黄土的小形变本构特征及参数研究

常规三轴的CU剪切试验表明,非饱和马兰黄土的应力应变关系呈现出弱软化的特征。从工程应用角度出发,本文给出了一个含有两参数的指数型模型,对比分析表明该模型不仅能很好地描述轴向应变小于15%时的应力应变关系,而且具有模型参数少、容易确定和物理意义明确的优点。进一步研究表明该模型参数均随着非饱和黄土的含水量和围压而呈指数形式变化。     

黄土损伤与流变耦合模型及参数研究

以试验为基础,对不同含水量Q3黄土的蠕变特征进行了分析研究,结合黄土结构损伤特性及其对黄土力学特征影响,通过考虑结构损伤对变形模量的劣化来反映黄土结构性对蠕变规律的影响,提出了黄土损伤与流变耦合作用的本构模型。该模型不仅具有参数少的优点,而且能够准确描述黄土的突发性破坏特征。利用结构性软土流变的研究成果,给出了黄土流变模型参数的确定方法,并对模型参数随非饱和黄土含水量变化的规律进行了研究。数值模拟结果表明,该模型能够很好地描述黄土的加速蠕变阶段的变形特征。     

考虑参数随机性的压实黄土蠕变变形不确定性分析

现有蠕变模型的计算值为确定值,未能考虑岩土材料和参数评估过程中的随机性。为反映岩土材料的变形随机特性,基于多次重复的一维固结蠕变试验,本文研究了分级和分别加载条件下压实黄土的蠕变特性,建立了考虑参数随机性的改进Merchant模型,提出了一种蠕变变形的不确定性预测方法,并通过延安高填方工程进行了验证。结果表明,压实黄土具有明显的衰减蠕变特性,引入非线性元件的Merchant模型能更好描述土体的应变时间关系,考虑参数随机性的模型计算值近似服从正态分布;通过不确定性预测方法可以获得蠕变变形值的概率云图,且工程实测蠕变变形值落在预测范围的95%的置信区间内,说明了考虑参数随机性的蠕变变形不确定性预测方法的有效性。     

黄土路堑边坡变形破坏机理的三轴试验研究

通过原状黄土的减压三轴压缩试验,研究了黄土边坡不同深度不同含水量土体的应力-应变关系,并与原状黄土的常规三轴试验结果进行了比较,发现减压三轴试验能合理地模拟和解释开挖卸荷作用下黄土边坡土体的变形与破坏过程。试验结果表明:坡脚开挖卸荷时,黄土边坡中浅层非饱和黄土易出现应变软化或塑性流动,强度较低,易产生较大变形,而深层饱和黄土仅在高围压下发生应变硬化,强度增加,在中低围压时均发生应变软化现象。分析认为黄土边坡特殊的工程地质条件,使得黄土边坡的特定部位在开挖卸荷作用下常形成了不利于土体稳定的含水量和围压组合,导致坡体特定部位的土体变形破坏,进而诱发边坡的变形破坏;开挖卸荷作用下黄土边坡变形破坏的力学机制应为蠕滑-压致拉裂或"牵引式滑坡"。     

江苏大丰海域海洋土HSS模型主要参数试验研究

小应变硬化土（hardening soil with small strain stiffness, HSS）模型能反映土体在小应变范围内的非线性,广泛应用于土工变形分析。海上风电基础对变形控制要求高,需考虑土体的小应变特性。通过固结试验、三轴固结排水试验、三轴固结排水加卸载试验与共振柱试验,获得了江苏大丰海域海洋土HSS模型主要参数,并建立了HSS模型相关模量参数与土体物理参数之间的关系。试验成果可为海洋土HSS模型分析及参数取值提供重要参考,具有一定的工程价值。     

黄土固结蠕变特性试验研究

基于杨凌地区黄土的单向固结试验资料,分别研究了加载条件下原状黄土和扰动黄土的固结蠕变特性,由试验数据整理分析出不同含水率、不同固结压力下的固结蠕变曲线簇,根据蠕变曲线形态特征,推导出单向固结条件下黄土的应变-时间关系并拟合得到该关系中的参数,在分析参数与固结压力之间关系的基础上推导出黄土的一维固结蠕变本构关系,经试验证明,该关系能较好的描述杨凌地区黄土的固结蠕变特性。另外,基于试验资料以及Buisman次固结系数的概念,分析出次固结系数与固结压力之间的定量关系,为确定固结压力对黄土次固结特性的影响提供了一种新途径。     

考虑围压效应的冻结砂土动态本构模型研究

为描述主动围压作用下冻结砂土的动态力学特性，通过在朱-王-唐模型的非线性体上串联塑性体，建立了能够考虑围压效应的冻结砂土动态损伤本构模型；分析了损伤参数对应力-应变曲线特征、屈服点、峰值应力和峰值应变的影响规律，基于冻结砂土动力学试验数据确定了模型参数；通过将模型和试验数据进行对比，并对不同试验条件下模型的预测误差进行分析，验证了模型的适用性和准确性。结果表明，损伤参数对应力-应变曲线弹性阶段和屈服点无明显影响，而对塑性阶段和破坏阶段的影响较为显著，本构模型预测的应力-应变曲线与试验结果具有较好的一致性。模型能够预测围压引起冻结砂土塑性阶段占比大和屈服点明显的特征，且能够描述围压对冻结砂土动态强度的增强效应；不同负温和主动围压条件下，模型对峰值应力和屈服强度的预测效果优于峰值应变和屈服应变。     

