超临界CO2直旋混合射流破岩特性的实验研究

超临界二氧化碳(CO₂)射流破岩既能降低岩石门限压力又能有效保护储层,直旋混合射流兼具直射流和旋转射流特点可提高破岩效率,基于此提出了超临界CO₂直旋混合射流的破岩方法。为了揭示超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩特性,设计加工出叶轮式直旋混合射流喷嘴,通过岩石定点冲击破碎实验对比了该射流与常规水射流的破岩效果,并研究了叶轮长度、叶轮中心孔直径、混合腔长度、喷射距离、射流压力等重要参数对超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩效果的影响。结果表明:相同实验条件下,该射流方法的平均破岩能力比常规水射流提高了42.9%;超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩易出现较大体积岩屑崩落现象;随着叶轮长度、混合腔长度、喷射距离的增大破岩效果均先增强后减弱,实验条件下上述参数存在最优范围值;叶轮中心孔直径的增大会导致岩石破碎孔深度增加、直径减小;随着射流压力的升高,超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩效果有着较为明显的提升。研究结果可为超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩方法的进一步研究提供实验依据。     

氮气射流抑制氢气喷射火的实验研究

为了探究抑制氢气喷射火的有效方法,并揭示氮气射流对氢气喷射火焰的影响规律,开展了一系列氮气作用下氢气喷射火实验。采用喷嘴直径为3mm、滞止压力为10atm的氮气射流,并改变氮气喷射高度和水平喷射距离,对氢气喷射火进行抑制。选择2种典型的氢喷射火,分别为喷嘴直径为3mm、滞止压力为0.1atm的过膨胀亚音速火焰和喷嘴直径为1mm、滞止压力为8atm的欠膨胀超音速火焰。实验结果表明,在氮气射流作用下火焰发生偏转,氢气喷射火长度衰减率随氮气喷射高度增大而减小。当氮气作用于火焰根部时,能有效地扑灭氢气喷射火。随氮气喷射距离增加,氢喷射火长度衰减率减小。另外,欠膨胀超音速氢气喷射火存在火焰抬升现象,氮气更易使喷射火熄灭,且在较大的水平喷射距离下仍能使火焰熄灭;过膨胀亚音速氢气喷射火由于抬升高度不明显,氮气射流灭火效果较差,仅能够在较小的水平喷射距离下使火焰熄灭。     

金属射流发散性理论分析及数值模拟

分析经典射流理论和相关文献,给出了在汇聚点坐标系中金属Cu对碰形成射流的汇聚射流区、无射流激波封锁区、无射流强度封锁区和形成发散射流区域。对金属超声速射流形成的发散性问题进行了理论分析,诠释了Walker基于实验提出射流发散理论,证明了金属射流超声速部分可形成发散射流也可形成汇聚射流,且超过1.23倍体声速的金属射流必定是发散的。最后,应用自编的欧拉计算程序MEPH对金属Cu以不同速度、倾角对碰射流形成过程进行数值模拟,得到了分叉射流、空洞射流和密实稀疏射流等的典型射流发散模式图像,印证了理论分析的结果。     

金属射流发散性理论分析及数值模拟

分析经典射流理论和相关文献,给出了在汇聚点坐标系中金属Cu对碰形成射流的汇聚射流区、无射流激波封锁区、无射流强度封锁区和形成发散射流区域。对金属超声速射流形成的发散性问题进行了理论分析,诠释了Walker基于实验提出射流发散理论,证明了金属射流超声速部分可形成发散射流也可形成汇聚射流,且超过1.23倍体声速的金属射流必定是发散的。最后,应用自编的欧拉计算程序MEPH对金属Cu以不同速度、倾角对碰射流形成过程进行数值模拟,得到了分叉射流、空洞射流和密实稀疏射流等的典型射流发散模式图像,印证了理论分析的结果。     

聚能射流形成数值模拟

基于网格自适应方法,ALE方法和SPH方法模拟了聚能射流形成过程.分析了射流头部速度随时间的变化关系,初始时刻位于药形罩不同位置的金属形成射流后的速度分布情况以及射流形成后沿射流方向射流整体速度分布情况.对比了三种方法用于模拟聚能射流形成问题的特点以及与实验的近似程度.数值模拟结果与射流形成过程与机理一致,可以体现射流形成特点,且SPH方法计算结果与实验数据最为接近.     

