扩展腔对方波型微混合器混合性能的影响研究

微混合器凭借节约试剂、混合强度高和易于集成等优点,在材料合成、医药制备和生化检测等领域中具有广泛的应用.为了进一步提高混合性能,保证混合过程的安全性及生化反应结果的准确性,设计了一种带扩展腔的新型方波型微混合器.在综合考虑混合强度和压降的前提下,通过实验研究和数值模拟分析了窄缝宽度、窄缝长度和扩展腔高度对微混合器混合性能的影响并得到了不同雷诺数Re条件下的最优结构参数.与方波型微混合器的混合性能进行比较,发现Re 5时,带扩展腔的方波型微混合器的混合强度更高,其中Re=20时两者混合强度相差最多,可达12%.在相同Re下,带扩展腔的方波型微混合器的压降要低于方波型微混合器.对带扩展腔的方波型微混合器进行内部流场分析,发现扩展腔结构能在流体层流状态的基础上引入涡流,使通道中流体的流动状态发生改变、对流增强,进而混合性能提高.     

应用PIV技术测试涡旋波流场

涡旋波流动作为一种特殊的流动现象,可以使流体在相对较宽的槽道中产生较强的波动和对流混合,从而在小Re数条件下起到强化传质的效果。本文利用PIV流场显示技术,对振荡流在非对称槽道中所形成的涡旋波的产生机理和发展规律进行了实验研究和定量分析,测得了涡旋波流场的速度矢量图,阐明了涡旋波流场周期性变化的特点。分析了Re数和St数对涡旋波流动的影响,并得出了旋涡涡心位置以及涡心处涡量的动态变化规律。     

基于微通道构型的微流体流动控制研究

微通道不仅仅是作为流体流动的单元, 更是进行流体控制的工具,微通道自身特性和特征用在实现微流体的驱动、进样、混合、分离以及液滴的产生、控制等方面已经表现出了良好的效果.由于微通道中比表面积非常大, 表面效应极大影响流体流动,近年来多数研究集中在应用表面效应来实现微流体驱动与控制,而以利用微通道结构特征实现流体流动控制为目标的研究成果相对较少.为了提高对通道构型作用的认识,主要介绍了基于微通道构型的无可动部件的流体微阀和基于微通道构型微小液滴的产生及流动控制器两个方面的发展情况,表明微通道构型在微流体控制中同样可以发挥重要作用,甚至有望带来微流控技术的突破.      

面向主给水系统的流动调整器整流性能数值研究

针对某核电站主给水系统低负荷时文丘里流量计测值虚高所提出的流场改善需求，利用计算流体力学方法结合SST k–ω湍流模型，研究安装流动调整器时的流场特征和整流性能。首先分别对流场未安装和安装栅格（AMCA）调整器及不同结构参数的孔板调整器进行三维建模和计算，获得不同调整器对流场速度、压力、流场均匀度及流量计流出系数的影响，对比不同调整器对旁路支管所致流速畸变的整流性能，并确定选用孔板调整器的构型。其次改变调整器安装位置，对比安装位置对流场速度分布、阻力损失、均匀度改善及流量计流出系数的影响。三是针对满负荷大流量工况，将调整器与不同开度的主调节阀耦合建模，计算调整器所致额外压力损失，分析阀门开度与整流器压力损失的关系。获得的调整器构型和安装位置等参数的影响规律可为核电站主给水系统解决同类问题时的流动调整器选型和安装提供参考。     

剪刀式尾桨涡流干扰机理和气动特性研究

采用非常规剪刀式尾桨对直升机整体性能有着重要影响,关于其复杂流动干扰机理的研究尚处在发展之中. 为了掌握剪刀式尾桨的流动干扰机理和参数影响规律,建立了适合于悬停状态下剪刀式尾桨干扰涡流场分析的计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD) 数值模拟方法. 采用积分形式的Reynolds-averagedNavier-Stokes (RANS) 方程作为旋翼流场求解控制方程,围绕旋翼流场的结构网格采用嵌套网格方法生成. 在CFD 方法验证基础之上,对悬停状态下两种不同构型剪刀式尾桨桨尖涡的涡核位置和强度的演变规律进行了定量分析,并对流场中桨尖涡与桨叶的贴近干扰、碰撞、破碎运动,同时准确捕捉了不同尺度涡之间的相互干扰、融合的过程进行了分析. 进一步研究了剪刀角和轴间距参数对不同构型剪刀式尾桨气动特性的影响规律. 计算结果表明,剪刀式尾桨流场中存在复杂的桨-涡干扰和涡-涡干扰现象,剪刀角和轴间距对剪刀式尾桨的气动特性有重要影响,L 构型剪刀式尾桨气动性能整体优于U 构型剪刀式尾桨.      

