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本文建立了二自由度1/4车体液压悬架的数学模型，介绍了利用模糊控制工具箱设计汽车液压半主动悬架模糊控制器的方法，通过应用MATLAB/Simulink对比仿真，得出了具有模糊控制器的液压半主动悬架的控制效果明显优于被动悬架，为半主动悬架在车辆上的应用提供了成功的范例。     

分布式驱动电动汽车主动悬架T–S模糊控制研究

分布式驱动电动汽车，由于簧下质量增大，导致车轮振动加剧，进而影响车辆平顺性及行驶安全性。为有效抑制分布式驱动电动汽车垂向振动恶化，设计了一种主动悬架T–S模糊控制器，构建了分布式驱动电动汽车1/4悬架动力学模型，基于Matlab/Simulink在B级随机路面及变路面工况下进行动力学仿真，考虑了控制器在车辆参数不确定时的自适应性，探究了T–S模糊控制器在车辆变参数条件下的控制效果，并与PID控制的主动悬架及传统的被动悬架进行比较，通过硬件在环实验验证了控制效果。结果表明，所提出的分布式驱动电动汽车主动悬架T–S模糊控制策略可有效提升车辆的平顺性指标，相对于PID控制及被动悬架，T–S模糊控制也具有更好的多工况自适应能力。     

模糊控制理论在有源磁悬浮系统中的应用

建立了陀螺浮子磁悬浮数学模型,对该系统进行了MATLAB仿真并分析了该系统的刚度和阻尼特性。在此基础上,计算了满足刚度和阻尼特性的PID控制器参数,仿真结果表明,基于刚度和阻尼特性的PID控制器能够基本满足系统的要求,但响应时间过长。因此进行了模糊控制理论在磁悬浮系统中的研究,提出了模糊-PID控制。以经典PID控制器参数为参考,建立了模糊控制隶属度函数,设计了模糊控制表格,并对模糊-PID控制器在该系统中的应用进行了仿真研究,仿真结果表明,建立在经典PID控制器基础上的模糊-PID控制能够得到较好的稳态特性和动态性能,鲁棒性也得到增强,能够在一定程度上提高液浮陀螺仪的精度和抗干扰能力。     

一种自适应模糊PID复合控制在液压仿真转台中的应用

针对液压仿真转台伺服系统的非线性特点，提出了一种模糊控制与局部积分控制相结合的复合控制方式。当系统的偏差较大时主要采用模糊控制器对系统的偏差进行快速调节以加快系统的响应过程；当系统的偏差小于某一值时，加入积分控制以保证系统的精度。为了提高模糊控制器的性能，采用了规则可调整的模糊控制器。实验结果表明：该方法能有效地克服液压伺服系统的非线性和参数的不稳定性以及外部干扰对系统的影响，具有较高的控制精度和鲁棒性能，完全适合于液压仿真转台伺服系统的控制。     

一种陀螺稳定平台自适应模糊-PID复合控制方法

机械摩擦、器件工作饱和区等不确定因素会导致陀螺稳定平台系统参数的波动和非线性特性,为解决非线性因素对稳定平台控制系统性能的影响,提出了一种自适应模糊-PID复合控制方法。引入自适应因子δ实现模糊控制和PID控制的复合,误差较大时增强模糊控制的作用以加快系统响应,误差较小时增强PID控制的作用以实现无静差调节。采用自调整量化因子ker(er)、kec(ec)实现基本论域的在线调整,提高了模糊控制器的灵敏度。仿真结果表明,在干扰冲击和短时常值干扰情况下,自适应模糊-PID复合控制与常规模糊控制相比,抗干扰能力显著增强,平台稳定精度提高0.4'左右。     

基于模糊PID的直流力矩电机转速控制

在分析模糊控制和 PID 控制结合方式的基础上,设计了一个二维模糊 PID 控制算法,该算法根据误差信号是否达到阈值来决定何时在模糊控制与 PID 控制之间切换。采用编码器、80196KC 单片机、16 位 D/A 转换器和直流力矩电并结合上述控制算法构成直流力矩电机的模糊PID 稳速控制系统。通过对标准 PID 和模糊 PID 实测数据分析比较说明,模糊 PID 控制可以达到无超调输出,其调节时间小于标准 PID 控制的调节时间,稳态误差小于万分之四。     

基于分数阶磁流变液阻尼器模型的车辆悬架组合控制

磁流变液阻尼器的分数阶Bingham模型结构形式简单, 而且可以更好地描述系统的滞回特性. 建立了含有分数阶Bingham模型的单自由度1/4车辆悬架系统模型, 利用磁流变液阻尼器对在路面简谐激励下的非线性车辆悬架系统进行振动控制. 研究了含有分数阶Bingham模型的悬架系统在天棚阻尼半主动控制下的主共振响应, 利用平均法得到了系统的近似解析解. 求解了系统定常解的幅频响应方程, 并根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论得到了悬架系统的稳定性条件. 通过绘制数值解和解析解的幅频响应曲线对比图, 验证了近似解析解的正确性. 利用簧载质量垂直方向的加速度均方根值分析了半主动控制对车辆乘坐舒适性的影响, 发现天棚阻尼半主动控制策略在低频激励区域反而会降低车辆的乘坐舒适性. 因此提出了一种被动控制与半主动控制相结合的组合控制策略, 并分析了半主动控制参数对振动控制效果的影响. 分析结果表明, 该组合控制策略不但能够提高车辆的乘坐舒适性, 而且能有效抑制悬架系统的主共振振动幅值.      

