基于耗散能密度的疲劳裂纹扩展规律研究

在疲劳裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹尖端的能量耗散决定了裂纹扩展能力.研究基于耗散能密度的裂纹扩展规律更有物理意义.耗散能密度是材料疲劳性能的一种表征参数,实验测得了镍基高温合金GH4169材料室温和450℃高温的耗散能密度与控制应力幅值的关系曲线.参照Paris公式的形式提出了基于耗散能密度的裂纹扩展方程,并通过疲劳裂纹扩展试验测量了GH4169材料在室温和450℃高温下的裂纹扩展速率与耗散能密度的关系.试验结果的总体趋势与所提出的扩展方程一致.     

冷喷涂试件疲劳裂纹扩展规律试验研究

冷喷涂作为一种新兴的表面处理技术,广泛应用于增材制造和零部件修复等领域。为了探究冷喷涂处理后Q355钢基体的疲劳裂纹扩展规律,对2组标准单边缺口3点弯曲试样进行了冷喷涂处理。在光滑的Q355B钢基材表面分别沉积了纯Al和A5052铝合金涂层,然后对冷喷涂试件和一组未喷涂光滑试件进行了3点弯曲疲劳试验,得到了裂纹尖端张开位移和裂纹长度、裂纹扩展速率和荷载循环次数的规律曲线并进行了对比分析。结果表明：在裂纹扩展长度相同的情况下,冷喷涂试件和未喷涂试件的裂纹尖端张开位移基本相同,且随着疲劳裂纹的延伸,裂纹尖端张开位移也随之快速增大;在一定的裂纹尖端张开位移范围内,冷喷涂处理可以降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率;采用裂纹尖端张开位移作为疲劳裂纹扩展控制参数对冷喷涂试件的疲劳裂纹扩展规律进行判定是准确的,且裂纹尖端张开位移通过试验容易获得,简单方便,可以同时满足裂纹尖端弹性和塑性的情况。     

用弓形位移传感器监测表面裂纹扩展

目前测定表面裂纹疲劳扩展速率一般采用降勾线法.要使勾线清细均匀,显示裂纹形状变化规律而不致失真,必须合理控制每次变载时机.为此,特研制出了弓形粘着式位移传感器.实践证明,它具有较高的灵敏度,能及时反映裂纹的扩展,具有良好的使用特性,可用来监控整个测试过程,可使控制变载程序自动化,是监控表面裂纹扩展的理想仪器.也可用于其它静、动态测试场合.该弓形位移传感器的构造如图1所示.其工作原理是:在测试前先用快干胶把它跨裂纹粘     

复合型裂纹断裂和扩展速率试验夹具及裂纹长度测量方法

本文设计了复合型裂纹断裂和扩展试验夹具及试样,借助此夹具可以在拉压疲劳试验机上进行多种复合型裂纹断裂及扩展速率试验,针对此夹具和试样提出了复合型裂纹长度测量的显微镜直读比拟法,并应用设计的夹具和提出的裂纹长度测量方法的MTSnew810上进行了多种复合型裂纹扩展速率试验,获得了复合型裂纹扩展的a-N曲线及一些新的结果。     

疲劳裂纹扩展的逻辑框架

人们已经发现应力强度因子变程△K与疲劳裂纹扩展率da/dN之间具有良好的对应关系,并由此建立了反映这些关系的各种理论。根据实验结果建立的疲劳裂纹扩展理论往往是假设性的(conjectory);但同时也可以用严谨的逻辑推理来导出疲劳裂纹扩展理论。演绎推导的理论和假设性的理论互为补充,促进了人们对疲劳裂纹扩展规律认识的不断深化。 本文对30年来疲劳裂纹扩展领域的工作进行了系统的总结,具体回顾考察了四种演绎推导理论:①无限大均匀宽板中的小裂纹扩展理论;②da/dN与△K相关的相似理论;③小范围屈服条件下均匀材料中的裂纹扩展理论;④链开式疲劳裂纹扩展理论,并将上述四种理论囊括在一个逻辑框架之中,用以分析疲劳裂纹扩展问题。本文也简述了如何应用这一逻辑框架来理解总结反映疲劳裂纹扩展行为的各种表达式,解释复杂的小裂纹扩展和复合材料中的裂纹扩展。     

基于反向传播神经网络的疲劳裂纹扩展分析

材料发生疲劳断裂时往往会引起重大安全事故,而基于传统数值模拟方法求解疲劳裂纹扩展问题时模 型复杂、计算量大．本文基于包含多隐层的反向传播神经网络分析金属材料疲劳裂纹扩展行为,计算了裂纹扩 展过程中的 von Mises应力场和位移场,并与数值解和实验解进行对比,误差分析结果表明其求解精度高．并 基于该神经网络有效预测了裂纹扩展中裂纹长度及裂纹扩展速率的变化过程,预测精度高．该神经网络分析方 法可为材料剩余寿命和疲劳强度预测提供研究基础．     

