含随机填充孔圆形蜂窝结构的面内冲击性能

研究多孔材料细观结构与宏观力学性能之间的关系, 建立具有固定相对密度的含随机固体填充孔的圆形蜂窝结构模型。在此模型的基础上具体讨论了不同孔洞填充比和冲击速度对圆形蜂窝结构变形模式、动态冲击平台应力以及能量吸收性能的影响。研究结果表明:填充孔在蜂窝变形过程中有局部牵制作用, 蜂窝材料变形模式仍为准静态模式、过渡模式、动态模式; 当变形模式为过渡模式或动态模式时, 结构的平台应力与速度的平方成线性关系, 存在明显的速度效应; 高速冲击下, 含固体填充孔的蜂窝结构单位质量吸收的能量高于规则蜂窝结构。研究结果可为蜂窝材料的研究和设计提供参考。     

电炮加载下芳纶蜂窝夹芯板的动力响应

研究了方形钛-芳纶蜂窝夹芯板在电炮驱动的高速聚酯飞片撞击加载下的动力响应,给出了面板和蜂窝芯层在不同冲击速度下的变形及失效模式。采用VISAR(velocity interferometer system for any reflector)测速技术测量了后面板中心点的速度时程,分析了芳纶蜂窝夹芯板的动态响应过程,讨论了冲击速度对夹芯板动力响应和抗冲击能力的影响。研究结果表明,低波阻抗的芳纶蜂窝破碎行为阻断了应力波向后面板的传播途径,破碎的蜂窝和塑形大变形的前面板吸收了高速冲击的大部分能量,充分发挥了钛合金的高强度和芳纶蜂窝的缓冲吸能特性,提高了夹芯板整体的防护能力。     

轴向冲击下C型冷弯卷边槽钢构件的动力响应

针对轴向冲击载荷下C型冷弯薄壁钢构件的动力响应,采用商业有限元软件Abaqus建立了能够反映冲击过程的有限元模型。通过对比有限元模拟和落锤实验中利用数字散斑技术采集的数据以及试样残余变形,验证了数值模型的可靠性。采用该模型分析了在不同冲击速度下翼缘、腹板和卷边质点的轴向位移-时间曲线以及腹板横向挠度的变化,结果表明:在较低冲击能量的作用下,翼缘对卷边的约束作用明显;而在较高冲击能量的加载过程中,冲击端卷边的轴向位移和速度明显大于翼缘和腹板,卷边破坏严重;随着冲击速度的提升,C型冷弯薄壁钢构件的动态屈曲临界载荷相应提升。     

2D周期蜂窝结构面内静动态压缩力学行为研究

基于``平板开缝-装配-焊接'工艺制备了以高聚物为基体的Kagome等蜂窝结构,并开展了Kagome, 正三角形和菱形蜂窝结构的面内准静态压缩力学行为实验研究,实验过程中应用CCD图像采集系统和图像相关法对试件进行了全场位移监测. 另外对比传统正六边形蜂窝,采用数值分析技术,模拟了低速冲击下不同蜂窝结构坍塌行为. 实验结果和数值模拟均揭示了在材料用量和结构尺寸完全相同的情况下,Kagome蜂窝结构的面内能量吸收性能优于其它3种蜂窝结构,并发现了Kagome蜂窝压缩变形时所特有的局部蜂窝旋转变形. 研究结果表明改变蜂窝形状和周期性排布会对蜂窝结构整体的变形模式以及能量吸收性能产生较大的影响.      

基于水平土拱效应的桩间挡土板土压力计算研究

基于``平板开缝-装配-焊接'工艺制备了以高聚物为基体的Kagome等蜂窝结构,并开展 了Kagome, 正三角形和菱形蜂窝结构的面内准静态压缩力学行为实验研究,实验过程中应用 CCD图像采集系统和图像相关法对试件进行了全场位移监测. 另外对比传统正六边形蜂窝, 采用数值分析技术,模拟了低速冲击下不同蜂窝结构坍塌行为. 实验结果和数值模拟均 揭示了在材料用量和结构尺寸完全相同的情况下,Kagome蜂窝结构的面内能量吸收性能优于 其它3种蜂窝结构,并发现了Kagome蜂窝压缩变形时所特有的局部蜂窝旋转变形. 研究结果 表明改变蜂窝形状和周期性排布会对蜂窝结构整体的变形模式以及能量吸收性能产生较大的 影响.     

