泡沫金属在冲击载荷下的动态压缩行为

基于微CT扫描影像信息,建立泡沫金属材料二维细观有限元模型,考虑不规则胞孔的不均匀分布,根据实验结果拟合孔壁材料的弹塑性本构参数。研究了泡沫金属在不同加载速度下的压缩变形机理,重点讨论泡沫金属中弹塑性波的传播、惯性效应和从冲击端传递到静止端的应力变化特征。对于相对密度为0.3的泡沫铝,弹性波速约为5 km/s,与孔壁材料的弹性波速相当,塑性波速表现为随着加载速度的增大而增大。在加载速度为50~100 m/s间变形模式从准静态模式转变为动态模式,未发现明显的临界速度,动态锁死应变随着加载速度的增大而增大。由于塑性波发生反射,试件会发生二次压缩过程,相应地,静止端产生二次应力平台。受惯性作用的影响,二次应力平台也随着加载速度的增大而提高。     

泡沫铝夹芯板动态抗侵彻性能的实验研究

本文研究了铝板-泡沫铝夹芯板的抗侵彻性能.设计了铝板-泡沫铝夹芯复合材料板,采用SHPB设备,测试了不同子弹冲击速度下纯铝板和泡沫铝夹芯板的动态响应,并研究了其破坏形态.结果表明应力波在纯铝板中的传播与在铝板-泡沫铝夹芯板中的传播有很大差异,由于泡沫铝的粘性效应使应力波在传播过程中有明显的波幅衰减现象.实验结果表明,铝板-泡沫铝夹芯板相对于纯铝板具有不同的破坏形态.由于铝板-泡沫铝夹芯板的特殊结构和性能,使其具有良好的抗侵彻性能.     

黄土和砂土岩中填实爆炸辐射弹性波的对比研究

研究地下爆炸弹性区的震动特性,关键是获得场地介质与爆炸能量耦合作用下辐射弹性波的实验参数。对于不易加工成大尺寸模型的砂土岩,为研究其填实爆炸下辐射弹性波的特征,采用0.125 g TNT微型炸药球作为爆炸源,以塑性区可置换的?1 370 mm×1 200 mm黄土样品作为提供应力波传播路径的载体,用波阻抗近似相等的重塑黄土和砂土岩样品分别作为源区介质,对比分析了两种介质中微药量填实爆炸辐射的弹性波传播特征。实验结果表明:在测试范围内,两种介质中填实爆炸激发的弹性应力波粒子速度(位移)峰值的衰减规律、波形的主频变化规律一致;砂土岩中爆炸辐射的弹性波粒子速度(位移)峰值整体高于黄土、粒子速度波形的半高宽和主频低于黄土;砂土岩中爆炸耦合的向外传播的弹性波能量比黄土大。实测结果反映,黄土和砂土岩中填实爆炸弹性波能量耦合强度的差别。     

实现材料高应变率拉伸加载的爆炸膨胀环技术

设计了新型的爆炸膨胀环实验加载装置,加载装置中采用爆炸丝线起爆方式,避免了传统装置中对碰爆轰波加载时的应力不均匀性。利用新型的爆炸膨胀环实验技术研究了无氧铜材料的动态性能,利用激光位移干涉仪测量了试样环的径向速度历史,处理数据获得了无氧铜材料的流动应力-塑性应变-应变率的关系,为进一步利用爆炸膨胀环实验技术研究材料在高应变率拉伸加载时的本构关系奠定了基础。     

反射型云纹法在岩石爆破机理研究中的应用

利用反射型动态云纹实验方法，对爆炸载荷作用下岩石平板试件中应力波传播及裂纹动态扩展进行研究，给出了高速转镜相机记录到的岩石平板爆炸加载实验时的动态云纹图。根据动态云纹图分析了炸药爆炸产生的应变场，并对裂纹的形成及其扩展速度的变化趋势进行了讨论。     