Bammann-Chiesa-Johnson粘塑性本构模型材料参数的一种识别方法

粘塑性本构模型能否成功模拟金属高应变率大应变变形过程依赖于材料参数识别结果的好坏。由于BCJ模型考虑了应变率、温度与材料硬化之间的耦合效应以及应变率、温度历史效应,同时模型中包含了多个材料参数,因此很难通过试验直接识别模型的材料参数。本文针对BCJ模型中的耦合效应和历史效应,基于对模型中材料参数物理涵义的界定,给出了一种对材料参数解耦、分离并进行估计的方法,获得了模型材料参数估计公式,估计了材料参数的取值范围。在此基础上,编制了BCJ模型应力积分径向返回算法和粒子群优化算法的计算程序,应用重新设计了BCJ模型耦合效应和历史效应的反分析方法,在参数取值范围内对材料参数进行了优化识别。以OFHC Cu为例,应用提出的识别方法对BCJ模型的材料参数进行了识别,计算结果和试验结果符合较好。     

混凝土HJC本构模型参数的研究

运用非线性有限元动力分析软件LS-DYNA模拟了混凝土SHPB试验.将试验采集的入射波数据作为压杆的端面载荷,模拟条件尽量符合试验条件,确保模拟精度.将数值模拟与试验结果相结合,研究了混凝土HJC模型参数的确定方法,得到了C60混凝土的相关计算参数,模拟结果得到的应力-应变曲线与不同应变率下混凝土SHPB试验应力-应变曲线吻合较好.分析了HJC模型的本构特性,比较了与金属JC模型的差异与共性,讨论了HJC模型存在的问题.研究结果表明,未考虑混凝土弹性响应的应变率效应,横向效应的影响与采用的失效方式密切相关.     

土的应力-应变关系的一种描述模式

通常将由土的剪切试验测得的应力-应变关系曲线(q～ε1曲线)分为应变硬化型和应变软化型,文中提出了一种能同时描述应变硬化型q～ε1曲线和应变软化型q～ε1曲线的新模式,并导出了统一的切线模量表达式,进一步探讨了该应力-应变关系曲线描述模式在拟合应变硬化型曲线时的简化形式,及简化形式中参数取值方法和参数与围压的关系等方面的问题。通过与邓肯-张模型和应变软化模型的对比,结果表明该应力-应变关系曲线描述模式能更好地与试验数据吻合,且用其简化形式拟合应变硬化型曲线时,可以通过调整其中一个参数值来表达出不同的曲线形式,从而体现出土体应力-应变关系的多样性。该应力-应变关系描述模式为发展更一般的非线性弹性模型提供了一定的理论基础。     

Using the perturbation method to solve the problem of separated incompressible flow past thin airfoils

A model for separated incompressible flow past thin airfoils in the neighborhood of the “shockless entrance” condition is constructed based on the averaging of the vortex shedding flow past the airfoil edges. By approximation of the vortex shedding by two vortex curves, determination of the average hydrodynamic parameters is reduced to a twofold solution of an integral singular equation equivalent to the equation describing steady-state nonseparated airfoil flow. In this case, the calculation time is two orders of magnitude smaller than the time required for the solution of the corresponding evolution problem. The results of a test calculation using the proposed method are in fair agreement with available results of calculations and experiments. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 49–63, May–June, 2006.     

Finite Element Modelling of Flow Through a Porous Medium Between Two Parallel Plates Using The Brinkman Equation

Despite the widespread use of the Darcy equation to model porous flow, it is well known that this equation is inconsistent with commonly prescribed no slip conditions at flow domain walls or interfaces between different sections. Therefore, in cases where the wall effects on the flow regime are expected to be significant, the Darcy equation which is only consistent with perfect slip at solid boundaries, cannot predict velocity and pressure profiles properly and alternative models such as the Brinkman equation need to be considered. This paper is devoted to the study of the flow of a Newtonian fluid in a porous medium between two impermeable parallel walls at different Darcy parameters (Da). The flow regime is considered to be isothermal and steady. Three different flow regimes can be considered using the Brinkman equation: free flow (Da > 1), porous flow (high permeability, 1 > Da > 10⁻⁶) and porous flow (low permeability Da < 10⁻⁶). In the present work the described bench mark problem is used to study the effects of solid walls for a range of low to high Darcy parameters. Both no-slip and slip conditions are considered and the results of these two cases are compared. The range of the applicability of the Brinkman equation and simulated results for different cases are shown.     