一种新型主动微混合器及其流场的数值研究

设计一种通过交变电磁力作用,使液体得到有效混合的微混合器。基于微尺度的无滑移模型,建立了微型管道内液体流动及混合的模拟方法,并开发了计算程序,对微管道内流体的流动与混合过程进行数值模拟,得到了流场分布图。通过交变电压的作用而产生交变的电磁力,对流场产生扰动,从而提高了微型管道中不同流体的混合效率。分析比较不同交变周期下的混合方案,并对其混合效率进行了评价。     

可压缩气固混合层中离散相与连续相的相互作用研究

尽管已有许多文献采用数值模拟方法研究两相流问题,但主要是集中不可压流动方面.本文采用Eul-er-Lagrange颗粒-轨道双向耦合模型对时间模式下含有固粒的二维可压缩混合层流动进行了研究.气相流场采用非定常全Navier-Stokes方程描述,并应用具有空间三阶精度的WNND(Weighted Non-Oscillatory, Contai-ning No Free Parameters and Dissipative)格式进行数值高散.固相方程采用二阶单边三点差分离散.在考虑流场对固粒作用的同时,也计及颗粒对流场的反作用.主要研究混合层大尺度涡对颗粒扩散特性的影响及颗粒对流场结构的影响问题.在对流马赫数为0.5时,研究不同Stokes数颗粒在连续流场中的扩散特性,而在对流马赫数为0.8时研究了不同Stokes数颗粒对流场小激波结构的影响.     

Y型微通道两相流内部流动特性

利用显微粒子图像测速技术、高速度数码显微系统及数值模拟方法研究了Y 型微通道内液滴的形成. 主要考虑了Y 型角度（45°,90°,135°,180°）、两相流量大小等因素的影响. 发现在挤压机制中,Y 型微通道内分散相液滴的形成主要受到来自连续相的剪切作用,Y 型角度越小,分散相所受到的剪切作用越大. 在液滴生成过程中,连续相速度剖面呈非对称抛物线型分布. 当Y 型角度小于180°时,角度的变化对液滴直径大小影响较小,但角度的减小会加快液滴的生成时间. 当Y 型角度为180°时,生成的液滴体积最大且生成时间最长. 毛细数对液滴直径和生成时间的变化同时产生影响,连续相毛细数的增大使得连续相在两相交汇位置处对分散相的作用力更集中,导致分散相更易破裂.      

Y形冲击射流微混合器流场结构和混合特性的三维数值模拟研究

运用三维变密度不可压计算流体力学方法对微型Y形冲击射流进行流动结构研究.结果表明:入射角度和入射速度是影响流场结构和混合效果的两个重要因素,分别存在有最佳入射角度和入射速度.我们发现在射流角度等于90°、射流速度为中速时,其流场结构最利于混合,因为此时射流的接触面积最大.另外,射流速度越大,其分割强度值也越大,因此混合性能也越差.当速度太大时,会使两股流体的接触面破碎而散落在空间中,使其不再接触,因此对分子间的扩散和混合不利.     

Y型微通道两相流内部流动特性刘

利用显微粒子图像测速技术、高速度数码显微系统及数值模拟方法研究了Y 型微通道内液滴的形成. 主要考虑了Y 型角度（45°,90°,135°,180°）、两相流量大小等因素的影响. 发现在挤压机制中,Y 型微通道内分散相液滴的形成主要受到来自连续相的剪切作用,Y 型角度越小,分散相所受到的剪切作用越大. 在液滴生成过程中,连续相速度剖面呈非对称抛物线型分布. 当Y 型角度小于180°时,角度的变化对液滴直径大小影响较小,但角度的减小会加快液滴的生成时间. 当Y 型角度为180°时,生成的液滴体积最大且生成时间最长. 毛细数对液滴直径和生成时间的变化同时产生影响,连续相毛细数的增大使得连续相在两相交汇位置处对分散相的作用力更集中,导致分散相更易破裂.     

Model of gas absorption in gas-liquid plug flow with first-order and zero-order chemical reaction

A model of mass transfer during gas absorption in gas-liquid plug flow accompanied by irreversible chemical reaction of the first order and zero order is suggested. The expressions for coefficients of mass transfer during chemical absorption from a single Taylor bubble are derived in the approximation of the thin concentration boundary layer in a liquid phase. Under the assumptions of a perfect liquid mixing in liquid plugs recurrent relations for the dissolved gas concentrations in the n-th liquid plug and mass fluxes from the n-th Taylor bubble are derived. The total mass fluxes in gas-liquid plug flow during chemical absorption are determined. In the limiting case of absorption without chemical reaction the derived formulas recover the expressions for mass transfer during physical absorption in gas-liquid plug flow. Theoretical results are compared with available experimental data.     

