近源地震动峰值加速度衰减关系影响因素分析

本文收集了丰富的强震资料, 以峰值加速度为例, 采用简单且体现近场峰值加速度PGA震级饱和和距离饱和特性的衰减模型, 研究了表征震级与距离饱和效应的R0(M)的性质。R0与震级相关, 同时与震源性质、地震波频谱有关。在单个地震的R0(M)的求取中, 由于R0与系数d几乎呈线性关系, 所以要求单个地震R0的值, 必须先根据理论约束确定d的大小。在检验衰减方程的预测效果时, 不仅要判断衰减曲线是否反映了实测资料的平均变化趋势, 而且要判断实测资料是否绝大多数落在84%及16%概率水平的预测曲线之内(±σ之间).     

产生地震的机理和地震学中经验规律的力学意义

<正> 有关地球表面地震振动参数的大量经验资料的分析,促使和建立了一系列简单的经验关系式,这些关系式把振动参数与地震的“能量”特性联系了起来,也就是与由公式确定的下列震级M联系了起来:     

香港地区地震风险评价和设防区划

香港地区隶属于中国板内地震区中的东南沿海块缘地震带。港-九块体为晚中生代至早第三纪以来以持续稳定上升为主的块体, 块体活动性明显地低于其周边相对下沉的中新生代盆地。为此, 赋予港-九块体为最大可信震级M=5.5级潜在震源区, 而其周边中新生代断陷盆地则为最大可信震级M≥6.0潜在震源。从大陆地震构造成因的环境、潜在震源可信震级范围M=5.0～7.5和近源地震动饱和等三个方面的可比性, 结合中国大陆地震震源破裂尺度和地震烈度影响场, 所建立的反映中国地震构造和震源破裂及地震烈度影响场特点的PGA和反应谱地震动衰减预测关系式可用于香港地区。以50%概率时的中值对中国强震记录的对比, 本研究所提供的经验期望预测关系式, 能包络实际的资料。因此, 用此地震动衰减预测模式对香港地区地震危险性进行评估, 将会得到相对保守地震动预测值。通过香港地区基岩地震动危险性分析和计算, 参照中国大陆地震设防标准, 进行了基岩设计参数确定和区划。以年概率P=0.02、P=0.002、P=0.0004三个概率标准, 对应的地震动重复周期大约分别约为50a, 500a, 2500a的基岩PGA和反应谱, 作为香港地区基岩上构筑物和建筑物可选的基…     

高速铁路大跨度连续钢桁梁柔性拱桥减震研究

在1联(3×168)m连续钢桁梁柔性拱桥设置纵向粘滞阻尼器,采用非线性时程分析方法研究其减震效果。从减小拱脚轴力、墩底内力、墩梁纵向相对位移三方面出发,讨论了粘滞阻尼器各参数对结构地震响应的影响,并与未设置粘滞阻尼器情况下的地震响应进行对比。初选了减震效果较好的阻尼系数C和速度指数ζ,继而在全桥(两联3×168m连续钢桁梁柔性拱)布置该参数的粘滞阻尼器并分析其减震效果。结果表明:固定墩顶的拱脚轴力值在纵向布置粘滞阻尼器后显著减小,而位于活动墩顶的拱脚轴力值个别存在增大情况,且当ζ一定时,C越大减震效果越明显;活动墩顶的墩梁纵向相对位移随ζ的减小和C的增大而减小;以1联连续钢桁梁柔性拱桥为研究对象,所选定的阻尼器在全桥布置后,全桥地震响应的最大正减震率为76.5%,最大负减震率为-21.40%;尽管全桥布置阻尼器后某些位置出现了负减震率,但其地震响应仍然全桥最小;通过对两侧简支钢桁梁粘滞阻尼器的参数优化后,个别位置的地震响应进一步减小,从而提高了全桥的抗震性能。     

地铁抗震设防水准的研究及北京地铁工程典型地段地震小区划

地铁作为人口密集且遭受地震破坏后难以修复的重要生命线工程,如何确保其地震安全具有越来越重要的意义。本文将以北京具有典型意义的地铁线路———北京地铁五号线作为研究目标,在对沿线地震、地质条件分析的基础上,通过分析研究在不同场地条件、不同风险水平和不同深度条件下的地震动参数和反应谱变化规律,确定了地铁工程的抗震设防概率风险水平为50 a超越概率63%、10%、2%,设计地震动参数取地表计算值。并通过北京地铁五号线工程地震小区划及分区反应谱特征研究,确定北京地铁五号线工程的抗震设防要求。     

