磁驱动单侧飞片实验的数值模拟

磁驱动单侧飞片实验的数值模拟通常可不考虑厚的阴极的运动状态和厚度方向上烧蚀宽度的影响，采用单侧计算模型进行模拟。为了理解磁驱动单侧飞片实验可采用单侧计算模型的原因，为磁驱动单侧飞片实验的单侧计算建模提供理论依据，建立了磁驱动单侧飞片实验的双侧计算模型，并对PTS-061、PTS-064磁驱动单侧飞片实验进行了模拟分析。在PTS-061、PTS-064实验中，飞片的电流加载面的位移随着时间的增加持续增大；厚的阴极的电流加载面的位移不随时间的增加持续增大，在磁驱动实验中后期基本保持不变。PTS-061实验结束时，飞片的电流加载面的位移为4.9 mm，阴极电流加载面的位移仅为1.7 mm。PTS-064实验结束时，飞片的电流加载面的位移为4.1 mm，阴极电流加载面的位移仅为0.9 mm。磁驱动单侧飞片实验能采用单侧计算模型模拟的原因，不是阴极板面保持位置不动，而是阴极电流加载面的位移不随时间持续增加；在磁驱动实验后期，飞片电流加载面位移对边界磁场的影响远大于阴极电流加载面的位移对边界磁场的影响。     

磁驱动高速飞片实验样品设计

利用理论与数值模拟相结合的方法对磁驱动飞片实验样品的尺寸设计进行了分析探讨,给出了横 向尺寸设计的估算公式、长度设计原则、影响厚度设计的主要因素等。     

一维平面磁驱动等熵加载发射飞片技术

探索了一维平面磁驱动发射飞片的实验技术,实现了在一个样品上同时发射两个不同厚度的飞片,并利用VISAR测试技术同时获得了两个飞片自由面完整的速度历史。其中在回路放电峰值电流密度为823 kA/cm的情况下,在上升前沿2 s内将厚度为0.38 mm、直径为4 mm的铝飞片发射到1.5 km/s,作用在飞片上的最大磁压力为4.25 GPa。显微分析发现,在飞片速度较高的情况下,飞片与镗孔底部剪切破坏的断口上,由于凝固过程中过冷度大有非晶等现象出现。进一步促进了磁驱动等熵加载、发射飞片实验技术、物态方程研究的开展。     

磁驱动飞片的一维磁流体动力学数值研究

磁驱动高速飞片技术是近年来发展的一种新型实验技术,在冲击波物理领域得到应用。该过程伴随着磁场扩散,并由此引起焦耳加热,使得飞片加载面的相状态发生变化,这决定了飞片厚度的范围。基于拉格朗日坐标系,利用磁流体动力学方程组、电阻率方程和状态方程数据库,对磁驱动铝飞片进行了一维磁流体动力学数值计算,获得了不同时刻铝飞片密度、温度的剖面分布,得到了磁场扩散速率随加载电流密度的变化关系。文章所选取的电导率方程只考虑到汽化点为止,对于等离子体形成的过程无法描述,如果要精确描述更高电流密度下的驱动过程,需考虑更为普适的电导率方程。磁场扩散速率随加载电流密度的变化存在转折点,在转折点前后可分别用两个线性关系表达式加以刻画。利用这些关系和冲击波物理相关知识,对磁压加载等熵驱动飞片实验样品厚度的选择进行了研究。     

