岩石变形演化诱致灾变破坏过程的同步实验观测

将试样变形场演化特征与试样的宏观载荷位移曲线的演化特征结合起来研究是揭示非均匀脆性介质变形演化诱致灾变破坏的一个重要途径.本文发展了一套实验系统,通过对试样表面变形场的演化、宏观载荷和位移信号的同步观测,对单轴加载下岩石试样变形演化和灾变破坏的过程进行了实验研究.揭示了试样变形场由加载初期的随机涨落到灾变破坏前出现明显的变形局部化的演化特征现象,试样最终在变形局部化区内形成宏观破裂面.     

非均质结构PBX炸药的动态压缩过程模拟

采用离散元方法,构建了考虑PBX炸药晶体颗粒与黏结剂非均匀性的计算模型,通过在炸药试样两端采用相向飞片加载、将原SHPB实验的应力边界替代为速度边界的方法,开展了PBX炸药的动态压缩数值模拟研究,再现了考虑PBX炸药非均质特性的SHPB实验过程,获得了不同加-卸载路径下炸药应力应变曲线以及相应的损伤破坏图像。模拟结果表明:在动态压缩过程中,虽然PBX炸药处于整体应力平衡,由于PBX高度非均质性,内部应力分布并不均匀,晶体间应力以应力桥形式传递;应力曲线为试样整体平均,试样内局部所受真实应力可能高于曲线峰值应力;出现卸载回滞曲线的试样发生局部损伤破坏,而完全软化曲线的试样发生整体失稳破坏。     

单轴压缩下2种PBX炸药的动态变形损伤及其温升效应

通过炸药单轴压缩实验,利用高速摄影和高速红外热像仪,对2种典型PBX炸药变形损伤过程和温升效应进行了实时观测。实验结果表明,2种典型PBX炸药的损伤以及温升效应表现出明显差别:低粘结剂含量的炸药表现出明显的脆性特征,材料应力应变曲线中的应变软化阶段是伴随着材料损伤的演化过程,最终的失稳破坏导致样品中贯穿裂纹的形成,非均匀的裂纹分布对应于局部高温带的出现; 高粘结剂含量的炸药表现出明显的韧性特征,材料应力应变曲线未出现应变软化现象,变形损伤分布较均匀,但剪切方向出现网络状的温升分布。     

砂岩蠕变破裂多尺度演化试验研究

岩石随着外载荷的增大发生变形和破坏，当外载荷保持不变时，变形并未停止，仍会持续增加，发生蠕变变形，其根本原因是岩石的非均匀性。岩石蠕变破裂是由岩石内部原始非均匀性引起的微观尺度破裂、细观尺度裂纹扩展和贯通、宏观尺度变形增大和破坏的过程，因此需要对岩石蠕变破裂的多尺度演化机理进行研究。本研究以砂岩为研究对象，从蠕变破裂宏观演化试验和破裂断口微细观扫描试验出发，分析砂岩试样不同尺度变形破裂机理。通过砂岩蠕变破裂宏观演化试验可以看出，在初始蠕变和等速蠕变阶段，岩石表面无裂纹，主要为微、细观裂纹的萌生和扩展。当宏观破裂面形成后进入加速蠕变阶段，在加速蠕变阶段，沿破裂面产生摩擦滑动，最终发生破坏。通过对典型破裂断口的微、细观结构特征分析及不同分析点位的组成成分和元素特征分析可以得出，岩石微观孔隙、裂隙等缺陷发育的结构非均匀性和组成成分的非均匀性是造成砂岩微观破裂和细观裂纹扩展的主要原因。多尺度分析的结果直观的反映了岩石内部裂纹扩展空间位置和扩展方向。这对深入研究岩石蠕变破裂演化机理是十分有意义的。     

准脆性材料损伤破坏的细宏观联结分析

准脆性材料在外力作用下不仅产生应力与变形,而且还会内部缺陷或微裂纹随着变化和出现宏观裂缝扩展.根据材料的微细观测,通过固体力学原理建立模型分析其微裂纹与宏观裂缝之间的关联.材料中宏观裂缝端部通常存在损伤区,且在该区内存在许多相对微小缺陷或微裂纹,从而使得材料局部变形增加而力量减弱.若把该损伤带视为裂缝一部分,那么在该虚拟裂缝两岸上将存在分布黏聚力;虚拟裂缝两岸的相对位移将是微裂纹区变形及扩展的综合体现.为此,对包含有细观裂纹的代表性体积单元进行力学计算,然后将其嵌入到宏观裂缝端部损伤带的变形计算中,以探寻固体失效的细观与宏观尺度力学分析的联结,并与实测数据相对比.     