金沙江流域区域地壳稳定性分区与定量评价

金沙江中、下游横穿横断山南北构造带, 新构造运动强烈, 地震活动频繁, 各种内动力地质灾害比较严重, 该区区域地壳稳定性相对较差。为服务于金沙江水电工程规划建设和减灾防灾的需要, 本文对金沙江流域沿江地区进行了地壳稳定性的评价与分区。文中依据地壳稳定性定量评价的原则和方法, 建立地质构造背景、地壳结构、地震以及地球物理等指标, 并将地壳稳定性划分为四个等级：稳定、基本稳定、次稳定和不稳定。然后按照上述系统进行地壳稳定性分区。最后, 综合各项研究资料来确定各区的定量评价指标, 并采用模糊数学方法对各区地壳稳定性进行综合评价。     

自伴微分方程特征值问题的子空间迭代法及其在结构振动分析中的应用

1.自伴微分方程特征值问题考虑特征值问题L_φ=λ_(ρφ) 在[a,b]上(1)其中λ为参数,ρ(x)为闭区间[a,b]上的连续函数,并且ρ(x)>0,L为n阶自伴微分算子其中P_j∈C~(n-j)在a≤x≤b上(j=0,1,…,n),P_j为x的实函数。L的定义域为满足与(1)相应的齐次边界条件并属于C~n的所有函数的线性集合,记作D,φ∈D。     

封面故事

<正>图片为Trefftz基本解有限元法分析轴对称热传导问题的应用实例。带孔圆环内壁恒温外壁绝热,其几何参数如图Ⅰ所示。分析中采用8节点8源点Trefftz基本解环单元(图Ⅱa)进行网格划分,ABAQUS温度云图如图Ⅱb所示。同时,图Ⅲ给出了Trefftz有限元与ABAQUS的等温线对比,     

马兰黄土的应力-应变本构方程

依据马兰黄土的室内CU试验,运用土力学的相关理论,建议性地提出了马兰黄土的应力-应变本构方程。通过对不同围压下的试验结果(应变小于15%)与理论模型的拟合发现,二者吻合较好。另外,与以往的模型相比,本文的模型参数a和b只需通过一次常规三轴试验即可全部求得,具有参数少、容易确定的优点。     

基于β-二项分布的结构易损性分析

易损性曲线建立过程中受激励不确定性和结构参数不确定性的影响,会引起结构或构件观测结果的统计相关性。为此,本文提出基于β-二项分布的结构易损性分析方法。该方法根据性能量化指标阈值和Monte Carlo模拟确定震后观测结果,采用β-二项分布探讨震后观测值的统计相关性;结合对数回归模型,推导了改进β-二项分布的累积分布函数,计算结构失效概率;通过累积对数正态分布拟合易损性曲线,比较了观测失效样本数与观测失效概率统计相关性对易损性的影响,并与未考虑统计相关性的传统易损性曲线作对比。某8层钢筋混凝土框架-剪力墙结构的算例表明,考虑统计相关性的易损性较传统易损性偏大,且结构遭受8度以上地震作用时,考虑失效样本数统计相关性的易损性使预测结果更为保守,利于工程安全。     

Influence of leading-edge lateral injection angles on the film cooling effectiveness of a gas turbine blade

Typical film-cooling configuration of a symmetrical turbine blade leading edge is investigated using a three-dimensional finite volume method and a multi-block technique. The computational domain includes the curved blade surface as well as the coolant regions and the plenum. The turbulence is approximated by a two layer k– model. The computations have been performed using the TLV two-layer and the TLVA models. However, the utilization of the TLV and TLVA models has not improved the prediction of the lateral averaged film cooling effectiveness of gas turbine blades when compared with those obtained using wall function strategy.The general features of film cooling such as jet blow-off, high turbulence intensity in the shear layer, and secondary rotating vortices are captured in the present study. Comparison between predicted and experimental results indicates that the trends of the thermal field are well predicted in most cases. In the second part of this study, the influence of lateral injection angle on lateral averaged adiabatic film cooling effectiveness is investigated by varying the lateral injection angle around the experimental value ( = 25°, 30°, 35° and 60° spanwise to the blade surface). It was found that the best coverage and consequently, the maximum film cooling effectiveness are provided by the most extremely inclined injection angle, which is 25° in this investigation.     