聚龙一号上磁驱动铝飞片发射实验的数值分析与再设计

聚龙一号上PTS-151发次实验中,磁驱动加速370 μm厚飞片测得的最大速度为18 km/s,磁驱动加速482 μm厚飞片测得的最大速度为19 km/s。采用MDSC2程序, 对PTS-151发次实验进行了数值分析,结果表明:PTS-151发次实验中测量的最大速度的含义不同于以往文献中飞片的最大速度。以往文献中发射飞片在测试过程中自由面未被烧蚀,测试的最大速度为飞片自由面速度;PTS-151发次实验中两个飞片在测量过程中自由面被烧蚀,实验测量的最大速度为飞片被完全烧蚀前的一瞬间飞片内部最后一个固体面的速度。在飞片自由面未被烧蚀之前,370 μm厚飞片的计算最大自由面速度仅为7 km/s,482 μm厚飞片的计算最大自由面速度仅为11.8 km/s,远低于测量值。对PTS-151发次实验条件下飞片尺寸进行了再设计,飞片厚度为680 μm时最优,既能保证自由面未烧蚀,又使得飞片的速度最大,达到17.5 km/s。     

7 km/s以上超高速发射技术研究进展

介绍了毫克至克量级弹丸7 km/s以上超高速发射技术的国内外研究进展,并对各发射装置的工作原理和技术要素进行了简要阐述.基于电磁驱动准等熵加载,美国ZR装置驱动25 mm×13mm×1.0mm铝飞片至46km/s速度,国内CQ系列磁驱动加载装置实现了 10mmx6mmx0.33mm铝飞片18 km/s的发射.借助于金属箔电爆炸产生高压气体驱动,美国利弗莫尔实验室100kV电炮装置驱动9.5mm×9.5 mm×0.3 mm的Kapton膜至18 km/s,国内流体物理研究所98 kJ和200 kJ电炮装置分别驱动?10 mmx0.2 mm Mylar飞片和?21 mm×0.5 mm Mylar飞片到10 km/s.基于阻抗梯度飞片技术,采用汇聚型和非汇聚型结构三级轻气炮,实现了厘米量级铝飞片和TC4钛飞片12～15 km/s速度发射.这些超高速驱动技术的发展,为空间碎片防护研究提供了坚实的技术支持.     

金属桥箔电爆炸及飞片驱动过程的计算

根据小尺寸铜桥箔电爆炸实验结果,确定了桥箔欧姆电阻模型的计算参数。采用Sesame数据库, 建立了一种金属桥箔电爆炸及飞片驱动过程的计算方法。通过编制的EDF1.0程序,给出的计算结果再现了 桥箔电爆炸及飞片驱动全过程,计算得到的飞片末速度与桥箔爆炸电流密度呈线性关系,与经典的电格尼模 型结论一致。     

磁驱动等熵压缩和高速飞片的实验技术（续4）

5．4 磁驱动高速飞片和物态方程实验的进展 5．4．1．磁驱动高速金属飞片的实验 在Z机器上进行的磁驱动高速铝飞片实验已取得显著进展，在2000年达到20km／s速度之后，实验技术不断改进，2004和2005年分别达到27km／s和33km／s，预计2006年可在ZR装置上实现40km／s以上超高速度。这项实验的原理及关键技术在本章前几节中已有详细分析，这里将介绍一些典型的实验结果。     

磁驱动平面飞片的一维磁流体力学计算

建立了电磁驱动平面飞片的一维磁流体力学模型,考虑了焦耳加热的影响,并对Sandia实验室Z装置上开展的一个实验进行了模拟计算,与实验结果的比较表明,计算给出的样品自由面速度历史曲线与实验VISAR测量的结果基本一致。还分析了焦耳加热对飞片的烧蚀情况,并分析了磁场穿透深度,给出了不同厚度飞片自由面的速度历史曲线。     

点起爆炸药驱动圆板击靶波形的数值模拟研究

用自行研制的二维流体动力学程序TDY2D对点起爆驱动圆板运动的3个模型进行数值模拟计算,得到的飞片击靶波形与实验波形均符合较好,具有较高的计算精度,验证了该程序的准确性和有效性。通过对爆轰驱动飞片运动过程数值模拟结果的分析,得到了装置参数对飞片击靶波形影响规律的初步认识。     

A robust near-wall elliptic-relaxation eddy-viscosity turbulence model for CFD

An eddy-viscosity model based on Durbin’s elliptic relaxation concept is proposed, which solves a transport equation for the velocity scales ratio instead of , thus making the model more robust and less sensitive to grid nonuniformities. Computations of flows and heat transfer in a plane channel, behind a step and in a round impinging jet show all satisfactory results.     