圆弧曲边六边形蜂窝结构吸能特性研究

为提升金属蜂窝结构的冲击吸能特性，提出了圆弧曲边六边形蜂窝结构。建立了显式有限元模型，对面内和面外冲击下的失效模式和吸能特性进行了研究，分析了冲击速度等对冲击吸能特性的影响规律。结果表明在面外冲击情况下，曲边蜂窝具有比传统蜂窝结构更优异的吸能性能；面内冲击情况下，会出现“X”型、“V”型和“一”字型变形带等不同失效形式；冲击速度较大时，变形模式趋近于“一”字型；吸能能力随着冲击速度的增大而增加。     

胞孔构型对金属蜂窝动态力学性能的影响机理

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元研究了具有不同胞孔构型和排列方式的金属蜂窝材料在面内冲击荷载下的力学性能。在蜂窝的相对密度和冲击速度保持恒定的情况下,比较了它们的变形模式、动态承载力和能量吸收性能。结果表明,不同的胞孔构型导致在蜂窝压垮过程中胞壁的受力状态不同,从而影响蜂窝的宏观力学性能。根据胞壁的应力状态,可将蜂窝分为膜力主导蜂窝和弯曲主导蜂窝2大类。研究结果显示,蜂窝吸收的能量绝大部分转化为变形所需的内能,并且膜力主导蜂窝的内能占总能量的百分比更大。胞壁的屈曲导致膜力主导蜂窝的应力应变曲线呈现较大的波动。膜力主导蜂窝在变形过程中其胞壁会耗散更多的内能,从而比弯曲主导蜂窝具有更高的动态承载力和能量吸收能力。     

多次低强度冲击对蜂窝纸板缓冲性能的影响

针对多次低强度冲击缓冲包装材料局部损伤研究的不完善,本文首次研究了多次低强度冲击对蜂窝纸板缓冲性能的影响。首先对蜂窝纸板进行5cm高度下的低强度多次冲击,再进行80cm高度下较高强度的一次冲击,以模拟实际产品运输过程中的冲击与跌落。通过实验获得了蜂窝纸板的载荷-位移曲线和能量吸收图。结果表明:1首次低强度冲击后蜂窝纸板出现屈曲和折叠,载荷-位移曲线出现屈曲峰值;受到重复冲击后折叠扩展,载荷-位移曲线由软弹簧变形阶段和平台阶段构成,屈曲现象不再明显,平台阶段的承载力比首次低强度冲击时的屈曲载荷下降了60%;随着低强度冲击次数的增加,蜂窝纸板在各次冲击时吸收的能量呈上升趋势;2蜂窝纸板剩余结构在经受较高强度冲击时,其载荷-位移曲线具有软弹簧变形阶段、平台阶段、密实化阶段的特征,平台阶段体现出明显的屈曲渐进过程;随着低强度冲击次数的增加,蜂窝纸板剩余结构在较高强度冲击时吸收的能量呈下降趋势。蜂窝纸板在经历多次低强度冲击后,虽有局部折叠,但仍能在一定程度上起到保护产品的作用,是一种理想的缓冲结构材料。     

负泊松比蜂窝面内动态压缩行为与吸能特性研究

利用有限元软件ANSYS-LSDYNA研究了负泊松比蜂窝结构面内冲击动力学特性。在壁长和相对密度不变的前提下,建立了负泊松比蜂窝模型;通过改变胞元扩展角,讨论了冲击速度对蜂窝材料面内冲击变形模式和能量吸收能力的影响。数值研究发现,冲击载荷作用下负泊松比蜂窝结构的面内冲击性能更多依赖于冲击速度。提高冲击速度,冲击端的峰值应力、平台应力、试件的比吸能均增高;但在相同冲击速度下,冲击端和支撑端的峰值应力、平台应力、试件的比吸能均随胞元扩展角的增大而降低。     