公路边坡岩体分级中坡高修正系数的改进

坡高与边坡稳定性有密切关系。CSMR分级体系在SMR的基础之上针对水电边坡工程引入了坡高修正系数 ,但在公路边坡分级实践中发现 ,该坡高修正系数仍有待于改进。对各类边坡可能失稳形式的力学分析 ,证明坡高修正系数 ξ可近似表示为ξ =a+b/H 的形式。通过对 1 0 0余个边坡样本统计分析 ,得出两种不同岩层、坡面产状组合形式下坡高修正系数的数学表达式。经检验 ,改进后的CSMR体系能够满足公路边坡稳定性初步评价的要求。     

Strain gage evaluation with four-point bending at moderate temperatures

This paper describes the application of the traditional four-point bending technique to conduct strain gage performance tests at moderate temperatures. The tests measure the apparent strain, linearity, drift, creep and hysteresis behavior to ascertain the reliability of strain gages to be used in the testing of experimental cylindrical vessels subjected to thermal loading. The four-point bending rig was designed to take advantage of the advances in personal computer datalogging and graphical processing software. The test rig is designed to provide a thermal barrier to minimize the heat losses and thermal isolation of the test beam while maintaining structural continuity. A low wattage and lightweight electric foil heater incorporating a precise temperature controller minimizes weight and enhances temperature stability. Gage performance data on five candidate strain gages at temperatures ranging from ambient to 215°C (419°F) are presented, and the evaluation procedure is outlined. The strain gage with the most acceptable performance was identified within the validity limits from ambient to a temperature of 215°C and from zero to a maximum strain of 1000 .     

Time-Stepping Approximation of Rigid-Body Dynamics with Perfect Unilateral Constraints. II: The Partially Elastic Impact Case

As in Paoli (Arch Rational Mech Anal, 2010), we consider a discrete mechanical system with a non-trivial mass matrix subjected to perfect unilateral constraints described by geometrical inequalities ${f_{\alpha}(q) \geqq 0, \alpha \in \{1, \ldots, \nu \}\, (\nu \geqq 1)}We consider a discrete mechanical system with a non-trivial mass matrix, subjected to perfect unilateral constraints described by the geometrical inequalities f_a (q) \geqq 0, a ? {1, ..., n} (n\geqq 1){f_{\alpha} (q) \geqq 0, \alpha \in \{1, \dots, \nu\} (\nu \geqq 1)}. We assume that the transmission of the velocities at impact is governed by Newton’s Law with a coefficient of restitution e = 0 (so that the impact is inelastic). We propose a time-discretization of the second order differential inclusion describing the dynamics, which generalizes the scheme proposed in Paoli (J Differ Equ 211:247–281, 2005) and, for any admissible data, we prove the convergence of approximate motions to a solution of the initial-value problem.     

高烈度区浸水高填石路堤变形和稳定性的数值模拟研究

填石路堤已经成为山区高等级公路较普遍的路堤形式,但对填石路堤的地震稳定性研究较少。汶川地震以后,我国已处于地震活跃期,因此对西部高烈度山区修建的浸水高填石路堤进行地震作用下的稳定性研究具有十分重要的意义。本文以雅泸高速公路K112+908.16~K113+675段的浸水高填石路堤为研究对象,对在折线地基上填筑的高填石路堤在各种工况下的变形和稳定性情况进行了三维数值仿真。研究结果表明,加强侧向约束,减少侧向变形是保证路堤稳定及在车载作用下不发生开裂的前提; 路堤在浸水条件下,由于填石和下覆土体渗透性能良好,计算后发现稳定性未有太大改变,但要注意波浪的淘蚀破坏作用; 高填方路堤在Ⅷ度地震作用下将以单纯侧滑方式发生破坏,潜在滑动面为路堤与基底的交界面,只有提高界面强度才能有效提高路堤的抗震性能; 提高填石路堤压实度可以有效提高强度,减小变形,但是并非越大越好,应展开压实度与基底承载力之间关系的研究。     