Numerical prediction of locally forced turbulent separated and reattaching flow

An unsteady numerical simulation was performed for locally forced separated and reattaching flow over a backward-facing step. The local forcing was given to the separated and reattaching flow by means of a sinusoidally oscillating jet from a separation line. A version of the k––f_μ model was employed, in which the near-wall behavior without reference to distance and the nonequilibrium effect in the recirculation region were incorporated. The Reynolds number based on the step height (H) was fixed at Re_H=33 000, and the forcing frequency was varied in the range 0St_H2. The predicted results were compared and validated with the experimental data of Chun and Chun. It was shown that the unsteady locally forced separated and reattaching flows are predicted reasonably well with the k––f_μ model. To characterize the large-scale vortex evolution due to the local forcing, numerical flow visualizations were carried out.     

Variational formulation of ideal fluid flows according to gauge principle

On the basis of the gauge principle of field theory, a new variational formulation is presented for flows of an ideal fluid. The fluid is defined thermodynamically by mass density and entropy density, and its flow fields are characterized by symmetries of translation and rotation. The rotational transformations are regarded as gauge transformations as well as the translational ones. In addition to the Lagrangians representing the translation symmetry, a structure of rotation symmetry is equipped with a Lagrangian Λ_A including the vorticity and a vector potential bilinearly. Euler's equation of motion is derived from variations according to the action principle. In addition, the equations of continuity and entropy are derived from the variations. Equations of conserved currents are deduced as the Noether theorem in the space of Lagrangian coordinate a. Without Λ_A, the action principle results in the Clebsch solution with vanishing helicity. The Lagrangian Λ_A yields non-vanishing vorticity and provides a source term of non-vanishing helicity. The vorticity equation is derived as an equation of the gauge field, and the Λ_A characterizes topology of the field. The present formulation is comprehensive and provides a consistent basis for a unique transformation between the Lagrangian a space and the Eulerian x space. In contrast, with translation symmetry alone, there is an arbitrariness in the transformation between these spaces.     

Experimental investigation of the grid-generated turbulence features in a free surface flow

The present study aims to investigate the features of a grid-generated turbulence occurring in a current flow with a free surface flow. The interest is focused on the length and time scales of the turbulence. These are the macro, the micro and the Kolmogorov scales. To analyze the flow, a 2D LDV system has been used to measure , , u′ and w′. This non-intrusive and optical technique is really accurate (in terms of space and time resolution). Furthermore, it does not disturb the flow and provides a high data rate. Both horizontal and vertical velocities are recorded at the same time according to a coincidence window (τ_cw). Bias measurements are avoided by using a filtering technique during data processing. The improved homogeneity and isotropy of the turbulence downstream of the grid allows the use of the Taylor hypothesis. Thus, all length and time scales of the flow can be estimated. Results are discussed as well as the influence of the upcoming mean velocity on the turbulence properties.     

Convergence of five-point scheme with diagonally dominant characteristic for DLR k−ε model and its application

In this paper, the equivalent equations of DLR k−ε turbulent model in the boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinate are employed. Using the upwind idea that the contribution of the difference coefficients to the main node is positive contribution, and the other nodes are negative contribution or no contribution, new five-point difference schemes with a full diagonally dominant coefficient matrix (5-point-DD difference scheme) are constructed. Finally, taking the $\bar{u}$ equation in the DLR k−ε turbulent model as an example, the mathematical characteristics of the 5-point-DD difference scheme are analyzed, and the uniform boundedness and convergence theorems of the Gauss-Seidel iterative sequence are given. Numerical simulations show that the five-point schemes are strictly diagonally dominant, and the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results.