梯度变化对密度梯度蜂窝材料力学性能的影响

为确定一定质量蜂窝材料的密度梯度大小对材料能量吸收性能的影响,基于二维圆环系,通过改 变圆环的壁厚,建立了具有不同密度梯度的二维密度梯度圆环蜂窝材料模型。在此基础上讨论了不同冲击速 度下,密度梯度大小对蜂窝材料能量吸收特性的影响。研究结果表明,对于相对密度从冲击端到固定端递减 的情况,在高速冲击条件下,梯度系数越大,材料单位质量的能量吸收率越高。研究结果可为完善密度梯度 蜂窝材料动力学性能的设计提供参考。     

8km/s激光驱动飞片发射技术实验研究

实验研究了激光驱动飞片技术中激光能量剖面和飞片靶金属膜层的力学特性对飞片的速度和完整性的影响,认为激光能量剖面整体呈“平顶型”的光束是发射高质量飞片的基础,同时飞片靶的膜基附着力、金属膜层的强度和韧性三者之间应保持良好的匹配才能得到完整的飞片。制备了基底/Cr/Al复合结构飞片靶,利用波长1 064nm、脉宽15ns的激光,将直径1mm、厚度3μm的铝飞片稳定驱动至8km/s。     

惰性介质对钝感炸药爆轰的约束效应

首先用改进冲击波极曲线理论分析惰性介质对钝感炸药爆轰的约束作用类型。改进冲击波极曲线基于爆轰ZND模型建立在前导冲击波上,并且未反应炸药采用JWL状态方程,惰性介质采用p（ρ,T）形式状态方程。理论考察声速小于炸药CJ爆速且压缩性不同的6种典型惰性介质约束情况。然后用带三项式Lee-Tarver化学反应率的二维Lagrange流体力学方法数值模拟考察约束相互作用。数值考察约束介质的影响因素有:压缩性、厚度、典型双层介质组合约束。从数值结果看出,由介质压缩性的不同给出的约束作用方式共7种:其中6种出现在介质声速小于炸药CJ爆速条件下,可运用冲击波极曲线理论;另外一种出现在介质声速大于炸药CJ爆速条件下,不能使用冲击波极曲线理论。同时,介质厚度、双层介质组合方式也能够影响爆轰前导冲击波阵面形状以及爆轰化学反应流动状态。     

Design of a Beam with Controllable Force Elements

A method for solving the problem of design of an intellectual structure formulated for the pair optimal position of actuators, optimal control of actuators is developed. In the method proposed, physical and logical objects are treated as equivalent.     

“Thermal layer” effect in MHD: Interaction of a parallel shock with a layer of decreased density

Interaction of a parallel fast MHD shock with a layer of decreased density is discussed using ideal MHD approach. This is an extrapolation of gas dynamic thermal layer effect on ideal MHD. Computer simulations show that a magnetic field of a moderate intensity ( 1) may change the character of the flow for intermediate Mach numbers (M 5) and a new raking regime may occur which is not observed in the absence of a magnetic field. Self similar precursor analogous to that in gas dynamics may develop in the case of highM and low density in the layer but magnetic forces essentially decrease its growth rate. This problem appears in connection with cosmical shock propagation where planetary magnetic tails play the role of the thermal layer, and it may also be observed in the laboratory when the shock is strong enough to heat the walls ahead of it.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Stability of crystalline solids—I: Continuum and atomic lattice considerations

Many crystalline materials exhibit solid-to-solid martensitic phase transformations in response to certain changes in temperature or applied load. These martensitic transformations result from a change in the stability of the material's crystal structure. It is, therefore, desirable to have a detailed understanding of the possible modes through which a crystal structure may become unstable. The current work establishes the connections between three crystalline stability criteria: phonon-stability, homogenized-continuum-stability, and the presently introduced Cauchy-Born-stability criterion. Stability with respect to phonon perturbations, which probe all bounded perturbations of a uniformly deformed specimen under “hard-device” loading (i.e., all around displacement type boundary conditions) is hereby called “constrained material stability”. A more general “material stability” criterion, motivated by considering “soft” loading devices, is also introduced. This criterion considers, in addition to all bounded perturbations, all “quasi-uniform” perturbations (i.e., uniform deformations and internal atomic shifts) of a uniformly deformed specimen, and it is recommend as the relevant crystal stability criterion.     

