experimental measurements is examined. A systematic error analysis is applied to the governing equations using the principle of maximum uncertainty. A series of air–water experiments were conducted in 50 and 80 mm diameter pipes, in which gas pressure drop, liquid height and gas wall shear stress were measured. A framework for the correlation of the deduced shear stresses is proposed from the experimental measurements. The uncertainty analysis is used to show that the definition of mean liquid height does not significantly influence the overall results. The development of empirical equations based on such methods may lead to total uncertainties of up to 40%, irrespective of accuracy of the experimental data or the appropriateness of the correlating technique. Comparisons with state-of-the-art correlations for the liquid wall and interfacial friction factor data showed even larger discrepancies between measurement and prediction.     

The hull starting resistance of a boat-type vehicle

This paper makes an analysis of the hull starting resistance of a boat-type vehicle. It demonstrates that the soil cohesion and friction change along with the changes in the soil moisture content. A mathematical model of the hull starting resistance of a boat-type vehicle by theoretical and experimental inference is obtained. A forecast, tests and verification of the hull starting resistance were carried out and experimental results that tallied with the forecast ones were obtained. The hull starting resistance using the model was forecast for a real vehicle and methods were explored for reducing the hull starting resistance of a boat-type vehicle along a beach and in a swamp.     

基于霍普金森压杆系统的动态压痕实验

设计了基于分离式Hopkinson压杆系统(SHPB)的动态压痕实验装置,使其能够获得动态压痕实验中试样的压痕位移和所受冲击载荷的实验数据,从而得到一种新的材料动态性能测试技术.对3种不同的材料进行了动态压痕实验,得到了材料的动态硬度和率敏感性等动态性能,与采用其他实验技术所测得的性能数据具有很好的一致性,并实现了利用...     

Impact-tension compression test by using a split-Hopkinson bar

A new impact-tension-compression testing technique based on a one-dimensional elastic-stress-wave theory has been developed. The technique was applied to investigate dynamic response in pure iron. The experimental results of the loading wave agreed well with the theoretical prediction. The stress, strain, and strain rate of a specimen during impact were evaluated with the aid of a stress-wave analysis. A new experimental technique has been developed to investigate the dynamic-hysteresis loop and the dynamic Baushinger effect in materials. It is presently being developed for applications to dynamic-fatigue studies.     

An experimental investigation of flow boiling in an asymmetrically heated rectangular microchannel

By using unique experimental techniques and carefully constructed experimental apparatus, the characteristics of flow boiling of water in microscale were investigated using a single horizontal rectangular microchannel. A polydimethylsiloxane rectangular microchannel (D_h = 103.5 and 133 μm) was fabricated by using the replica molding technique, a kind of soft lithography. A piecewise serpentine platinum microheater array on a Pyrex substrate was fabricated with the surface micromachining MEMS technique. Real time flow visualization of the phase change phenomena inside the microchannel was performed using a high speed CCD camera with microscope. The experimental local boiling heat transfer coefficients were studied, and single bubble inception, growth, and departure, as well as elongated bubble behavior were analyzed to elucidate the microscale heat transfer mechanisms. Tests were performed for mass fluxes of 77.5, 154.9, and 309.8 kg/m² s and heat fluxes of 180–500 kW/m². The effects of mass flux, heat flux, and vapor qualities on flow boiling heat transfer in a microchannel were studied.     

Counter-current three-phase fluidization in a turbulent contact absorber: A CFD simulation

A computational fluid dynamics study of three-phase counter-current fluidization occurring in a turbulent contact absorber was performed. A two-dimensional, transient Eulerian multi-fluid model was used, in which the dispersed solid phase was modeled employing a kinetic theory of granular flow. The grid independence of the model, the effect of wall boundary conditions, the choice of granular temperature model, the effects of order of discretization scheme and drag models were studied for a base case setting. The results of simulations were validated against experimental results obtained from the literature. Once the model settings were finalized, simulations were performed for different gas and liquid velocities to predict the hydrodynamics of the absorber. Computed bed expansion and pressure drop were compared with experimental data. Good agreement between the two was found for low velocities of gas and liquid.