二阶流体薄膜润滑研究

针对二阶流体薄膜润滑在润滑方程中引入二阶流体和弹性变形，在考虑薄膜润滑状态下的非牛顿性和类固体性的基础上，建立了薄膜润滑的粘变数学模型，并针对线接触弹流薄膜润滑进行了数值计算．结果表明，在相同载荷下基于粘变模型计算得到的膜厚同牛顿流体相应的膜厚相比大得多，而粘变薄膜厚度同速度的相关性比牛顿流体的小得多，且粘变薄膜能够承受更大的载荷；所建立的粘变模型适用于薄膜润滑的理论计算．     

基于格子Boltzmann两相模型的粘弹流体挤出胀大分析

挤出胀大的数值模拟是非牛顿流体研究中具有挑战性的问题．本文运用格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)分析Oldroyd-B和多阶松弛谱PTT粘弹流体的挤出胀大现象，采用颜色模型模拟出口处粘弹流体和空气的两相流动，通过重新标色获得两种流体的界面，并最终获得胀大的形状．Navier-Stokes方程和本构方程的求解采用双分布函数模型．将胀大的结果与解析解、实验解和单相自由面LBM结果进行了比较，发现格子Boltzmann两相模型结果与解析解和实验结果相吻合，相比于单相模型，收敛速度更快，解的稳定性更高．研究了流道尺寸对胀大率的影响，并对挤出胀大的内在机理进行了分析．     

润滑剂边界滑移及其对弹流润滑特性的影响

基于润滑剂在弹性流体动力润滑状态下表现出类似塑件固体的非牛顿特性，根据塑性屈服和流体动力润滑理论，建立了考虑润滑剂在固液界面滑移的线接触弹流润滑失效预测模型。计算结果显示：载荷和滑滚比对润滑油膜厚度影响显著；在一定载荷和滑滚比下，润滑油膜将丧失承载能力而破裂。与现有理论及实验数据对比，线接触弹流润滑失效预测模型的计算结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性。     

含空心球涂层粒子复合材料界面的脱粘应力分析

在球对称拉伸载荷作用下针对空心球涂层复合材料分析了空心球涂层粒子增强复合材料的局部应力场，得到了界面临界脱粘应力的解析表达式．讨论了各相几何参数对非均匀涂层空心球粒子临界脱粘应力的影响，比较了均匀涂层和非均匀涂层的脱粘应力．结果表明：在球对称拉伸下界面脱粘更容易发生在涂层相与基体相界面间，空心球的壁厚和涂层厚度是影响界面临界脱粘应力的重要因素，因而选择适当的空心球、涂层厚度和提高界面粘结能将有利于提高界面的临界脱粘应力．     

Oldroyd-B黏弹性液滴弹跳行为的改进SPH模拟

基于光滑粒子流体动力学SPH(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics)方法对Oldroyd-B黏弹性液滴撞击固壁面产生的弹跳行为进行了模拟与分析。首先,为了解决SPH模拟黏弹性自由表面流出现的张力不稳定性问题,联合粒子迁移技术提出了一种改进SPH方法。然后,对Oldroyd-B黏弹性液滴撞击固壁面产生的铺展行为进行了改进SPH模拟,与文献结果的比较验证了方法的有效性。最后,通过降低Reynolds数捕捉到了液滴的弹跳行为;并在此基础上,分析了液滴黏度比、Weissenberg数和Reynolds数对液滴弹跳行为的影响。结果表明,改进SPH方法可有效地模拟黏弹性自由表面流问题;液滴黏度比、Weissenberg数和Reynolds数对液滴最大回弹高度均有显著的影响。     

纤维复合材料界面横向拉伸分析

以单纤维十字型横向拉伸试验为研究对象,对纤维/基体界面采用弹性-软化双线性内聚力模型,建立了纤维复合材料在横向拉伸作用下界面法向失效过程的解析模型。得到了沿纤维/基体圆周界面的法向应力分布,纤维/基体界面的状态与界面承载力和单纤维复合材料承载力的关系,以及内聚力参数和试件几何尺寸对它们的影响。结果表明:纤维/基体圆周界面在脱粘前经历全部弹性及弹性+软化两种状态;当界面为弹性状态时,界面法向应力随界面强度线性增加;当界面为弹性+软化状态时,界面软化范围随界面裂纹萌生位移的增加而增大;界面初始脱粘位置与拉伸荷载方向重合;界面初始脱粘时的界面承载力随界面强度及界面裂纹萌生位移的增加而增加,随界面裂纹生成位移的增加而降低;单纤维复合材料的脱粘荷载受基体截面尺寸的影响,当纤维体积含量相同时,沿荷载方向截面尺寸的增大对提高脱粘荷载更显著。     