爆炸/冲击动力学学习研究中的若干疑惑

在爆炸/冲击动力学的学习研究过程中,“疑惑”是创新的前奏。本文中,与大家分享了我所经历的若干实例,包括:静力学平衡条件可以用于波传播分析吗？满足屈服条件（σ_eff=Y）就一定进入塑性了吗？ZWT方程的黏弹性松弛时间θ₁和θ₂为什么互相无关？有质量就有惯性吗？材料动态本构响应要考虑惯性效应吗？层裂是材料动态响应问题还是结构动态响应？塑性铰分析与波传播分析有相通的内在联系吗？     

梯度蜂窝夹芯板在爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应

利用弹道冲击摆锤系统对分层梯度蜂窝夹芯板在爆炸荷载下的动力响应进行了实验研究,分析了梯度蜂窝夹芯板在爆炸荷载作用下的变形失效模式,并与传统非梯度蜂窝夹芯板的抗爆性能做了对比。通过一维应力波理论,分析了应力波在梯度芯层中的传播规律。应力波透射系数在梯度试件中比非梯度芯层中小,而且相对密度递减的芯层组合有最小的应力波透射系数。综合考虑结构变形失效模式,后面板挠度,芯层压缩量以及应力波传播特点得到:分层梯度蜂窝夹芯板的抗爆性能明显优于传统的非梯度夹芯板,在所研究的荷载范围内,芯层相对密度从大到小排列试件的抗爆性能相对较好。     

爆炸应力场的动态云纹-光弹分析

作者首次成功地完成了爆炸加载的动态云纹-光弹混合试验,并借助于国产多火花式动态光弹性仪获得了一次爆炸加载下双折射材料中与应力波相应的云纹条纹和光弹条纹。根据云纹-光弹条纹分析了炸药爆炸产生的应力场,获得了应力场各分量随径向距离分布的规律,为定量研究爆炸应力波传播和衰减规律开创了一项新的实验技术,提供了理论分析依据。     

PVDF压电薄膜用于Hopkinson压杆测量泡沫金属的动态性能

首先对PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride)压电薄膜在不同温度不同压力作用下的响应进行了系统的试验研究。然后在Hopkinson压杆系统的透射杆之间夹上PVDF压电薄膜,对其动态响应进行了检验。最后应用这个镶嵌PVDF压电薄膜的Hopkinson压杆系统,测试了泡沫铜材料在不同应变率下的应力应变关系。结果表明:(1)PVDF压电薄膜的压电常数D33是随温度和压力而变,实际应用时应对其进行标定;(2)PVDF压电薄膜可有效的用于Hopkinson压杆系统来测试低强度泡沫材料或低阻抗材料的动态响应;(3)当应变率小于0.1/s时,泡沫铜的塑性流动应力对应变率不敏感,在约400/s到5000/s应变率范围,应变小于40%下泡沫铜对应变率也不敏感。但当应变大于约20%,应变率高于400/s时,与低应变率下的值比较,塑性流动应力的应变率敏感性增加。     

爆炸载荷下板条边界斜裂纹的动态扩展行为

为了研究爆炸应力波作用下板条边界斜裂纹的动态扩展行为,首先分析了爆炸应力波在含边界斜裂纹板条中的传播,其次采用动态焦散线实验方法,进行了爆炸载荷下板条边界斜裂纹扩展规律的实验研究.研究结果表明,爆炸应力波作用下,板条试件边界斜裂纹的扩展过程中,裂纹扩展速度、扩展加速度和裂尖动态应力强度因子随时间波动变化,扩展速度最大值...     