随机激励下汽车悬架磁流变阻尼半主动控制研究

本文研究了在被动控制、半主动线性控制、半主动磁流变非线性控制三种控制策略情况下，采用磁流变阻尼的1／4车体模型的运行效果，所采用的路面激励为对正弦的摄动激励和随机激励。研究结果表明磁流变阻尼应用于车辆半主动控制后具有很好的效果，证实了磁流变阻尼在汽车控制中的可行性及优越性。     

模糊-线性双模控制在平台稳定回路中的应用

为了克服单闭环系统平台稳定回路在抗干扰性能方面的欠缺,引入速度反馈的双闭环控制。在此基础上,通过多种模糊控制方法的仿真、分析、比较,采用模糊-线性双模控制方案对系统进行校正,模糊-线性双模控制的速度环以及位置环的线性控制器结构都与线性双闭环控制的相同,位置环的模糊控制器为修正因子自调整无量化模糊控制器,利用输出强度系数实现两种控制的平滑过渡,克服了常规模糊-线性双模控制器的切换点选择困难,在误差较大时,模糊控制器起主要作用,以提高系统的动态特性;误差较小时,PID控制器起主要作用,使线性控制和模糊控制的输出实现了平滑过渡,使系统在速度、精度尤其抗干扰能力方面均有良好的效果。     

DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS ON A KIND OF SEMI-ACTIVE SUSPENSION WITH TIME DELAY

对一类采用有限相对位移控制的含时滞单自由度半主动悬架系统进行了动力学分析.首先通过平均法得到了该系统的一阶近似解, 然后基于Lyapunov理论建立了系统的稳定性条件, 结果表明近似解的稳态幅值和稳定性条件都是时滞量的周期函数, 并且和外激励具有相同周期.通过对数值解和解析解的幅频曲线进行比较, 验证了一阶近似解析解的准确性, 并且解释了半主动控制中的高频颤振现象.研究了被动悬架系统并且和半主动悬架系统进行了比较, 证实了半主动悬架系统的优越性.最后, 探讨了一些关键的系统参数, 如控制间隙、时滞量、最小阻尼比等对半主动悬架系统稳态幅值的影响.     

Comparative research on semi-active control strategies for magneto-rheological suspension

This paper presents the comparison results of a study to identify an appropriate semi-active control algorithm for a MR suspension system from a variety of semi-active control algorithms for use with MR dampers. Five representative control algorithms are considered including the skyhook controller, the hybrid controller, the LQG controller, the sliding mode controller and the fuzzy logic controller. To compare the control performances of the five control algorithms, a quarter car model with a MR damper is adopted as the baseline model for our analysis. After deriving the governing motion equations of the proposed dynamic model, five controllers are developed. Then each control policy is applied to the baseline model equipped with a MR damper. The performances of each control algorithm under various road conditions are compared along with the equivalent passive model in both time and frequency domains through the numerical simulation. Subsequently, a road test is performed to validate the actual control performance. The results show that the performance of a MR suspension system is highly dependent on the choice of algorithm employed, and the sliding mode control strategy exhibits an excellent integrated performance.     

Simulation and hybrid fuzzy-PID control for positioning of a hydraulic system

Accuracy and precision of position control of hydraulic systems are key parameters for engineering applications in order to set more economical and quality systems. In this context, this paper presents modeling and position control of a hydraulic actuation system consisting of an asymmetric hydraulic cylinder driven by a four way, three position proportional valve. In this system model, the bulk modulus is considered as a variable. In addition, the Hybrid Fuzzy-PID Controller with Coupled Rules (HFPIDCR) is proposed for position control of the hydraulic system and its performance is tested by simulation studies. The novel aspect of this controller is to combine fuzzy logic and PID controllers in terms of a switching condition. Simulation results of the HFPIDCR based controller are compared with the results of classical PID, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), and Hybrid Fuzzy-PID controller (HFPID). As a result, it is demonstrated that Hybrid Fuzzy PID Controller with Coupled Rules is more effective than other controllers.     

An optimization method designed to improve 3-D vehicle comfort and road holding capability through the use of active and semi-active suspensions

The primary purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of vibrations on the comfort and road holding capability of road vehicles as observed in the variation of different parameters such as suspension coefficients, road disturbances, and the seat position. This study required the development of a mathematical model to simulate the dynamic behavior of a 3-D vehicle. With this model, various types of non-linear suspensions such as active and semi-active suspensions may be investigated. The results obtained from the simulation of the 3-D vehicle demonstrate that the use of active and semi-active suspension models on road vehicles prove to be beneficial for comfort without unduly compromising road holding capability.     

