7 km/s以上超高速发射技术研究进展

介绍了毫克至克量级弹丸7 km/s以上超高速发射技术的国内外研究进展,并对各发射装置的工作原理和技术要素进行了简要阐述.基于电磁驱动准等熵加载,美国ZR装置驱动25 mm×13mm×1.0mm铝飞片至46km/s速度,国内CQ系列磁驱动加载装置实现了 10mmx6mmx0.33mm铝飞片18 km/s的发射.借助于金属箔电爆炸产生高压气体驱动,美国利弗莫尔实验室100kV电炮装置驱动9.5mm×9.5 mm×0.3 mm的Kapton膜至18 km/s,国内流体物理研究所98 kJ和200 kJ电炮装置分别驱动?10 mmx0.2 mm Mylar飞片和?21 mm×0.5 mm Mylar飞片到10 km/s.基于阻抗梯度飞片技术,采用汇聚型和非汇聚型结构三级轻气炮,实现了厘米量级铝飞片和TC4钛飞片12～15 km/s速度发射.这些超高速驱动技术的发展,为空间碎片防护研究提供了坚实的技术支持.

Advances on the techniques of ultrahigh-velocity launch above 7 km/s

Advances on ultrahigh-velocity launch techniques were introduced, which involving magnetically-driven metallic flyer, metallic foil electrically explosion driven plastic flyer and three-stage light gas gun based on graded density impactor (GDI) driven flyer techniques. The magnetically-driven flyer technique utilizes the Lorentz force produced by the interact of intense current and strong magnetic field to accelerate a metallic flyer shocklessly, and a 25 mm×13 mm×1.0 mm aluminum flyer was launched to 46 km/s on the ZR machnine at Sandia National Laboratory (SNL). This technique has been developed in Institute of Fluid Physics (IFP) since 2008, series compact pulsed power generators such as CQ-1.5, CQ-4, CQ-7 with increasing loading capability in turn, were established and hypervelocity metallic flyer launching experiments were conducted. The shape of the loading electrode for launching a flyer was optimized by using a magnetic hydrodynamic code, and an aluminum flyer with the initial sizes of 10 mm×6 mm×0.33 mm was accelerated to 18 km/s within a distance of up to several millimeters. The metallic foil electrically-explosion driven flyer technique, usually named as electrical gun (EG), uses the high-pressure gas produced by electrical exploding of a metal foil to accelerate a plastic flyer. A Kapton flyer with the sizes of 9.5 mm×9.5 mm×0.3 mm was accelerated to 18 km/s in Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The electrical gun technique has been developed in IFP since 2006, series electrical guns with increasing loading capability were established, namely 14.4-kJ EG, 98-kJ EG and 200-kJ EG. A unified numerical simulation program was developed to give insight to the progress of metallic foil electrical explosion and to optimize the experimental designs. By using 98-kJ and 200-kJ electric guns, the Mylar flyers with the sizes of \begin{document}$\varnothing $\end{document}10 mm×0.2 mm and \begin{document}$\varnothing $\end{document}21 mm×0.5 mm and the mass of hundreds of milligrams were launched up to 10 km/s. A three-stage light gas gun based on GDI transfers the kinetic energy of a GDI to a metallic flyer shocklessly, and a centimeter-sized metallic flyer was launched to 15 km/s in SNL. This technique has been investigated in IFP since 2003, and the preparation of high-quality GDIs is mainly focused on. Numerical simulation on GDI-driven hypervelocity launch was carried out, convergent and non-convergent structures of the third-stage barrel muzzle were improved. By ultilizing the three-stage gas gun based on GDI, an aluminum flyer and a TC4 flyer were launched to 12?15 km/s. By using the ultrahigh-velocity launch techniques mentioned above, a protective structure of space aircraft was impacted at the velocity above 7 km/s to test its protection ability and ballistic limits. The results show that these ultrahigh-velocity launch technologies can provide reliable technical supports for space debris protection research.