板试样Ⅲ型裂纹长度的计算

本文设计Ⅲ型裂纹断裂及扩展速率的试验装置，测量了Ⅲ型裂纹试样在不同裂纹长度下的裂纹边缘滑开位移，给出了裂纹滑开位移与裂纹长度的显式柔度公式．     

超声疲劳载荷下球墨铸铁裂纹扩展速率研究

论文采用超声疲劳试验技术测试了发动机曲轴用球墨铸铁的超高周疲劳强度及超声疲劳载荷下的裂纹扩展速率.考虑高频载荷下疲劳裂纹扩展过程中的温升效应,测试了球墨铸铁超声疲劳裂纹扩展过程中的温度变化,研究了超声微幅循环载荷下球墨铸铁的疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展机制.根据超声疲劳试验控制位移的加载特点及超声疲劳试样几何形状特征,数值计算了超声疲劳裂纹扩展应力强度因子,给出了该球墨铸铁超声疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线.     

微机辅助直流电位法腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试研究

本文所给微机辅助直流电位法腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试系统,采用峰值采样技术,消除了裂纹闭合影响。系统可同时给出 da/dN～△K 的波动曲线、光滑曲线及分段拟合后的曲线,有利于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展机制分析与寿命估算。系统用于GC-4钢研究表明,GC-4钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展属于包含平台阶段的应力腐蚀型,符合过程竞争模型,但要对 Austen 模型进行修正。     

Irving公式的修正

针对疲劳载荷造成的不同应力比和频率对船舶与海洋结构中裂纹扩展速率的影响,本文在分析了疲劳裂纹扩展速率几种经验公式的基础上,考虑了不同应力比与不同加载频率的疲劳载荷作用对直线裂纹和弯曲裂纹扩展速率的影响,提出了相应的计算公式;并与经验公式和现有实验数据进行了比较,验证了所提公式的正确性,研究结果可以直接应用于对不同频率、应力比条件下疲劳裂纹扩展速率的预测。结果表明：在同等应力强度因子变化幅值条件下,疲劳裂纹扩展速率随着疲劳载荷应力比和加载频率的增大而增大,在第一阶段增加比较缓慢、在第二和第三阶段增加非常迅速。本文给出的新型Irving公式适用于疲劳载荷作用下线弹性直线、弯曲裂纹扩展的第一、第二、第三阶段,计算结果比原Irving公式的结果更接近实验数据。该新型Irving公式更具有实用性和准确性。     

A theoretical analysis on stochastic behaviour of short cracks and fatigue damage of metals

In this paper, the closed form of solution to the stochastic differential equation for a fatigue crack evolution system is derived, and the relationship between metal fatigue damage and crack stochastic behaviour is investigated. It is found that the damage extent of metals is independent of crack stochastic behaviour if the stochastic deviation of the crack growth rate is directly proportional to its mean value. The evolution of stochastic deviation of metal fatigue damage in the stage close to the transition point between short and long crack regimes is also discussed.     

Investigation on 3D fatigue crack propagation in surface-cracked specimens

In the present work the fatigue crack growth in AISI304 specimens is investigated experimentally. In 3D finite element analysis the virtual crack closure technique is applied to calculate distributions and variations of the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front. It is confirmed that the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front varies non-uniformly with crack growth. Crack growth rate is proportional to the stress intensity factor distribution in the 3D cracked specimen. The fatigue crack growth in surface cracked specimens can be described by the Forman model identified in conventional compact tension specimens. For crack growth in the free specimen surface the arc length seems more suitable to quantify crack progress. Geometry and loading configuration of the surface cracked specimen seem to not affect the fatigue crack growth substantially.     

Fatigue life prediction of in-plane gusset welded joints using strain energy density factor approach

Fatigue crack growth behavior of in-plane gusset welded joints is studied using the strain energy density factor approach. Fatigue tests were performed in order to estimate fatigue strength under tension. Fatigue crack growth analysis was carried out to show the effects of the initial crack shape, the initial crack length, and the stress ratio on the crack types of in-plane gusset welded joints. The assumed crack types were edge crack, semi-elliptical crack, and corner crack. Fatigue crack growth parameters were obtained from crack growth curves assuming constant crack shapes for the given crack types. The results of analysis for the assumed crack types agreed well with the experimental data. The fatigue life did not change as initial crack shape varied for a given initial crack length.     

Bifurcation of collinear crack system under dynamic compression

The evolution pattern of collinear crack array plays a very important role in the final failure pattern of rock and predicting earthquake. Crack interactions lead to the nonhomogeneous pseudo-traction, then result in bifurcation of crack growth pattern. Bifurcation condition of crack growth pattern can be expressed by the crack growth length/spacing ratio. For collinear cracks loaded by dynamic compressive loads, uniform crack growth pattern yields to non-uniform crack growth pattern when the crack growth length/spacing ratio is larger than a critical value. In this paper, crack interactions are studied using stress superposition principle and the Chebyshev polynomials expansion of the pseudo-traction. The analytical solution of the critical value for two collinear cracks and infinite collinear cracks is given out. The critical value is sensitive to pre-existing crack length, the friction coefficient, the orientation of pre-existing crack, crack growth velocity.     

A STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION OF FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION AND GROWTH PROCESS BASED UPON A LARGE SAMPLE SIZE EXPERIMENT

After finishing 102 replicate constant amplitude crack initiation and growth tests onLyl2-CZ aluminum alloy plate,a statistical investigation of the fatigue crack initiation and growthprocess is conducted in this paper.According to the post-mortem fractographic examination by scan-ning electron microscopy (SEM),some qualitative observations of the spacial correlation among fa-tigue striations are developed to reveal the statistical nature of material intrinsic inhomogeneity duringthe crack growth process.From the test data,an engineering division between crack initiation andgrowth is defined as the upper limit of small crack.The distributions of crack initiation life N.,growthlife N,and the statistical characteristics of crack growth rate da/dN are also investigated.It is hopedthat the work will provide a solid test basis for the study of probabilistic fatigue,probabilistic fracturemechanics,fatigue reliability and its engineering applications.     

疲劳裂纹形成、扩展统计特性的大子样试验研究

针对疲劳损伤过程的随机性，该文开展了等幅谱大子样疲劳裂纹形成、扩展至破坏全寿命过程的试验研究．在计算确立了裂纹形成、扩展分界工程小裂纹长度的基础上，整理得到了裂纹形成，扩展寿命的统计分布数据．根据断口金相ＳＥＭ观察，进一步定性分析了疲劳条纹分布的相关性特征．     

STOCHASTIC PROPAGATION OF SEMI-ELLIPTICAL SURFACE CRACK

The semi-elliptical surface crack growth of structural components withuncertain material resistance under random loading is studied by using the stochasticaveraging principle.The FPK equation governing the transition probability densityfunction of crack lengths is derived.The analytical solution of the FPK equation forthe case of that the equations for the crack growth in the surface and depth directionsare uncoupled is obtained.The effects of the parameters of the stress process and of thematerial property on the behavior of semi-elliptical fatigue crack growth of thecomponents with deterministic resistance to crack growth in the stationary Gaussianstress process are examined.The comparison of the analytical result with digitalsimulation shows the effectiveness of the present method.     

随机应力过程下半椭圆型表面裂纹的扩展

本文应用随机平均原理研究了在随机载荷作用下具有随机抗裂特性的构件所含半椭圆型表面裂纹的疲劳扩展。导出了支配半椭圆型表面裂纹尺寸的转移概率密度的ＦＰＫ方程，给出了裂纹扩展方程在表面和深度两个方向互不耦合情形下的解析解。通过数例详细考察了具有确定性抗裂特性的构件所含半椭圆型表面疲劳裂纹在平稳窄带高斯应力作用下的扩展行为，并有和数字模拟验证方法的有效性。     

狭长缺口根部萌生的小裂纹扩展分析

根据伴随着小裂纹延展过程中不同力学参数相互作用的分析研究基础之上,我们就疲劳小裂纹的扩展特性进行了分析,根据不扩展裂纹性质对小裂纹的长度范围进行了讨论,探讨了狭长缺口根部萌生的小裂纹扩展速率, 并研究了不扩展裂纹形成机理,推演出不扩展裂纹长度计算方法,发展出一种预测小裂纹扩展行为的方法,借助这种方法可以实现裂纹萌生寿命的预测,与疲劳设计相结合可以进一步提高构件安全性与可靠性．不扩展小裂纹的长度可以通过计算定量得到,它与材料的疲劳极限、裂纹门槛值及缺口尺寸等参数紧密相关．以理论数据为依据,可以设计出针对一定材料及尺寸的试样,使其在一定荷载条件下不扩展裂纹长度达到宏观可观测的范围,进而降低小裂纹测量方面的技术难度,进一步验证不扩张裂纹形成机理．     

STUDY ON THE SURFACE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN 14MnNbq BRIDGE STEEL

Three-dimensional crack closure correction methods are investigated in this paper.The fatigue crack growth tests of surface cracks in 14MnNbq steel for bridge plate subjected to tensile and bending loadings are systematically conducted.The experimentally measured fatigue crack growth rates of surface cracks are compared with those of through-thickness cracks in detail.It is found that the crack growth rates of surface cracks are lower than those of through-thickness cracks.In order to correct their differences in fatigue crack growth rates, a dimensionless crack closure correction model is proposed.Although this correction model is determined only by the experimental data of surface cracks under tensile loading with a constant ratio R=0.05, it can correlate the surface crack growth rates with reasonable accuracy under tensile and bending loadings with various stress ratios ranging from 0 to 0.5.Furthermore, predictions of fatigue life and crack aspect ratio for surface cracks are discussed, and the predicted results are also compared with those obtained from other prediction approaches.Comparison results show that the proposed crack closure correction model gives better prediction of fatigue life than other models.