弹体对超高性能混凝土侵彻深度的研究

为了评估超高性能混凝土（UHPC）的抗侵彻性能,对UHPC靶板进行了侵彻试验与数值模拟。首先,利用Φ35 mm火炮对抗压强度为160 MPa的UHPC靶板开展了216～345 m/s速度下的弹体侵彻试验,结果表明：随着弹体速度的增加,侵彻深度与开坑直径皆有明显增加。随后在数值模拟过程中,确立了UHPC的RHT材料模型参数,为了验证材料模型的有效性,采用单轴压缩与霍普金森压杆试验结果对三维有限元模型进行了验证,模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好,表明参数选取科学合理。最后,对弹体侵彻UHPC的过程进行数值模拟,参数化分析了UHPC抗压强度、弹体质量、侵彻速度、弹径、弹头形状对UHPC侵彻深度的影响,并据此推导出弹体对UHPC侵彻深度计算公式。     

弹体高速侵彻效率的实验和量纲分析

为了研究高速侵彻时弹体撞击速度、材料强度等对质量侵蚀特性和侵彻效率的影响规律,开展了不同材料强度和长径比的弹体高速侵彻半无限厚素混凝土靶实验,弹体撞击速度为880~1 900 m/s,弹头形状为尖卵型(半径口径比为3),口径为30 mm。由实验发现:弹体撞击速度对侵彻效率的影响呈抛物线分布,最大侵彻效率时的弹体特征撞击速度约1 400 m/s;高速侵彻时弹体的质量侵蚀主要发生在卵形头部,弹身及尾部损伤极少;速度超过特征撞击速度时,弹体侵蚀严重,甚至弯曲变形或解体;弹体强度提高至约2倍时,质量侵蚀率降低约80%。基于实验,利用量纲分析原则建立了量纲一侵彻效率和量纲一弹体撞击速度的函数关系式,可估算出最大侵彻效率对应的弹体撞靶速度,为高速侵彻效应模拟实验提供理论指导。     

大质量高速动能弹侵彻钢筋混凝土的实验研究

设计了弹头形状和弹体结构合理的金属侵彻弹体,利用口径为320 mm的平衡炮,采用次口径加载技术,将直径为136 mm、长度为680 mm、质量为52 kg的金属侵彻体加速到1300 m/s,去侵彻尺寸为3 m3 m6 m的钢筋混凝土靶。实验结果表明:次口径弹托与弹丸完全分离,弹体飞行姿态稳定,飞行攻角小于2,弹体侵彻6 厚的钢筋混凝土后剩余速度约为260 m/s。实验后回收的金属弹体结构完整,仅弹体头部存在一定塑性变形,弹体质量损失约1.2%,长度缩短约0.7%,弹靶作用过程的侵蚀现象不明显。     

某9 mm手枪弹侵彻MDF的弹道特性

为探究某9 mm手枪弹侵彻木质靶板的弹道特性,以中密度板（medium density fiberboard, MDF）为研究对象进行了弹道侵彻试验,通过减装药和角度可调节靶架获得了不同速度和弹着角下弹头的剩余速度和侵彻深度等关键信息;通过Poncelet阻力模型对试验结果进行了分析,并得出侵彻深度与侵彻速度之间的关系式;建立了手枪弹侵彻MDF的数值计算模型,对不同速度和不同弹着角的弹头偏转行为进行了研究,并得到了临界跳飞角度与着靶速度之间的函数关系。结果表明,弹头正侵彻25 mm厚度的MDF时,能量损失量与入射速度具有线性相关性;弹头侵入MDF时均会产生负方向偏转,弹头速度降低或者弹着角减小均会使负方向偏转角度增大,当弹头低速穿透MDF或者弹着角小于45°时,弹头侵彻MDF过程中会产生较大角度偏转,在射出MDF时出现弹道转正现象。     