Negative wake generation of FENE-CR fluids in uniform and Poiseuille flows past a cylinder

The effect of flow conditions on the negative wake generation (longitudinal velocity overshoot behind a cylinder in the viscoelastic fluid flow along the centerline) has been investigated. FENE-CR model that predicts constant shear viscosity and controlled extensional viscosity was considered as a constitutive equation. The discrete elastic viscous split stress-G/streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin (DEVSS-G/SUPG) formulation was employed and the high-resolution solutions were obtained with an efficient iterative solver based on the incomplete LU(0)-type preconditioner and BiCGSTAB. We found that the negative wake generation was more obvious in uniform flow conditions than in Poiseuille flow, which suggests that the experimentally unrevealed negative wake generation of Boger fluids could be partially attributed to the geometrical effect of Poiseuille flow. The negative wake generation was more discernable at low extensibility and high value of viscosity ratio, which agrees well with the previous studies. In addition, we could observe an undershoot phenomenon in Poisseuille flow condition, which has never been reported.     

On the use of genetic algorithm for finding the neutral instability curve in plane Poiseuille flow

A novel method based on genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, for finding the neutral instability curve of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation in (nearly) parallel flows. New concepts such as “proximity of parents” and “gender discrimination” are added to the conventional GA in order for this algorithm to find the neutral instability curve. Certain GA operators such as “crossover” and “mutation” will also be modified in such a way that this algorithm can meet this purpose. To check the applicability of the modified genetic algorithm (MGA) developed in this work in finding the neutral instability curve, the case of plane Poiseuille flow will be used as a benchmark. It will be shown that the modified genetic algorithm developed in this work is well capable of determining the neutral instability curve for this particular flow geometry.     

On the statistical analysis of local fracture stresses in notched bars

Test results for critical local fracture stresses are analysed statistically for both “as-received” and “degraded” pressure-vessel weld metal. The values were determined from the fracture loads of blunt-notch four-point-bend specimens fractured over a range of low test temperatures, making use of results from a finite-element stress analysis of the stress-strain distributions ahead of the notch root. The “degraded” material tested in this work has been austenitized at a high temperature, followed by both prestraining and temper embrittlement. This has led to a situation in which the fracture stress for the “degraded” material is reduced significantly below that for the “as-received” material. The fracture mechanisms are different in that the “degraded” material shows evidence of intergranular fracture as well as cleavage fracture (in coarse grain size) whereas the “as-received” material shows only cleavage fracture (in fine grain size). The critical stress (σ_F) distributions plotted on normal probability paper show that the experimental cumulative distribution function (CDF) is linear for each condition with different mean values: for “as-received” material and for “degraded” material. The values of standard deviation are small and almost identical (33-). The decrease of the local fracture stress after degradation is related to the local fracture micro-mechanisms. Statistical analysis of the results for the two conditions supports the hypothesis that the values of σ_F are essentially single valued, within random experimental errors. A similar analysis of the data treating both conditions as a single population reveals some interesting points relating to statistical modelling and lower-bound estimation for mechanical properties. Comparisons are made with Weibull analysis of the data. A further conclusion is that it is extremely important to base any statistical model on inferences drawn from micro-mechanical modelling of processes, and that examination of “normal” CDFs can often provide good indications of when it is necessary to subject data to further statistical and physical analysis.     

Millifluidic as a versatile reactor to tune size and aspect ratio of large polymerized objects

The continuous production “on demand” of large polymerized objects is presented using a versatile, easy to implement and low cost “millifluidic” reactor. Over microfluidic devices, the present set-up offers two considerable advantages: (i) much larger particles are produced with a very good control of sizes and shapes and (ii) no lithography is required for its design. Considering the high modularity of this synthetic pathway, “tubular millifluidic” appears as a new concept of synthesizing particles with a strong control over final object sizes, monodispersity and aspect ratio. The possibility to reach a high scale production makes it a promising production tools for the industry.