非均匀材料损伤破坏的多尺度耦合理论

为研究微损伤对非均匀材料宏观破坏的影响,建立了非均匀材料的三维微单元强度分布模型,在平均场模型和集团分担模型的基础上,根据模拟计算结果建立了邻近单元加权分担模型;采用细观统计的方法建立了微观损伤造成宏观破坏的概率函数及跨尺度敏感性函数.结果表明:材料的损伤分数和名义应力越大,破坏集团之间的距离越近,宏观破坏概率就越大;...     

再结晶组织对TA2纯钛绝热剪切行为的影响

使用二辊轧机对TA2工业纯钛进行多道次大应变冷轧处理,制备了冷轧总变形量为70%的TA2纯钛板。通过对冷轧TA2纯钛板进行500℃加热、不同保温时间的退火处理,获得了具有不同再结晶组织的钛板。基于帽形试样和限位环变形控制技术,在分离式霍普金森压杆装置上对不同再结晶组织的试样进行动态冲击冻结实验,结合光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜表征试样冲击前后微观组织的变化,研究了再结晶组织对TA2纯钛绝热剪切行为的影响。结果表明,随着退火保温时间的延长,试样再结晶晶粒占比逐渐增大,晶粒分布由分散向局部聚集转变;在相同应变和应变率下,在所有试样中都观察到了绝热剪切带,再结晶晶粒占比高的试样更易诱发绝热剪切带中裂纹形核扩展。对比变形前后试样再结晶组织和几何必需位错变化,结合剪切区整体温升分析发现,再结晶晶粒作为材料软化点能够诱发剪切带的形成,而剪切带发展后期产生的绝热温升会促进剪切带内材料发生二次再结晶,提高剪切带内材料的韧性,延缓剪切裂纹的形成。     

表面粗糙度对TC4钛合金柱壳剪切带形成的影响

剪切带是材料在高应变率加载条件下特有的变形和损伤形式之一,关于影响金属材料中剪切带形成的敏感性因素及其机理的研究,一直是科学研究和工程设计中关注的重点问题. 在柱壳高速坍塌过程中,剪切带优先在内表面形核, 其形核及扩展行为受内表面介观状态的影响显著.本文采用爆轰加载厚壁圆筒坍塌实验技术,结合材料表面处理技术、微结构表征技术和剪切带理论模型分析,研究了内表面粗糙度变化对TC4钛合金柱壳剪切带形成影响的细观动力学规律.结果表明, 在爆炸加载形成的高应变率条件下,表面粗糙度对TC4钛合金柱壳中剪切带形成具有明显影响. 在相同的变形条件下,随着试样内表面粗糙度的增大, 剪切带数量、长度和形核速率均增大;表面粗糙度越大, 部分剪切带扩展速率越快, 剪切带长度差异越大,剪切带的屏蔽效应增强. 分析表明,实验获得的剪切带间距与W-O模型和M模型预测结果基本吻合,具体数值受试样内表面粗糙度影响, 随着表面粗糙度的增大,实验结果逐渐小于预测数值.      

基于数字图像的不同倾角节理灰岩破裂模式及细观尺度破裂过程研究

为研究节理倾角对灰岩破裂模式及破裂过程的影响,使用数字图像对灰岩的细观非均匀性进行表征,采用岩石破裂过程分析系统(RFPA2D-DIP)对不同倾角节理灰岩的细观破裂过程及宏观破坏模式进行了研究。结果表明,细观结构对各倾角节理试样的力学特性和最终破坏模式有重要影响,含节理灰岩的弹性模量及抗压强度具有明显的各向异性,随着节理倾角的增大均呈U型变化;含节理灰岩在单轴压缩条件下以拉伸破坏为主并伴随少量剪切破坏,细观拉伸破裂的聚集导致了宏观剪切带的形成;含节理灰岩的最终破坏模式随着方位角α的不同表现出6种形式:直线形(α=45°,α=75°);N形(α=60°);斜Z形(α=0°);斜N形(α=90°);M形(α=15°);V形(α=30°)。     

双相钢板料的单向拉伸断裂失效研究(Ⅰ)——数字图像相关技术试验

通过数字图像相关技术试验研究了双相钢平板单向拉伸试件的拉伸变形和断裂失效过程,与理论结果对比分析了集中性失稳带的分布和方向.试验研究结果表明,试件的变形过程包括均匀变形、分散性失稳、集中性失稳和拉断4个阶段;集中性失稳的区域呈"×"形分布,与加载方向约成57°;起裂点位于局部颈缩截面的中心点处;双相钢的延伸率为18%.     