PVDF压电薄膜在应力波测量中的应用

综合介绍了PVDF压力传感器的测试原理、动态标定实验，并采用定制的PVDF压力传感器测量了不同类型分层介质在冲击载荷作用下的压力衰减，说明了PVDF压力传感器在压力测量中有着很好的前景．     

Mechanism of shear attenuation near the interface under combined compression and shear impact loading

We investigate the compressional/shear coupling plastic wave propagation characteristics analytically for ideal elastic–plastic materials in both stress and particle velocity spaces, focusing on the shear wave attenuation near the interface occurring in pressure–shear plate impact experiments. The results show that the shear attenuation is strongly associated with the wave propagation characteristics of the coupling waves. In the stress space, as the shear stress increases, an adjustment of the stress components is observed and the final stress state along the wave path is a combined pure shear- and hydrostatic pressure-state. In the particle velocity space, the wave structures with different loading and maximal transverse particle velocity are obtained. The maximal transverse particle velocity varies with the longitudinal velocity and forms a boundary line. Once the loading transverse velocity exceeds this line, a transverse particle velocity discontinuity occurs at the impact interface. If the bonding strength is sufficiently high, there will be a shear band in the target in the extreme vicinity of the interface.     

应力波载荷作用下线弹性断裂过程的动态分析方法研究

利用Hopkinson单压杆实验装置 ,对材料的线弹性动态断裂特性进行了研究 ,建立了应力波载荷作用下动态裂纹起裂及扩展过程的动态分析方法 ,采用该方法可同时测得材料的动态裂纹起裂时间、断裂韧性和裂纹扩展速度。40Cr钢三点弯曲试样的实验结果表明 :该钢的动态裂纹扩展过程主要是减速过程 ,在2 2 5TPam /s的加载速率下 ,起裂时间为 2 8 0 0 s,最大裂纹扩展速度为 478 91m/s ,动态断裂韧性为6 3 12MPam。     

Stress wave experiments in plasticity

Plastic wave experiments are reviewed, beginning with the earliest experiments of Bell on the propagation of incremental waves in prestressed bars. Attention is directed to experiments in which the plastic wave profile at different distances of propagation is used to infer information on the dynamic plastic response of the material in which the wave is propagating. Plastic waves in bars, tubes, and plates are considered. Principal results are reviewed on such primary physical features as the velocity of propagation of incremental waves, the dynamic elastic limit, the wave profiles of finite amplitude waves, and the effects of nonproportional loading. Objectives for future research are suggested.     

坚硬岩石在强冲击荷载作用近区的性状研究

根据坚硬岩石的性质,利用力学模型分析了在冲击荷载作用下的岩石破坏过程,经由弹性状态向内摩擦状态的转变,最终达到流体力学状态。通过对内摩擦状态的分析,认为在强冲击荷载区域的变形近似为一维变形状态。冲击荷载作用在岩石中产生的应力波可以看作类似于冲击波的短波,在波阵面附近的某个狭窄区域内将发生参数的急剧变化。根据近区变形状态与质量守恒导出了侵彻近区的速度场表达式。根据短波的研究,给出了近区应力波的衰减规律。     

PVDF应力测量技术及在混凝土冲击实验中的应用

介绍了使用PVDF(polyvinylidene fluoride,聚偏二氟乙烯)应力计的应力直接测量技术。在SHPB装置上进行自制PVDF应力计动态压电系数的标定实验,分析了应力集中、横向泊松效应、摩擦效应对PVDF应力计信号及动态压电系数的影响。用PVDF应力计进行了混凝土的冲击压缩实验。利用混凝土前后端面PVDF应力计信号分析了实验过程中混凝土试样的应力均匀性。与应变计直测应变技术相结合得到了混凝土的动态应力-应变关系。     

Several phenomena in structural impact and structural crashworthiness

This article discusses the dynamic plastic instability of various basic structural members, subjected to large axial impact loads, which is relevant to the fields of structural impact and structural crashworthiness. In particular, studies on the dynamic axial response of idealised elastic–plastic models, rods, cylindrical shells and square tubes, is discussed in some detail. The analyses for some of the rods, shells and tubes retain the simultaneous influence of elastic and plastic stress waves (axial inertia) and the structural response (lateral inertia). The predictions reveal the profound influence of stress wave propagation phenomena which explain the characteristics of many of the experimental results obtained in laboratories over the years. These more complete analyses are vital for the higher velocity impact scenarios encountered increasingly in designs and for comparing properly the relative merits of different ductile materials in potential energy absorbing systems.     