弹体高速侵彻钢筋混凝土靶试验研究

为研究结构弹体对钢筋混凝土靶的高速侵彻破坏效应,利用口径35 mm弹道炮开展了1 030～1 520 m/s速度范围内的高速侵彻试验,获得了弹体的撞击速度、破坏形态、剩余长度、剩余质量和靶体中的侵彻深度及成坑尺寸等试验数据,分析了侵彻深度和侵彻机理随速度的变化关系。结果表明:在1 030～1 390 m/s的速度范围内,弹体头部磨蚀,磨蚀程度随侵彻速度增加而加剧,侵彻深度随撞击速度近似线性增大;撞击速度在1 390～1 480 m/s范围内,弹体头部严重磨蚀,侵彻深度随撞击速度增加而减小;撞击速度大于1 480 m/s后,弹体严重破碎,侵彻深度急剧下降。针对结构弹体高速侵彻过程中的破坏特点,将侵彻速度划分为刚体侵彻区、准刚体侵彻区、侵蚀体侵彻区和破碎体侵彻区,可为钻地弹结构设计提供参考。     

椭圆截面弹体斜侵彻金属靶体弹道研究

为研究椭圆截面弹体对半无限金属靶体的侵彻弹道规律,基于14.5 mm弹道枪平台,开展了椭圆截面弹体在0°～20°倾角、850～950 m/s撞击速度下对2A12铝合金的斜侵彻试验。基于空腔膨胀理论及局部相互作用模型,建立了椭圆截面弹体侵彻弹道模型,并结合试验数据验证了模型的准确性。在此基础上,进一步分析了椭圆截面弹体长短轴之比、绕弹轴旋转角度、弹体撞击速度对侵彻弹道的影响规律。弹体长短轴之比为1.0时,弹体退化为尖卵形圆截面弹体,且椭圆截面弹体侵彻弹道稳定性随长短轴之比的增大而变弱,最优长短轴之比为1.0,即尖卵形圆截面弹体。椭圆截面弹体绕弹轴旋转一定角度后,侵彻弹道在平面曲线与空间曲线之间变化,当旋转角度为0°、90°时,侵彻弹道为二维平面弹道,当旋转角度在0°～90°之间时,侵彻弹道为三维空间弹道。当弹体撞击速度由800 m/s提升至1000 m/s时,椭圆截面弹体姿态角增量由18.6°降至17.8°。     

弹体高速侵彻混凝土质量侵蚀实验研究

为研究弹体高速侵彻混凝土过程中质量侵蚀规律及特性,开展了一系列实验研究,进行了不同速度(800～1500m/s)侵彻不同强度(C30～C80)混凝土试验,根据试验结果拟合出了既定材料弹体质量侵蚀同侵彻速度之间的对应关系。试验结果还表明:(1)对于该种材料弹体,当侵彻速度小于1200m/s时,弹体侵蚀量不仅同Vs2(动能)呈线性关系,也随混凝土强度的提高而增加;(2)对于材料为60Si2Mn的弹体,其理想侵彻速度为1100m/s～1200m/s之间;高于该速度,质量侵蚀严重,弹体侵彻能力急剧下降;(3)弹体质量侵蚀主要发生在头部,当侵彻速度较低时,磨损是导致弹体质量损失的主要因素;当侵彻速度逐步提高,超过某临界值时,熔融和磨损是导致弹体质量损失主导因素。     

基于正交设计方法的双锥罩结构优化设计

设计了一种双锥药型罩,借助数值模拟和实验手段研究其成形及侵彻机理,利用正交设计方法研 究不同结构的射流成形性能。结果显示:该双锥罩在爆轰波作用下形成高速射流、翻转弹丸和杵体;小锥角 2 显著影响射流头部速度;罩厚t及大锥角2 高度显著性影响弹丸速度;最佳设计参数为:t=0.14cm、2= 50、2=135、小锥角与大锥角罩口直径比N =0.4或0.5,其射流速度分别为6613、6839m/s,弹丸速度分 别为2247、2095m/s,侵彻钢靶深度分别为8.24、8.31cm,开口孔径分别为2.12、2.08cm。最终优化的双 锥罩结构合理,既保证了射流速度,又大大提高了弹丸速度,射流和弹丸先后侵彻目标,达到双重毁伤的目的; 在低密度装药和小炸高条件下侵彻效果较理想。     