Tabor数、粘着数与微尺度粘着弹性接触理论

微电子机械系统（ＭＥＭＳ）等领域的飞速发展,促使我们迈进了一个表面效应在许多现象 中占主导地位的研究领域．本文重点介绍在ＭＥＭＳ中经常遇到的微尺度粘着弹性接触的相关理论． 通过对两个无量纲数——Ｔａｂｏｒ数μ（以及其相应形式）和粘着数θ的分析,以及考虑它们对于粘 着力的影响,指出了粘着弹性接触理论中所隐含的尺度效应,随着特征尺度的减小,粘着弹性接触中 的表面效应愈加明显．     

《损伤力学》一书的介绍

《损伤力学》一书的介绍由沈为教授和彭立华副教授合作撰写的《损伤力学》一书已于１９９５年３月由华中理工大学出版社出版，全书２４万字，全面而系统地阐述了连续损伤力学的基本理论，包括基本概念、理论模型和分析方法．对于弹脆性、粘脆性和弹塑性材料，分别建立了各...     

《损伤力学》一书的介绍

《损伤力学》一书的介绍由沈为教授和彭立华副教授合作撰写的《损伤力学》一书已于１９９５年３月由华中理工大学出版社出版，全书２４万字，全面而系统地阐述了连续损伤力学的基本理论，包括基本概念、理论模型和分析方法．对于弹脆性、粘脆性和弹塑性材料，分别建立了各...     

重载滑动轴承非牛顿流体的三维弹性液体动力润滑分析的加权平均法

本文采用加权平均法成功地求解了由广义Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ方程（幂次型）和三维弹性方程组成的非牛顿体弹流模型，该方法较好的解决了大偏心率的弹流迭代收敛困难的问题。该方法具有收敛快，对初值要求松且计算精度高等优点，是一种解决弹流问题较好的迭代模式。     

Instability of stationary and uniformly moving cylindrical fluid bodies—II. Viscoelastic threads and experimental observations

The instability analysis of Part I is extended to the breakup of viscoelastic threads in fluid media (also possibly viscoelastic). Critical Growth rates and wave-numbers are calculated in terms of the viscosity ratio, the Ohnesorge numbers (continuous and dispersed phases), and elasticity numbers for each of the respective phases. Comparisons with results for Newtonian systems indicate viscoelastic threads to be less stable than Newtonian threads under similar conditions. Also, the critical wave-numbers observed with viscoelastic threads can differ significantly from those observed with Newtonian systems, particularly if the relative magnitudes of elasticity of the dispersed and continuous phases are quite different. Systems with similar magnitudes of elasticity in each phase exhibit wave-numbers similar to Newtonian systems of similar viscosities.Experimental results obtained from observations of fluid thread breakup in a Taylor four-roller device provide a basis for checking the predictions of the lineararized theory for both Newtonian and viscoelastic systems. In general, the agreement is good and the theoretical predictions of Parts I and II seem to be reasonable representations of experimental fact.     

Filament-breaking length—a measure of elasticity in extension

A technique has been developed to assess elasticity in extension of fluids which are weakly elastic. The technique is based on stretching a fluid sample held between two small closely spaced co-axial disks until the fluid bridge or filament breaks. The distance between the disks on breakup, ‘the breaking length’, is measured. When the fluid is elastic, this length is greater than that of an equivalent inelastic fluid. An inelastic baseline was established by measuring the breaking lengths of a wide variety of Newtonian fluids. Measurements with weakly elastic fluids reveal that the extra breaking length increases with polymer type and concentration and with the rate of stretching, the expected behavior for elastic liquids. The breaking lengths of model paper coatings were measured and found to correlate with the degree of misting in a roll coating machine, indicating that droplet formation is related to extensional elasticity.     