On the energy conservation and critical velocities for the propagation of a ＂steady-shock＂ wave in a bar made of cellular material

The propagation of shock waves in a cellular bar is systematically studied in the framework of continuum solids by adopting two idealized material models, viz. the dynamic rigid, perfectly plastic, locking （D-R-PP-L） model and the dynamic rigid, linear hardening plastic, locking （D-R-LHP-L） model, both considering the effects of strain-rate on the material properties. The shock wave speed relevant to these two models is derived. Consider the case of a bar made of one of such material with initial length L 0 and initial velocity v i impinging onto a rigid target. The variations of the stress, strain, particle velocity, specific internal energy across the shock wave and the cease distance of shock wave are all determined analytically. In particular the ＂energy conservation condition＂ and the ＂kinematic existence condition＂ as proposed by Tan et al. （2005） is re-examined, showing that the ＂energy conservation condition＂ and the consequent ＂critical velocity＂, i.e. the shock can only be generated and sustained in R-PP-L bars when the impact velocity is above this critical velocity, is incorrect. Instead, with elastic deformation, strain-hardening and strain-rate sensitivity of the cellular materials being considered, it is appropriate to redefine a first and a second critical impact velocity for the existence and propagation of shock waves in cellular solids. Starting from the basic relations for shock wave propagating in D-R-LHP-L cellular materials, a new method for inversely determining the dynamic stress-strain curve for cellular materials is proposed. By using e.g. a combination of Taylor bar and Hopkinson pressure bar impact experimental technique, the dynamic stress-strain curve of aluminum foam could bedetermined. Finally, it is demonstrated that this new formulation of shock theory in this one-dimensional stress state can be generalized to shocks in a one-dimensional strain state, i.e. for the case of plate impact on cellular materials, by simply making proper replacements of the elastic and plastic constants.     

A fully anisotropic single crystal model for high strain rate loading conditions with an application to α-RDX

In this paper, we develop a fully anisotropic, nonlinear, thermodynamically consistent model for single crystals under high rates of loading with thermodynamically consistent decoupling of the stress tensor into hydrostatic and deviatoric components. A new slip resistance model, which accounts for the main high-pressure mechanisms arising at the microscale including the effects of phonon drag, has been developed. When applied to α-RDX single crystals, the model is capable of predicting the salient elastic-plastic wave characteristics observed in gas gun experiments which include stress relaxation behind the elastic wave, elastic wave decay and increasing separation between the elastic and plastic waves with propagation. At lower pressures, slip activity is observed to occur over a longer period of time resulting in a distinct elastic plastic wave, which is missing at higher pressures.     

钙质砂介质中爆炸波传播规律的试验研究

开展了一系列钙质砂和石英砂的地面爆炸试验，主要对比分析了两种砂土介质中爆炸波的传播规律，包括峰值压力、弹塑性波速及升压时间、爆坑尺寸等。试验结果表明，爆炸波在钙质砂中的传播与在石英砂中存在较大差异：地面爆炸作用下钙质砂爆坑较石英砂爆坑的直径和深度更小，且成坑形状为两阶同心圆；钙质砂中弹性波速为236～300 m/s，石英砂中弹性波速为218～337 m/s，弹性波速和塑性波速均随炸药质量增加而增大；爆炸波在钙质砂中的升压时间随比例距离的增加而增加，而在石英砂中升压时间随比例距离变化不明显，且较钙质砂中升压更迅速；在地面爆炸作用下，低含水率钙质砂的衰减系数为2.86，石英砂为2.79。