考虑摩擦因数变化的弹体高速侵彻混凝土质量侵蚀模型研究

弹体在高速侵彻混凝土介质时,由于弹靶之间强烈的局部作用,导致弹体发生质量损失和弹头钝化。为进一步探究弹体高速侵彻混凝土靶质量侵蚀效应及其影响因素,基于热熔化机制及变摩擦因数模型,考虑弹体侵彻过程中头部形状变化,修正了弹体高速侵彻混凝土质量侵蚀模型。为验证模型的可靠性,基于30 mm弹道炮平台,开展了卵形弹体高速(700～1 000 m/s)侵彻典型混凝土靶体实验,获得了弹体高速侵彻质量侵蚀结果。结合理论模型对本文实验及文献实验数据进行了对比分析计算,验证了本文修正模型的可靠性。结果表明:弹体侵彻过程中,滑动摩擦项占总摩擦力的10%～40%,它对弹体侵彻过程的影响不能被忽略;考虑摩擦因数变化的质量侵蚀模型预测结果与已有实验数据吻合得较好;与本文实验数据的最大误差不超过7%,能较准确地预测不同工况下弹体的质量损失。     

卵形弹体侵彻预开孔靶理论分析

以破爆型串联战斗部后级随进弹对预开孔靶侵彻过程为研究对象,基于锥形预开孔和库仑摩擦模型,发展完善了包括扩孔/开坑和稳定侵彻的卵形弹体侵彻预开孔靶理论模型。分别对该模型在侵彻脆性和弹塑性靶体的有效性进行了实验验证。利用该模型分析了弹头曲径比、预开孔直径、预开孔形状等对侵彻结果的影响。研究结果表明:发展完善的模型计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。柱形开孔情况下,侵彻速度、弹头曲径比及相对孔径同侵彻深度呈正比;在侵彻容积相同的条件下,弹体侵彻预开锥孔的侵深结果与锥角及相对入孔孔径变化关系较大。     

Simulation on projectile with high rotating speed penetrating into the moving vehicular door

The numerical program LS-DYNA, is used to simulate the process of the projectile with high rotating speed penetrating into the moving vehicular door. Because of the moving of the vehicular door, the projectile will turn, and the ballistic trajectory will migrate. The paper provides a method to calculate the projectile’s angle of turning’s curve. In the process of the penetration, the projectile’s moving speed is 300 m/s, rotating speed is 0, 3600 n/s and 6370 n/s. The vehicular door’s moving speed is 0, 40 m/s and 80 m/s. The projectile is the semi-sphere nose projectile whose diameter is 7.62 mm; the vehicular door’s thickness is 2 mm. The material model is the JOHN-COOK material model that can characterize strain, strain rate hardening and thermal softening effects. Through comparing with the results by simulation to study the effects of the projectile’s final velocity, the angle of rotation and the ballistic trajectory’s migration with different projectile’s rotating speeds and the vehicular door’s moving speeds.     

High rotating speed projectile penetrating into moving vehicle door at different incident angle

This paper uses the numerical simulation LS-DYNA, to simulate the process of the projectile with high rotating speed and different penetration angles penetrating into the moving vehicular door. Because of the moving of the vehicular door, the projectile will turn, and the ballistic trajectory will migrate. At the same time, the projectile will deflect from the vehicular door because of the projectile’s penetration angles. In the process of the penetration, the projectile’s moving speed is 300 m/s; rotating speed is 0 and 6370 r/s. The vehicular door’s moving speed is 80 m/s. The penetration angle is 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°. The projectile is the semi-sphere nose projectile whose diameter is 7.62 mm; the vehicular door’s thickness is 2 mm. The material model is the JOHN-COOK material model that can characterize strain, strain rate hardening and thermal softening effects. Through comparing with the results by simulation to study the effects of the projectile’s final velocity, the angle of rotation, the ballistic trajectory’s migration and the projectile’s deflection with different projectile’s rotating speeds and penetration angles.     