Viscosity of a Newtonian fluid calculated from the deformation of droplets covered with a surfactant under a linear shear flow

The viscosity of small fluid droplets covered with a surfactant is determined using drop deformation techniques. This method, proposed by Hu and Lips, is here extended to the case of the presence of a surface-active adsorpted at the liquid–liquid interface, to consider more general scenarios. In these experiments, a droplet is sheared by another immiscible fluid of known viscosity, both Newtonian liquids. From the steady-state deformation and retraction mechanisms, the droplet viscosity is calculated using an equation derived from the theories of Taylor and Rallison. Although these theories were expressed for surfactant-free interfaces, they can be applied when a surfactant is present in the system if the sheared droplet reaches reliable steady-state deformations and the surfactant attains its equilibrium adsorption concentration. These determinations are compared to bulk viscosities measured in a rheometer for systems with different viscosity ratios and surfactant concentrations. Very good agreement between both determinations is found for drops more viscous than the continuous phase.     

A parametric study of droplet deformation through a microfluidic contraction: Shear thinning liquids

Numerical simulations of a droplet passing through an axisymmetric microfluidic contraction are presented, focusing on systems where one of the two liquids present is shear thinning. The simulations are performed using a transient Volume of Fluid (VOF) algorithm. When the droplet is shear thinning and the surrounding phase Newtonian, droplets deform in a similar way to Newtonian droplets that have a viscosity equal to the average viscosity of the shear thinning fluid while it is within the contraction. When the surrounding phase is shear thinning and the droplet Newtonian, droplets deform in a similar way to droplets contained within a Newtonian liquid that has a viscosity that is lower than that of the droplet. In both cases the behaviour of the shear thinning fluid can be broadly described in terms of a ‘characteristic’ Newtonian viscosity: However, determining the exact value of this viscosity without performing a full shear thinning simulation is not possible.     

An experimental and numerical investigation of the dynamics of microconfined droplets in systems with one viscoelastic phase

The dynamics of single droplets in a bounded shear flow is experimentally and numerically investigated for blends that contain one viscoelastic component. Results are presented for systems with a viscosity ratio of 1.5 and a Deborah number for the viscoelastic phase of 1. The numerical algorithm is a volume-of-fluid method for tracking the placement of the two liquids. First, we demonstrate the validation of the code with an existing boundary integral method and with experimental data for confined systems containing Newtonian components. This is followed by numerical simulations and experimental data for the combined effect of geometrical confinement and component viscoelasticity on the droplet dynamics after startup of shear flow at a moderate capillary number. The viscoelastic liquids are Boger fluids, which are modeled with the Oldroyd-B constitutive model and the Giesekus model. Confinement substantially increases the viscoelastic stresses and the elongation rates in and around the droplet. We show that the latter can be dramatic for the use of the Oldroyd-B model in confined systems with viscoelastic components. A sensitivity analysis for the choice of the model parameters in the Giesekus constitutive equation is presented.     

Forward roll coating flows of viscoelastic liquids

Roll coating is distinguished by the use of one or more gaps between rotating cylinders to meter and apply a liquid layer to a substrate. Except at low speed, the two-dimensional film splitting flow that occurs in forward roll coating is unstable; a three-dimensional steady flow sets in, resulting in more or less regular stripes in the machine direction. For Newtonian liquids, the stability of the two-dimensional flow is determined by the competition of capillary and viscous forces: the onset of meniscus nonuniformity is marked by a critical value of the capillary number. Although most of the liquids coated industrially are non-Newtonian polymeric solutions and dispersions, most of the theoretical analyses of film splitting flows relied on the Newtonian model. Non-Newtonian behavior can drastically change the nature of the flow near the free surface; when minute amounts of flexible polymer are present, the onset of the three-dimensional instability occurs at much lower speeds than in the Newtonian case.Forward roll coating flow is analyzed here with two differential constitutive models, the Oldroyd-B and the FENE-P equations. The results show that the elastic stresses change the flow near the film splitting meniscus by reducing and eventually eliminating the recirculation present at low capillary number. When the recirculation disappears, the difference of the tangential and normal stresses (i.e., the hoop stress) at the free surface becomes positive and grows dramatically with fluid elasticity, which explains how viscoelasticity destabilizes the flow in terms of the analysis of Graham [M.D. Graham, Interfacial hoop stress and instability of viscoelastic free surface flows, Phys. Fluids 15 (2003) 1702–1710].     