爆轰波波形与药型罩结构匹配对杆式射流成形的影响

为提高杆式射流对钢靶的侵彻能力,设计了一种偏心亚半球药型罩,通过爆轰波碰撞理论推导出药型罩压垮速度,并结合改进的PER理论建立了杆式射流成形的模型。分析了药型罩结构参数对爆轰波碰撞压力的影响规律,获得了等质量变壁厚药型罩射流质量及速度分布的变化规律。结果表明:马赫反射压力随偏心距的增大而增大,随外壁曲率半径的增大而减小,而正规斜反射压力与马赫反射压力变化规律相反,且马赫反射压力受药型罩结构影响较大;通过对比不同方案,罩顶与罩口部厚、中间薄形状药型罩形成的射流质量提高了29.5%,头部速度提高了21.3%,且速度梯度最大,相同炸高条件下侵彻深度提高了约2倍装药直径。针对优化结构进行了数值模拟和实验验证,通过对爆轰波波形与药型罩结构合理的匹配设计,使形成的杆式射流成形及侵彻性能得到显著提升。     

线型聚能装药的理论研究

本文提出了一端起爆的线型聚能装药射流形成的不定常理论模型。根据这一模型,当金属罩在爆轰波作用下的运动速度为已知时,则不论此速度是否是时间或初始位置的函数,都能得到射流形成时的速度,质量和位置等参数。 按照本文模型,Defourneaux.M.的定常射流形成定常模型是一个简单的特例。我们利用本文的模型对等厚度装药的情况进行了计算,并与实验结果比较,两者符合良好。同时计算结果表明,考虑射流形成的不定常因素,可以较好地解释射流头部的质量堆积和射流内部的反向速度梯度等实验现象。本文的模型可以为线型聚能切割索的设计提供较为准确的理论指导。     

阶跃信号电探针诊断爆轰加载下金属微喷现象

针对目前缺乏用于狭小测试空间复杂结构金属样品的微喷现象诊断技术的现状，探索使用阶跃信号电探针诊断爆轰加载下金属样品微喷现象的方法。设计阶跃信号电探针测试技术，开展仿真验证电探针在微喷物质导通下K+R_X模式的放电机理。在爆轰微喷实验中通过电探针信号观察到准连续状态微喷区及其存在的两种动作演化过程:阶梯放电曲线表征微喷物质随靠近后界面密度逐步增加，多次放电现象表征微喷物质从连续状态拉升变为离散状态。采用微射流模型描述准连续状态微喷区物质状态，通过电平曲线计算出被测物质等效电阻，再通过等效电阻计算微射流的等效尺寸，从而可描述准连续状态微喷区物质的密度。     

旋压药型罩的旋转补偿效应与旋压参数关系的研究

旋压药型罩具有旋转补偿效应，可以部分抵消由于弹丸旋转而引起的射流旋转。选择了与旋转补偿效应有密切关系的正弦偏离率和纵向进给率两个重要参数对紫铜罩进行了旋压实验。利用Ｘ射线衍射方法在不同正弦偏离率和进给率条件下对旋压试件所形成的择优取向进行了检测；给出了旋转补偿能力随两个参数变化的曲线；对药型罩旋压前后，以及不同旋压参数下的金相组织进行了比较。     

贫铀药型罩及其聚能射流

通过对贫铀药型罩的静破甲实验，研究了不同热处理工艺，不同的材料纯度对聚能射流质量的影响。指出合适的淬火工艺对细化晶粒，消除或缓解择优取向起着重要作用；杂质在退火过程中向晶界偏析，使射流在伸长过程中出现晶界脆性断裂是影响射流质量的重要原因。     

滑移爆轰驱动下飞板运动姿态的连续电阻测试法

飞板运动姿态的测定是爆炸焊接机理研究的基础,针对传统电测方法存在干扰因素多、易产生弯曲波等缺陷,设计了一种适用于野外大当量下爆炸焊接飞板姿态实验的连续电阻测试方法。研制了3种不同结构的梯形支架型连续电阻探针元件,利用有限元程序分析了探针的导通压力和响应时间,在此基础上,对3种探针实施了爆炸焊接实验,实验结果表明:金属丝网型探针元件具有最优的导通效果,各段测试曲线光滑无毛刺。以该探针数据计算获得了待测飞板的运动姿态曲线,并与Richter简化模型下的近似计算公式结果进行了对比,两者基本一致。所述测试方法实现了炸药爆速和飞板变形曲线的连续、可靠和快速测量,为滑移爆轰驱动问题、爆轰产物状态方程等的研究提供了测试方法补充。     

水中爆炸气泡与水底边界相互作用的水射流现象

应用开尔文冲量原理,分析了水中爆炸产生的气泡与水底边界相互作用产生水射流的主要影响因 素,开展了气泡与水平放置的钢板相互作用水射流现象的实验研究工作。通过改变炸药到钢板的距离,得到 不同爆距条件下,气泡与钢板相互作用形成水射流的动态过程图像和气泡2次脉动压力。理论分析和实验结 果均表明:随着爆距的减小,Bjerknes力迅速增加,气泡与水平放置钢板相互作用产生水射流的临界条件为爆 距小于气泡最大半径。水射流具有非常明显的方向性,对目标毁伤作用明显。     

射流对工业炸药的引爆及侵彻机制

本文用脉冲X光摄影技术及电探极-记录仪系统,对射流引爆及侵彻工业炸药的过程进行了观测,探讨了的流引爆及侵彻工业炸药的机制,给出了射流与工业炸药作用过程的物理图象。     

Numerical simulation of an impinging jet on a flat plate

Two-dimensional normal impinging jet flowfields, with or without an upper plate, were analysed by employing an implicit bidiagonal numerical method developed by Lavante and Thompkins Jr. The Jones–Launder K–? two-equation turbulent model was employed to study the turbulent effects of the impinging jet flowfield. The upper plate surface pressure, the ground plane pressure and other physical parameters of the momentum flowfield were calculated at various jet exit height and jet inlet Reynolds numbers. These results were compared with those of Beam and Warming's numerical method, Hsiao and Chuang, and others, along with experimental data. The potential core length of the impinging jet without an upper plate is longer than that of the free jet because of the effects of the ground plane, while the potential core length of the impinging jet with an upper plate is shorter than that of the free jet because of the effects of the upper plate. This phenomenon in the present analysis provides a fundamental numerical study of an impinging jet and a basis for further analysis of impinging jet flowfields on a variable angle plate.     