Experimental investigation of wall film renewal in liquid–liquid slug flow

Liquid–liquid slug flow offers the unique characteristics of high heat and mass transfer combined with a narrow residence time distribution in continuous flow and has thus attracted considerable attention in the field of microfluidics. To exploit its advantages in the successful design and operation of micro-reactors, a precise understanding of the mass transfer processes is essential. In the present work, the role of the thin continuous liquid film formed on the capillary wall in mass transfer is investigated. Fluorescence microscopy is used to determine the exchange between wall film and continuous phase segments to determine if the film is continuously renewed and can therefore be considered to contribute interfacial area available for mass transfer. The distinct wetting properties of different capillary materials are utilized in the experimental set-up to achieve a reproducible and non-invasive release of tracer. The degree of wall film mass transfer as a function of velocity, interfacial area and wall-film thickness is established.     

Flow and mixing characteristics of pulsed confined opposed jets in turbulent flow regime

A numerical study is performed on a two-dimensional confined opposed-jet configuration to gain basic understanding of the flow and mixing characteristics of pulsed turbulent opposed-jet streams. The sinusoidal pulsating flows with different temperature are imposed at opposed-jet inlets, which are mixed with each other in a confined flow channel. The current mathematical model taking the effect of temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties of fluid into account can present a good prediction for opposed-jet streams compared with experimental data. The numerical results indicate that introduction of temperature difference between opposed jet flows can lead to an asymmetric flow field immediately after jet impact, and the sinusoidal flow pulsations can effectively enhance mixing rate of opposed jets. Parameter studies are conducted for optimization of pulsed opposed jets. The effect of Reynolds number and flow pulsation as well as the configuration geometry on the mixing performance are discussed in detail. Examination of the flow and thermal field shows that the mixing rate is highly dependent on the vortex-induced mixing and residence time of jet fluid in the exit channel.     

热喷干扰气体模型对飞行器气动特性影响分析

针对不同气体模型对高超声速飞行器喷流反作用控制系统(RCS)热喷干扰流场模拟的计算效率和准确性问题, 基于喷流燃气物理化学模型, 通过数值求解含化学反应源项的三维N-S方程, 建立了飞行器RCS热喷干扰流场数值模拟方法, 分别采用化学反应流、反应冻结流、二元异质流以及空气喷流四种气体模型开展了典型外形热喷干扰流场的数值模拟, 研究了不同气体模型对热喷干扰流场结构、飞行器气动力热特性的影响, 分析了不同马赫数、飞行高度下的变化规律. 研究表明: 化学反应流模型计算精度较高, 计算与风洞试验数据的吻合程度优于其他三种简化模型; 在本文的低空条件下, 采用简化模型进行热喷干扰流场数值模拟, 会低估分离区大小, 使飞行器气动力特性预测出现偏差, 同时也会低估表面热环境, 对防热系统设计不利, 随着马赫数增加, 简化模型对气动力热特性预估的误差进一步增大, 同时不同简化模型之间的差异也进一步增大; 飞行高度较高时, 模型之间的差异减小, 此时可采用简化模型进行计算以提高计算效率. 本文的研究结果可为飞行器热喷干扰流场数值模拟及喷流反作用控制系统设计提供参考.      

Gas–liquid mass transfer in the gas–liquid–solid mini fluidized beds

The gas–liquid–solid mini fluidized bed (GLSMFB) combines the advantages of fluidized bed and micro-reactor, and meets the requirements for safety and efficiency of green development of process industry. However, there are few studies on its flow performance and no studies on its mass and heat transfer performance. In this paper, the characteristics of gas–liquid mass transfer in a GLSMFB were studied in order to provide basic guidance for the study of GLSMFB reaction performance and application. Using CO₂ absorption by NaOH as the model process, the gas–liquid mass transfer performance of GLSMFB was investigated. The results show that the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the gas–liquid interfacial area both increase with the increase of the superficial gas velocity within the experimental parameter range under the same given superficial liquid velocity. At the same ratio of superficial gas to liquid velocity, the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient increases with the increase of the superficial liquid velocity. Fluidized solid particles strengthen the liquid mass transfer process, and the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient is about 13% higher than that of gas–liquid mini bubble column.     