类岩石材料中表面裂纹扩展模式的实验研究

采用粘贴式轴拉方法实现了类岩石材料的直接拉伸实验,通过在类岩石材料试件中预制表面裂纹研究了类岩石材料中表面裂纹的扩展模式.研究发现,粘贴式轴拉方法可以满足一般类岩石材料的直接拉伸实验;类岩石材料中表面裂纹首先从试件正面开始扩展;表面裂纹的存在极大地影响着材料的破坏模式,类岩石材料在试件的正面上会表现出明显的二维穿透性裂纹的扩展形态,但是受其影响裂纹在厚度方向扩展会发生偏转,从而使得试件背面的最终贯通方向没有与加载方向垂直,而是呈一倾角,并且和表面裂纹的倾角和深度有关.     

Investigations to the effect of heating-rate on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy LY12

Two classes of experiments were conducted with a Gleeble 1500 thermal–mechanical testing system to investigate the effect of heating-rate and its history on the mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy LY12. In the first class of experiment, specimens were heated at different heating-rates to prescribed temperatures and then stretched until fracture. It was found that the specimen heated with higher heating-rate possesses lower rupture strength. In the second class of experiment, the specimens were preloaded and then heated at different rates until fracture. It was found that the higher the heating-rate was, the lower the failure temperature would be. Metallographical analysis showed that there are more defects in the specimens undergoing higher heating-rate. It was conjectured that higher heating-rate may cause stronger local thermal inconsistency due to the heterogeneous nature of the material. It may then cause local residual microstress fields, which, together with external thermal–mechanical load, may result in the changes in the microstructure of the material, such as recovery, recrystallization, nucleation and growth of microdefects, accounting for the changes in the macroscopic mechanical properties including hardening/softening, damage and failure, etc. A numerical simulation was performed, in which the mechanisms of local thermal inconsistency and the effect of the influencing factors were investigated.     

Necking of elasto-plastic rods under tension

This work is concerned with the modeling of the necking phenomenon in metallic tension members using a non-linear theory of elasto-plastic rods with deformable cross section. The study of the coupling between the axial deformation and the cross section deformation in tensile specimens is a basic step to understand the strain-softening and localization behaviors in more complex metallic structures. The main features of the model are illustrated through the simulation of the necking of an ASTM 6351 aluminium bar under tension.     

Constitutive relations of strain, anisotropic degradation, and fracture of filled polymer materials in prevailing-tension processes with varying axis direction and relaxations

In the course of monotone uniaxial tension, filled polymer materials quasi-isotropic in the initial state experience increasing structure fractures (local adhesive separation and cohesive tearing) whose directions are mainly perpendicular to the tension axis. After complete unloading and relaxation, the fracture lips close, and weaker secondary bonds are formed between them. Taking into account the anisotropy of the above-described process of deterioration of the material structure and mechanical properties (degradation), we suggest to characterize the state of each elementary material fiber by its own values of the structure parameters (damage, fracture, and maximum strain), which can be calculated (according to the model equations of uniaxial tension in a constant direction) from the effective strain history of the fiber. It is determined as the product of the current values of two factors, namely, the strain intensity and the influence function, whose argument is the angle between the directions of the fiber under study and the maximum principal strain. The form of the influence function depends on the material and reflects the degree of anisotropy of the damage arising in it. As a model of uniaxial tension in a constant direction, we use the earlier-proposed version of the nonlinear endochronic theory of ageing viscoelastic materials, which, in addition, contains the secondary bond parameter (with its own equation). We show how the proposed constitutive relations permit one to describe the decrease in the resistance and the ultimate strain during the second axial tension compared with a similar tension from the initial state and to determine the dependence of these effects on the angle between the directions of the preliminary and repeated tensions.     

微缺陷对圆管膨胀断裂的影响

通过理论和数值模拟分析了缺陷方向和位置对圆管膨胀破裂的影响,采用微缺陷研究方法进行了新的解释。采用含微缺陷的圆管模型探讨了微缺陷对圆管膨胀断裂影响,表明微缺陷将加速圆管径向扩展和剪切扩展相互贯通的过程。分析了实验获得的膨胀断裂应变与作为材料基本参数提供给计算程序的断裂（失效）应变的关系,说明在考虑圆管沿壁厚的破裂过程中,两者不是同一概念,只有将实验获得的断裂应变经过一定的推导后才能作为材料基本参数用于程序计算。     

Experimental determination of damage parameters in uniaxially-loaded metal-matrix composites using the overall approach

A recently developed damage-plasticity model for metal matrix composites is examined using the overall approach to damage. In this approach, the damage mechanisms in the composite system are reflected through a single overall damage tensor assuming an elasto-plastic matrix with elastic fibers. It is shown how the model is applied to uniaxially loaded metal-matrix specimens. Each specimen is a symmetric laminate composed of four plies with different orientations. A numerical procedure is formulated and implemented to calculate the stresses, strains, and damage variables in these specimens.