Resonant and Stationary Waves in Rotating Disks

The analytical conditions for resonant and stationary waves inrotating disks are presented. These conditions are derived from anonlinear plate theory pertaining to initial configurations and areapplicable to rotating disks with initial waviness and/or undergoinglarge-amplitude displacements. The rotational speeds at which theresonant and stationary waves occur for a 3.5-inch diameter computermemory disk are computed. The resonant waves for linear and nonlinear,rotating disks are simulated numerically. It is found that some diskmodes exhibit a hardening effect under which the rotational speeds forthe resonant and stationary waves increase with increasing waveamplitude, while other modes experience a softening effect with thoserotational speeds decreasing with increasing wave amplitude. Therotating-disk resonant spectrum presented in this paper is relevant tothe disk drive industry for determining the range of operationalrotation speed.     

圆柱形钨破片撞击铝靶时的跳飞临界角

采用理论计算、数值模拟与实验相结合的方法,研究了直径5.7 mm、长6.7 mm的圆柱形破片以800~1 200 m/s的速度撞击2~10 mm厚铝靶时的跳飞特性。建立了破片斜侵彻有限厚靶板的跳飞临界角理论模型,计算得到破片跳飞临界角与破片入射速度、靶板厚度的关系,并与模拟值、实验值对比,三者吻合较好。结果表明:破片撞靶速度相同时,随着靶板厚度的增加,破片的跳飞临界角减小。靶板厚度相同的情况下,在所计算的速度范围内,入射速度越大,破片跳飞临界角越大。速度在800~1 200 m/s时,破片撞击2 mm厚靶板的跳飞临界角为81°~81.25°;撞击4 mm厚靶板的跳飞临界角为72.5°~76.25°。     

Analysis of failure modes in an impact loaded thermoviscoplastic prenotched plate

Kalthoff observed experimentally that the failure mode in a prenotched maraging steel plate impact loaded on the notched side changes from brittle to ductile with an increase in the impact speed. Here we numerically investigate the effect on the failure mode transition speed of the shape of the notch-tip and the presence of a hole ahead of a circular notch-tip. The shape of the notch-tip is varied by changing the ratio, a/b, of the principal axes of an elliptic notch. For a circular notch-tip, we also investigate the effect, on the failure mode transition speed, of the presence of a circular void ahead of the notch-tip and situated either on or away from the axis of the notch. The Bodner–Partom thermoviscoplastic relation is used to model the strain hardening, strain-rate hardening and thermal softening response of the material of the plate. The transient plane strain thermomechanical deformations of the plate are analyzed by the finite element method. It is found that for a/b=2.0 and 10.0, the brittle failure preceded the ductile failure for the six impact speeds studied herein, and for a/b=0.4 and 1.0, the failure mode transitioned from the brittle to the ductile with an increase in the impact speed. The presence of a circular void ahead of the circular notch-tip shifts towards the axis of the notch the point on the the notch-tip surface where a shear band initiates.     

航行气垫船激励浮冰响应的模型实验研究

基于弹性薄板振动微分方程和相似理论,建立了气垫船在浮冰上运动的原型系统与模型系统参数之间的相似对应关系. 导出了浮冰层自由振动波形传播的相速度和群速度计算公式,明确了相速度的极小值和浅水波传播速度即为气垫船的第一、第二临界速度. 根据研制的高精度非接触式激光位移测量系统,在变水深拖曳水槽中, 开展了不同速度移动气垫载荷激励薄膜变形响应的系列实验,证实了存在使薄膜变形达到最大的移动气垫载荷临界速度. 第一临界速度使气垫载荷之后的薄膜产生最大的下陷变形,第二临界速度使气垫载荷之前的薄膜产生最大的上凸变形. 通过实验结果进一步分析了气垫速度、高度、压力及水深等参数对薄膜变形和临界速度的影响,揭示了移动气垫载荷激励薄膜变形响应的聚能共振增幅机理,为利用气垫船实施有效破冰提供了依据.      