An experimental test of equations predicting the load bearing capacity of squeeze films of elastico-viscous liquid

A form of squeeze film apparatus was recently described in which the movement of one plate towards the other was simulated by the continuous volume generation of liquid over the plate area. The liquid exuded from a large number of holes in the lower plate surface and formed a “continous flow” version of squeeze film apparatus with no moving parts [1]. A later paper gave derivations of equations from which squeeze film load bearing capacity could be evaluated, taking into account viscous, inertial and normal stress effects in the liquid film [2].In order to find the total load in a squeeze film system, it was necessary to obtain the relationship between the first normal stress difference and shear rate for the liquid in use, using an experimental method. At high shear rates, the jet thrust method provided these data [3,4] and from them the load bearing capacity of squeeze films of hot, polymer-thickened oil were predicted [2].A more complete test of the method is possible with a highly elastic liquid because considerable load enhancement due to extra stress is present at moderate deformation rates in squeeze film systems [1,5,6,7]. Thus a 0.1 per cent aqueous polyacrylamide solution gives well-defined load enhancement and (quite independently) the jet thrust method gives the relationship between normal stress and shear rate from which predictions of load enhancement may be made. Furthermore, convergent nozzles may be used in the jet thrust apparatus [3] to measure the stress development in an elastic liquid which is being simulateneously sheared and stretched, a situation which more closely resembles the squeeze film case than that of steady shear.     

多层金属爆炸焊接复板飞行姿态的计算方法

在两层金属爆炸焊接复板飞行姿态的理论计算基础上，运用质量守恒、动量守恒定理和契特公式推导了多层金属爆炸接复板飞行姿态的理论计算模型，经过实验验证，该计算模型和实验相符合，对于多层金属爆炸焊接工艺参数的设计具有很高的使用价值。     

燃气射流冲击传热特性的数值模拟

针对射流传热问题,利用基于RNGk-ε湍流模型的数值方法模拟了射流垂直冲击平板的流动过程,并与实验数据比较,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,以火箭喷管入口参数为入口条件,建立了超音速燃气射流垂直冲击平板和冲击浸没平板的计算模型,分析了不同冲击条件下努塞尔数分布规律和温度分布规律, 论述了超音速射流传热的特性及影响传热特性的因素。得到了冲击距离为(14~18)D的努塞尔数取值范围,并表明冲击距离和射流温度是影响传热效率的关键因素;冲击距离增加,传热效率降低,冲击平板表面的射流温度越高,传热效率越高。     

V型夹层炸药对射流干扰的数值模拟

采用三维有限元程序(LS-DYNA)模拟了射流侵彻放有V型夹层炸药靶板的过程,并与无V型夹层炸药等情况进行了对比。V型夹层炸药爆炸后,运动的两组面板和背板对射流有严重的干扰和切割效应,导致射流偏转、弯曲、着靶点分散,使射流的侵彻深度下降约30%～90%,V型夹层炸药结构干扰程度随入射角度的增大而呈递增趋势。V型角的变化对射流的侵彻深度干扰作用不明显。     

Measurements in the vicinity of a stagnation point

This paper presents measurements of a plane jet impinging onto a normal flat plate placed up to five jet widths from the jet outlet. The small spacing ensured that the stagnation streamline remained in the potential core of the jet. The plate shear stress distribution compared well to that from an analytical solution for the laminar development of the plate boundary layer whose external velocity was determined from the measured pressure. By comparing the shear stress measured under the present low level of free stream turbulence (0.35%) at the jet exit with that of Tu and Wood [Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci. 13 (1996) 364–373] made at about 4%, it is concluded that the turbulence level at the nozzle exit has only a second-order influence on the surface shear stress around the stagnation point. Some spanwise non-uniformity was observed in the plate shear stress, but this was confined largely to the transition region. The mean velocity, Reynolds stresses, and fluctuating pressure were measured along the stagnation streamline using a fast-response pressure probe. A significant increase in the streamwise normal stress and the mean square of the pressure fluctuations occurred before they were eventually attenuated by the plate. This increase occurred in the region where the streamwise velocity was decreasing close to the plate causing extra energy production through the normal stresses. Spectra of the velocity and pressure fluctuations showed that the increase in level was mainly due to the low frequency motion, whereas the subsequent decrease occurred at higher frequencies.