In order to test the validity of the model, a series of uniaxial test experiments are conducted for the damage characterization of the metal-matrix composite. The experiments are conducted on a titanium aluminide SiC-reinforced laminate. Laminate layups of (0/90)s and (± 45)s are tested under uniaxial tension. In order to investigate and model damage evolution, each specimen is loaded to different load levels ranging from the fracture load to 70% of fracture load. Scanning electron microscopy is performed on representative cross-sections of all specimens. This information is then used to quantify damage in the composite system. Damage variables are defined based on the crack density and correlated with the theoretical model. The experimental and numerical results are then compared. Certain recommendations are finally made concerning the determination of damage parameters in metal-matrix composites.     

Stability analysis of helical rod based on exact Cosserat model

Helical equilibrium of a thin elastic rod has practical backgrounds, such as DNA, fiber, sub-ocean cable, and oil-well drill string. Kirchhoff's kinetic analogy is an effective approach to the stability analysis of equilibrium of a thin elastic rod. The main hypotheses of Kirchhoff's theory without the extension of the centerline and the shear deformation of the cross section are not adoptable to real soft materials of biological fibers. In this paper, the dynamic equations of a rod with a circular cross section are established on the basis of the exact Cosserat model by considering the tension and the shear deformations. Euler's angles are applied as the attitude representation of the cross section. The deviation of the normal axis of the cross section from the tangent of the centerline is considered as the result of the shear deformation. Lyapunov's stability of the helical equilibrium is discussed in static category. Euler's critical values of axial force and torque are obtained. Lyapunov's and Euler's stability conditions in the space domain are the necessary conditions of Lyapunov's stability of the helical rod in the time domain.     

矸石山剖面颗粒分布规律的实验研究

为研究矸石山内部剖面上不同粒径矸石的分布规律,首先利用因次分析方法,将影响矸石山堆积过程的10个物理力学参数简化为3个无因次量,并依此结果确定实验的相似判据与相似比,进而采用相似模拟方法对矸石山的整个堆积过程进行还原与再现。实验结果表明:矸石山顶部多分布为小粒径矸石,底部多分布大粒径矸石,中部区域由小粒径与中等粒径、中等粒径与大粒径交替发生尖灭而形成倾斜的锯齿状条纹结构;每条条纹存在2个临界角:一个是矸石颗粒能保持稳定的角度,约为24°～26°;另一个是矸石颗粒停止下滑的角度,约为34°～36°。     

基于近场动力学的薄板弯曲大变形及断裂分析

薄板结构仅在较小的荷载下就能产生较大的位移、旋转,甚至引发结构产生裂纹并扩展,进而发生结构整体断裂,因此,建立薄板结构在大变形过程中的裂纹扩展及断裂仿真模型,具有重要的工程实际意义.文章建立了用于薄板结构几何大变形和断裂分析的近场动力学(PD)和连续介质力学(CCM)耦合模型.首先基于冯·卡门假设,采用更新的拉格朗日法得到薄板在几何大变形增量步下的虚应变能密度增量公式,并利用虚功原理和均质化假设求出几何大变形微梁键的本构模型参数;接着分别建立几何大变形薄板PD模型与CCM模型的虚应变能密度增量,并建立了薄板几何大变形PD-CCM耦合模型;最后模拟了薄板结构在横向变形作用下的渐进断裂过程,得到与实验结果高度一致的仿真结果,验证了所提出的几何非线性PD-CCM耦合模型的精度.结果表明:本文所提出的薄板PD-CCM耦合模型具有简单高效,无需考虑材料参数限制和边界效应的特点,可以很好地用于预测薄板结构在几何大变形过程中的局部损伤和结构断裂,有利于薄板结构的断裂安全评价和理论发展.     

Simulation of ground stress field and fracture anticipation with effect of pore pressure

Triaxial compression tests are carried out on the cores with different confining pressure and pore pressure to study the rupture mode and fracture distribution of carbonate rocks in Kenkiyak pre-salt oilfield, and the cores are made into thin sections after experiment. It shows that shear plane, high angle crack, conjugate shear cracks and net fractures will gradually appear with the effective confining pressure, the rock texture is damaged more and more seriously with the increase of effective confining pressure. Tectonic stress field in Kenkiyak Field is simulated by finite element numerical simulation software ADINA considering the effect of pore pressure, this model contains five faults and assumes that two planes of faults could slip with the force to decompress. The simulation results indicate that the total displacement coincides with the practical formation, the simulated tectonic stress fits with the values measured by acoustic emission testing, and the direction of major horizontal principal stress is consistent with the imaging log interpretation data. The fracture rupture rate and density are predicted according to tension and shear rupture rate which derived by simulation results. The fracture density varies widely in the simulated region and cracks develop easily on the structural high position, near the fault because of the increasing pore pressure and extrusion in the process of the tectonic movements.