The stratified flow of gas and non-newtonian liquid in horizontal pipes

Predictions of pressure drop and holdup are presented for the stratified flow of gas and non-Newtonian liquid obeying the Ostwald-de Waele power law model. The model of Taitel & Dukler (1976) for gas/Newtonian liquid flow is extended to liquids possessing either shear-thinning or shear-thickening laminar flow behaviour and computed results are given for flow behaviour indices in the range $\text{0.1 ≤ n ≤ 2}$. In particular, conditions are defined for drag reduction of the liquid flow by the presence of the gas. It is concluded that drag reduction occurs over the largest ranges of liquid and gas flow rates at the lowest $\text{n}$ values, provided that liquid flow remains laminar, but that maximum drag reduction may be expected for shear-thickening liquids with $\text{n}$ values of 2 or greater. Ratios of the liquid flow rate in the presence of gas to that for liquid flow alone under a constant pressure gradient are also presented. These ratios frequently exceed unity and are greatest for highly shear-thinning liquids.Although the Taitel & Dukler approach is consistent with experiments on gas/Newtonian liquid flow, and, in addition, appears to be valid for immiscible Newtonian liquid-liquid systems, provided that the viscosity ratio of the two phases is at least five, experiments are required to confirm its applicability for gas/non-Newtonian systems.     

Selective withdrawal of polymer solutions: Experiments

Selective withdrawal refers to the process of drawing one or both components of stratified fluids through a tube placed near their interface. This paper reports an experimental study of selective withdrawal of viscous and viscoelastic liquids under air. The key mechanism of interest is how the viscoelasticity in the bulk liquid affects the evolution of the free surface. This is investigated by comparing the interfacial behavior between a Newtonian silicone oil and two dilute polymer solutions. While the surface undergoes smooth and gradual deformation for Newtonian liquids, for the polymer solutions there is a critical transition where the surface forms a cusp from which an air jet emanates toward the suction tube. This transition shows a hysteresis when the flow rate or location of the tube is varied. In the subcritical state, the surface of polymer solutions deform much more than its Newtonian counterpart but the deformation is more localized. The interfacial behavior of the polymer solutions can be attributed to the large polymer stress that develops under the surface because of predominantly extensional deformation.     

A comparison of boundary element and finite element methods for modeling axisymmetric polymeric drop deformation

A modified boundary element method (BEM) and the DEVSS‐G finite element method (FEM) are applied to model the deformation of a polymeric drop suspended in another fluid subjected to start‐up uniaxial extensional flow. The effects of viscoelasticity, via the Oldroyd‐B differential model, are considered for the drop phase using both FEM and BEM and for both the drop and matrix phases using FEM. Where possible, results are compared with the linear deformation theory. Consistent predictions are obtained among the BEM, FEM, and linear theory for purely Newtonian systems and between FEM and linear theory for fully viscoelastic systems. FEM and BEM predictions for viscoelastic drops in a Newtonian matrix agree very well at short times but differ at longer times, with worst agreement occurring as critical flow strength is approached. This suggests that the dominant computational advantages held by the BEM over the FEM for this and similar problems may diminish or even disappear when the issue of accuracy is appropriately considered. Fully viscoelastic problems, which are only feasible using the FEM formulation, shed new insight on the role of viscoelasticity of the matrix fluid in drop deformation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Droplet deformation of a strongly shear thinning dense suspension of polymeric micelles

We investigated the deformation of a strong shear thinning droplet undergoing simple shear flow in a Newtonian liquid. The droplet was an aqueous solution of poly(ethylene oxide) end capped with an alkyl group that forms spherical micelles in aqueous solution. At high concentrations and below a critical temperature, the jammed micelles showed strong shear thinning behaviour, and neither a yield stress nor a Newtonian viscosity was observed. At small shear rates, the droplet rotated and aligned in the flow, but did not deform or only very weakly. At high shear rates, the droplet deformation increased with increasing shear rate. The deformed droplet did not relax after the shear was stopped except for a modest rounding of the edges. For each shear rate, an apparent viscosity, η _ad, of the equivalent Newtonian droplet was calculated assuming affine deformation. η _ad showed a power law dependence on the capillary number Ca with an exponent of − 1.8 and was larger than the shear viscosity of the micelle suspension at the same shear rates. The results were explained by the existence of a strong gradient of the viscosity inside the droplet leading to a very low viscosity fluid layer near the droplet/matrix interface.