Semi-active hydro-gas suspension system for a tracked vehicle

A semi-active hydro-gas suspension is proposed for a tracked vehicle to improve ride comfort performance, without compromising the road holding and load carrying capabilities of the passive suspension. This is achieved through an active damper used in parallel with a gas spring. The suspension damper parameters are varied by a control mechanism based on sky-hook damping theory, which alters the flow characteristics. A damper prototype has been developed, tested for its flow characteristics, after which it has been integrated into an existing hydro-gas suspension system. An analytical model has been proposed from first principles rather than developing a phenomenological model based on experimental characteristics. This model is validated with experiments carried out on a suspension test rig. In order to compare the performance with the original passive system, an in-plane vehicle model is developed and the simulations clearly show that the semi-active system performance is superior to the passive system.     

Time delay in a semi-active damper: modelling the bypass valve

Ride comfort and handling of off-road vehicles can be significantly improved by replacing the normal passive dampers in the vehicle suspension system with controllable, two-state, semi-active dampers. The hydraulic valve, which enables the semi-active damper characteristics to be controlled, is a critical component of a semi-active damper and has a marked influence on suspension performance. Models of the dynamics of a hydraulic bypass valve used on semi-active suspension systems for heavy vehicles were investigated. It is envisaged that similar models will eventually be incorporated into a full vehicle, three-dimensional simulation study. Valve response time (or time delay) is used as a measure of model accuracy because it is an important parameter in the performance of a semi-active damper. Models were created with AMESim, a commercial fluid power simulation environment, and MATLAB. AMESim was found to be capable of dealing with detailed and complex fluid power models. Attempts to solve models of similar complexity in the MATLAB environment were unsuccessful due to numerical stiffness. Experimental work was conducted to obtain dynamic performance data with which to validate model integrity. Several external factors influenced the valve behaviour during experiments. Test bench dynamics significantly influences results and obscures the absolute accuracy of the models and the experimental data. The investigation demonstrated an approach to creating fluid power models for this application that can be used in simulation, but also indicated that substantial effort is required in the process. The accuracy of the current model is not sufficient for design purposes.     

Evolutionary algorithm-based PID controller tuning for nonlinear quarter-car electrohydraulic vehicle suspensions

The basic challenge associated with the design of vehicle suspension system is the attainment of an optimal trade-off between the various design objectives. This study presents the design of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for a quarter-car active vehicle suspension system (AVSS) using evolutionary algorithms (EA) such as the particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and differential evolution (DE). Each of the EA-based PID controllers showed overall improvement in suspension travel, ride comfort, settling time and road holding from the manually tuned controller and the passive vehicle suspension system. These improvements were, however, achieved at the cost of increased actuator force, power consumption and spool-valve displacement. DE-optimized PID control resulted in the best minimized suspension performance, followed by the GA and PSO, respectively. Frequency-domain analysis showed that all the signals were attenuated within the whole body vibration frequency range and the EA-optimized controllers had RMS frequency weighted body acceleration of the vehicle within allowable limits for vibration exposure. Robustness analysis of the DE-optimized PID-controlled AVSS to model uncertainties is carried out in the form of variation in vehicle sprung mass loading, tyre stiffness and speed.     

Semi-active hydropneumatic spring and damper system

This paper is concerned with the development of a semi-active hydropneumatic spring and damper system, comprising of a two state hydropneumatic spring and a two state hydraulic damper. The system was specifically developed to improve the ride comfort and handling of large off-road vehicles. The suspension requirements for good ride comfort and handling for heavy off-road vehicles are discussed with special reference to the advantages of semi-active hydropneumatic springs and semi-active dampers. The layout and functioning of an experimental spring and damper unit used for laboratory tests are discussed. Spring and damper characteristics, as well as valve response times for both the semi-active spring and semi-active damper were determined. A single degree of freedom test rig with a sprung mass of 3 tons was used to perform first order ride comfort tests. Tests include step response and random input response. The test rig was also used to evaluate semi-active control strategies for both spring and damper as well as a control strategy for implementing ride height adjustment without using an external hydraulic pump.     

Modeling and control of a nonlinear half-vehicle suspension system: a hybrid fuzzy logic approach

Modeling and control of vehicle suspension system are high noteworthy from safety to comfort. In this paper, an analytical nonlinear half-vehicle model which is included quadratic tire stiffness, cubic suspension stiffness, and coulomb friction is derived based on fundamental physics. A hybrid fuzzy logic approach which combines fuzzy logic and PID controllers is designed for reducing the vibration levels of passenger seat and vehicle body. Performances of designed controllers have been evaluated by numerical simulations. Comparisons with classical PID control, Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) and Hybrid Fuzzy-PID control (HFPID) have also been provided. Results of numerical simulations are evaluated in terms of time histories of displacement and acceleration responses and ride index comparison. A good performance for the Hybrid Fuzzy-PID controller with coupled rules (HFPIDCR) is achieved in simulation studies despite the nonlinearities.