Heat transfer augmentation between impinging circular air jet and flat plate using finned surfaces and vortex generators

An experimental investigation is performed to study the effect of the finned surfaces and surfaces with vortex generators on the local heat transfer coefficient between impinging circular air jet and flat plate. Reynolds number is varied between 7000 and 30,000 based on the nozzle exit condition and jet to plate spacing between 0.5 and 6 nozzle diameters. Thermal infrared imaging technique is used for the measurement of local temperature distribution on the flat plate. Fins used are in the form of cubes of 2 mm size spaced at a pitch of 5 mm on the target plate and hexagonal prism of side 2.04 mm and height of 2 mm spaced at a pitch of 7.5 mm. Vortex generators in the form of a equilateral triangle of side 4 mm are used. Effect of number of rows of vortex generators, radius of a row, number of vortex generators in a row and inclination angle (i.e., the angle between the plane of the target plate and the plane of the vortex generators) on Nusselt number is studied. It is observed that the heat transfer coefficient between the impinging jet and the target plate is sensitive to the shape of the fin. The increase in the heat transfer coefficient up to 77% depending on the shape of the fin, nozzle plate spacing and the Reynolds number is observed. The augmentation in the heat transfer for the surfaces vortex generators are higher than that of the finned surfaces. The heat transfer augmentation in case of vortex generator is as high as 110% for a single row of six vortex generators at a radius of 1 nozzle diameter as compared to the smooth surface at a given nozzle plate spacing of 1 nozzle diameter and a Reynolds number of 25,000 at extreme radial location.     

Improvement of tribological properties of co-acting elements by oil pockets creation on sliding surfaces

Sliding experiments were carried out using a block-on-ring friction machine. The tribosystem consists of the stationary block (counter-specimen) pressed at the required load P against the ring (specimen) rotating at the defined speed. The sliding was unidirectional. The block was a part of a bearing sleeve hardened EN-GJS 400-15 cast iron with a hardness value of 50 HRC. The ring samples, 35 mm in diameter, were made from hardened 42CrMo4 steel of hardness 32 HRC. Some variants of specimen surfaces were created by burnishing technique. Two kinds of experiments were done. Seizure tests were conducted at increasing pressure for sliding speeds in the range: 0.27–0.55 m/s. Wear resistance test was carried out under artificially increased dustiness conditions, too. It was found that surface texturing improved seizure resistance for the smallest sliding speed (0.27 m/s) comparing to untextured ground samples. The wear of steel rings with spherical dimples was smaller than of those having dimples of long drop shape for the pit-area ratio range of 7.5–20%.     

飞机加强蒙皮在12.7 mm弹丸撞击下的变形与破坏

为了研究飞机蒙皮在12.7 mm标准机枪弹丸射击下的损伤,对3 mm厚LY-12 CZ材料的单蒙皮及其加筋板进行了模拟弹击试验。通过试验研究,建立了一个由高速气炮、弹体与弹托分离机构、连续位移激光测速装置和弹丸回收装置组成的系统并被有效地用于弹丸正撞击试验。通过对四边固支的3 mm厚蒙皮用12.7 mm直径弹丸进行速度约60~300 m/s的正撞击试验,结果表明,靶板从微小损伤到完全击穿;弹击造成的变形区有效直径随弹丸速度的增大呈幂指数趋势下降;弹击引起的变形深度随弹丸撞击速度的增加呈直线下降;靶板上的应变随弹丸速度的增加逐渐降低。弹丸剩余速度随弹丸撞击速度的增加呈直线上升。最后利用DYNA3D程序对单蒙皮及其加筋板进行了弹击数值模拟,模拟结果与弹击试验结果较吻合。     

Analysis of dynamic growth of a tensile crack in an elastic-plastic material

The influence of inertia on the stress and deformation fields near the tip of a crack growing in an elastic-plastic material is studied. The material is characterized by the von Mises yield criterion and J₂ flow theory of plasticity. The crack grows steadily under plane strain conditions in the tensile opening mode. Features of the stress and deformation state at points near the moving crack tip are described for elastic-perfectly plastic response and for several crack propagation speeds. It is found that inertia has a significant effect on the elastic-plastic response of material particles near the crack tip, and that elastic unloading may occur behind the crack tip for higher speeds. The relationship between the applied crack driving force, represented by a remote stress intensity factor, and the crack tip speed is examined on the basis of a critical crack tip opening angle growth criterion. The calculated result is compared with dynamic fracture toughness versus crack speed data for a 4340 steel.