Chimney effect due to different vertical position of an isothermal horizontal cylinder confined between two adiabatic walls

The variation of natural convection heat transfer from an isothermal horizontal cylinder confined between two adiabatic walls of constant height is investigated by Mach-Zehnder interferometry technique. This paper focuses on the chimney effect due to the vertical position changes of cylinder (Y) located between two walls with a constant distance of W measuring 1.5 cylinder diameter. The cylinder’s local and average Nusselt numbers are determined for ratio of vertical position to its diameter ranging from Y/D = (0 to 10), and the Rayleigh number ranging from 3.5 × 10³ to 1.4 × 10⁴. There is an optimum distance between the walls in which the Nusselt number is maximum. Results are indicated with a single correlation which gives the average Nusselt number as a function of the ratio of vertical position to cylinder diameter and the Rayleigh number. The experimental data shows that there is an optimum vertical position for the cylinder at which the Nusselt number has a maximum value at each Rayleigh number. This optimal vertical position is derived from the correlation and is presented by an equation. The value of the optimum vertical position increases as the Rayleigh number increases.     

相关分析与谱分析在表面形貌研究中的应用

本文通过对表面形貌进行相关分析与谱分析,提出了相对波度和有效波度、相对波长和有效波长的概念,并且指出相关分析与谱分析是研究表面形貌润滑效应的有力工具。作者认为,当相对波度为有效波度时,应当同时考虑波长和幅值的摩擦学效应;当相对波度为高频的粗糙度时,只需考虑表面形貌的幅值效应。     

Influence of suspension stability on wet grinding for production of mineral nanoparticles

Grinding behavior of nanoparticles in an attritor mill and the minimum achievable particle size are strongly influenced by the suspension stability. In the present work, suspension stability （i.e. ξ-potential） of nanoparticles was studied by measuring pH as a function of grinding time in the wet milling process. It was found that after a certain time in an attritor mill, there is no further size reduction and the average product particle size increases monotonically. One of the reasons is that the production of submicron particles leads to more particle-particle interactions and consequently pH of the suspension decreases with grinding time. Usually pH value is related to suspension stability and it can be enhanced by addition of NaOH solution. The maximum negative ξ-potential of -51.2 mV was obtained at pH of 12 for silica. The higher the ξ-potential with the same polarity, higher will be the electrostatic repulsion between the particles. Hence, the maximum electrostatic repulsion force was maintained by the adjustment ofpH value in wet milling. The experiments were conducted at different pH conditions which were maintained constant throughout the experiments and nanosized particles were obtained consequently.     

Reactive-diffusive equation with variable pre-exponential factor

We consider the steady-state solutions for the exothermic chemical reaction, taking the diffusion of the reactant in a slab into account and assuming an Arrhenius temperature dependence with variable pre-exponential factor. We solve the resulting nonlinear boundary value problem using both numerical and analytical methods. This new analytical solution for the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter δ, as it is in terms of Bernoulli’s numbers, is in accordance with the numerical integration provided the activation energy parameter ε (1) is very small and for ε→0 it goes to the well-known Frank-Kamenetskii case. We determine numerically the transitional values of δ, ε and the dimensionless central temperature θ_m.     

Plasticity of a high strength steel alloy

Experimentally determined plastic constitutive equations of the parabolic form (σ − σ_y = β(ε − ε_y)1/2) are presented for a high strength alloy steel. Two deformation moduli β were required to describe the quasistatic compression data, both of which, as well as the point of change, were predicted by a mode index and transition strain structure of a general theory of plasticity. Dynamic strain, duration of impact, and final strain distribution were measured on specimen rods subjected to axial, symmetric, and constant velocity impact. The dynamic yield stress was 16% higher than the quasistatic value. The dynamic response function, deduced from a simple wave propagation theory, was also parabolic and a single deformation modulus, equal to the initial quasistatic value, applied. Thus, it was shown that the form of the quasistatic response function was preserved in dynamic loading, and that the increase of the dynamic stress was due to the increase of the yield stress.