Load transfer from a web to two parallel sheets

This paper deals with the elastostatic transfer of a tensile load from an infinite strip-shaped web of uniform rectangular cross section to two identical parallel sheets of infinite extent. The web is perpendicular to the sheets and is continuously bonded to the latter along finite portions of its “top” and “bottom” edges. The sheets are treated within the two-dimensional theory of generalized planes stress. On the other hand, two alternative models for the web are considered: (a) the web likewise is regarded as a two-dimensional continuum within the conventional theory of generalized plane stress and (b) the web is idealized as a one-dimensional elastic continuum. In either case, an integral equation with a Cauchy-type singular kernel is obtained for the density of the bond force between the web and the sheets. This equation, in turn, is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. Numerical results for the axial force in the web and the bond force are presented for several combinations of the governing material and geometrical parameters.     

A cohesive zone model for fatigue crack growth allowing for crack retardation

A damage-based cohesive model is developed for simulating crack growth due to fatigue loading. The cohesive model follows a linear damage-dependent traction–separation relation coupled with a damage evolution equation. The rate of damage evolution is characterized by three material parameters corresponding to common features of fatigue behavior captured by the model, namely, damage accumulation, crack retardation and stress threshold. Good agreement is obtained between finite element solutions using the model and fatigue test results for an aluminum alloy under different load ratios and for the overload effect on ductile 316 L steel.     

Cyclic plate bearing tests

A series of circular and square plate-bearing tests are reported, the load-displacement curves for which can be fitted quite closely by a three parameter curve of modified exponential form. The characteristics features of the response of such plates to loading and unloading cycles are then demonstrated and it is shown that their behaviour can be accurately modelled by a simple modification of the first-load response equation which requires three further parameters to be introduced.The six parameters, from which the cyclic load behaviour of plates of any size can be predicted, can be determined from two in situ tests: a conventional plate test and a single-load-level cyclic plate test.     

Computing flow-induced stresses of injection molding based on the Phan–Thien–Tanner model

A numerical approach is introduced to solve the viscoelastic flow problem of filling and post-filling in injection molding. The governing equations are in terms of compressible, non-isothermal fluid, and the constitutive equation is based on the Phan–Thien–Tanner model. By introducing some hypotheses according to the characteristics of injection molding, a quasi-Poisson type equation about pressure is derived with part integration. Besides, an analytical form of flow-induced stress is also generalized by using the undermined coefficient method. The conventional Galerkin approach is employed to solve the derived pressure equation, and the ‘upwind’ difference scheme is used to discrete the energy equation. Coupling is achieved between velocity and stress by super relax iteration method. The flow in the test mold is investigated by comparing the numerical results and photoelastic photos for polystyrene, showing flow-induced stresses are closely related to melt temperatures. The filling of a two-cavity box is also studied to investigate the viscoelastic effects on real injection molding.     

Comparison of different gas models to calculate the spring force of a hydropneumatic suspension

When developing any simulation model some compromise must be made between computational efficiency and the accuracy of the model. This study compares the performance of three ideal gas (IG) law variations (IG with the energy equation (EE), isothermal and adiabatic), and two real gas approaches (Benedict Webb Rubin (BWR) equation with and without the EE) to model the spring force of a hydropneumatic suspension. These models are compared with experimental data obtained from laboratory tests on a single hydropneumatic suspension unit. Both the BWR and IG models with the EE offer a significant improvement in correlation compared to the models without the EE. The real gas BWR approach offers a small improvement over the IG approach under the test conditions. The best (BWR with EE) and worst (IG isothermal) models are then used to model the spring forces in a full vehicle model of a 4 × 4 Sports Utility vehicle (SUV). The data is again compared with experimental results and the BWR model with the EE correlates significantly better than the IG isothermal model. It is thus concluded that the inclusion of the EE will yield significantly better results and it should only be omitted if the parameters investigated are not sensitive to errors in the spring model.     

PBX-01炸药水中爆轰产物状态方程研究

提出通过水中实验确定炸药的水中爆轰产物JWL状态方程参数的方法;选择PBX-01高能炸药进行水中实验,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序建立炸药的水中实验模型,将实验结果与数值计算结果进行对比,确定PBX-01炸药水中爆轰产物的JWL状态方程参数。研究结果显示,圆筒实验确定的JWL参数在反映炸药水中爆轰产物的膨胀状态时有所不足,水中实验确定的JWL状态方程参数能够更准确地描述PBX-01炸药水中爆轰产物的膨胀过程,因此对水中爆炸的研究需要通过水中爆炸实验建一套状态方程参数。     

基于不完备频响函数的结构损伤统计识别研究

基于不完备频响函数数据,结合概率统计方法,提出了一种能同时考虑模型参数不确定性和测试噪声影响的结构损伤统计识别方法。首先,基于频响函数某一行向量在不同频率下的幅值数据,利用矩阵拉直运算建立了关于损伤系数的确定性识别方程。其次,假设模型参数误差和测试噪声为零均值的高斯随机变量,根据摄动理论,推导了损伤后结构刚度参数的前二阶矩。随后,利用结构损伤前后的概率分布得到了结构损伤存在概率。最后,通过一个平面桁架结构模型验证了本文方法的有效性。数值算例的研究结果表明,损伤单元的损伤存在概率远大于非损伤单元;测试噪声对识别结果的影响比模型参数不确定性的影响更为显著。