Numerical simulation of oxide nanoparticle growth characteristics under the gas detonation chemical reaction by space-time conservation element–solution element method

Under harsh conditions (such as high temperature, high pressure, and millisecond lifetime chemical reaction), a long-standing challenge remains to accurately predict the growth characteristics of nanosize spherical particles and to determine the rapid chemical reaction flow field characteristics. The growth characteristics of similar spherical oxide nanoparticles are further studied by successfully introducing the space-time conservation element–solution element (CE/SE) algorithm with the monodisperse Kruis model. This approach overcomes the nanosize particle rapid growth limit set and successfully captures the characteristics of the rapid gaseous chemical reaction process. The results show that this approach quantitatively captures the characteristics of the rapid chemical reaction, nanosize particle growth and size distribution. To reveal the growth mechanism for numerous types of oxide nanoparticles, it is very important to choose a rational numerical method and particle physics model.     

Molecular Mixing and Flowfield Measurements in a Recirculating Shear Flow. Part I: Subsonic Flow

The mixing and flowfield of a complex geometry, similar to a rearward-facing step flow but with injection, is studied. A subsonic top-stream is expanded over a perforated ramp at an angle of 30°, through which a secondary stream is injected. The mass flux of the second stream is chosen to be insufficient to provide the entrainment requirements of the shear layer, which, as a consequence, attaches to the lower guidewall. Part of the flow is directed upstream forming a re-entrant jet within the recirculation zone that enhances mixing and flameholding. A control-volume model of the flow is found to be in good agreement with the variation of the overall pressure coefficient of the device with variable mass injection. The flowfield response to changing levels of heat release is also quantified. While increased heat release acts somewhat analogously to increased mass injection, fundamental differences in the flow behaviour are observed. The hypergolic hydrogen-fluorine chemical reaction employed allows the level of molecular mixing in the flow to be inferred. The amount of mixing is found to be higher in the expansion-ramp geometry than in classical free-shear layers. As in free-shear layers, the level of mixing is found to decrease with increasing top-stream velocity. Results for a similar configuration with supersonic flow in the top stream are reported in Part II of this two-part series.     

Combined heat and mass transfer by mixed convection MHD flow along a porous plate with chemical reaction in presence of heat source

An exact and a numerical solutions to the problem of a steady mixed convective MHD flow of an incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate with combined heat and mass transfer are presented.A uniform magnetic field is assumed to be applied transversely to the direction of the flow with the consideration of the induced magnetic field with viscous and magnetic dissipations of energy.The porous plate is subjected to a constant suction velocity as well as a uniform mixed stream velocity.The governing equations are solved by the perturbation technique and a numerical method.The analytical expressions for the velocity field,the temperature field,the induced magnetic field,the skin-friction,and the rate of heat transfer at the plate are obtained.The numerical results are demonstrated graphically for various values of the parameters involved in the problem.The effects of the Hartmann number,the chemical reaction parameter,the magnetic Prandtl number,and the other parameters involved in the velocity field,the temperature field,the concentration field,and the induced magnetic field from the plate to the fluid are discussed.An increase in the heat source/sink or the Eckert number is found to strongly enhance the fluid velocity values.The induced magnetic field along the x-direction increases with the increase in the Hartmann number,the magnetic Prandtl number,the heat source/sink,and the viscous dissipation.It is found that the flow velocity,the fluid temperature,and the induced magnetic field decrease with the increase in the destructive chemical reaction.Applications of the study arise in the thermal plasma reactor modelling,the electromagnetic induction,the magnetohydrodynamic transport phenomena in chromatographic systems,and the magnetic field control of materials processing.     

Simulation of gas absorption into string-of-beads liquid flow with chemical reaction

This study is an attempt to investigate the chemical absorption of CO₂ in aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) solution in a wetted-wire column consisting of one wire. Computational fluid dynamics method along with volume of fluid model was employed for modeling of two-phase flow, mass transfer and chemical reaction inside the column. The modeling results were compared with available experimental data and very good agreement was achieved. The simulation results showed that the diameter and intervals of liquid beads increases by increasing the gas and liquid flow rates. The beads velocity increases by increasing the liquid flow rate and decreasing mass fraction of MEA in the liquid phase. Also, mass transfer resistance in the liquid phase reduces by formation of the beads. It was concluded that the developed model is capable to predict the effect of operating and physical parameters on the investigated chemical absorption process.     

Similar solutions of stretching flow with mass transfer

This study describes the influence of mass transfer on the steady two‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of a Jeffery fluid bounded by a stretching sheet. A uniform magnetic field in the presence of chemical reaction is applied. The arising nonlinear partial differential equations are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by similarity variables. Similar solutions of velocity and concentration fields are derived by a homotopy analysis method. The values of surface mass transfer and gradient of mass transfer are also tabulated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.