破甲临界侵彻的数值研究

本文用二维不定常流体弹塑性体计算程序计算低速射流对钢靶板的侵彻,取得了关于靶板开坑阶段和定常侵彻阶段的动力学过程,证明了郑哲敏教授关于金属侵彻机理的正确性。同时还获得了射流能量消耗的定性结果,以及用以标志靶板抗侵彻强度特性的临界侵彻速度的范围。     

CFD simulation of a gas–solid fluidized bed with two vertical jets

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is used to investigate the hydrodynamics of a gas–solid fluidized bed with two vertical jets. Sand particles with a density of 2660 kg/m³ and a diameter of 5.0 × 10^?4 m are employed as the solid phase. Numerical computation is carried out in a 0.57 m × 1.00 m two-dimensional bed using a commercial CFD code, CFX 4.4, together with user-defined Fortran subroutines. The applicability of the CFD model is validated by predicting the bed pressure drop in a bubbling fluidized bed, and the jet detachment time and equivalent bubble diameter in a fluidized bed with a single jet. Subsequently, the model is used to explore the hydrodynamics of two vertical jets in a fluidized bed. The computational results reveal three flow patterns, isolated, merged and transitional jets, depending on the nozzle separation distance and jet gas velocity and influencing significantly the solid circulation pattern. The jet penetration depth is found to increase with increasing jet gas velocity, and can be predicted reasonably well by the correlations of Hong et al. (2003) for isolated jets and of Yang and Keairns (1979) for interacting jets.     

A numerical study of long rod impact onto a large target

The normal impact of a long rod onto a large target is studied using an Eulerian finite difference scheme. The impact velocity of 1.5 km s^?1 is chosen to be low enough for metal strength to be an important parameter characterising the impact. It is also sufficiently high for the rod to flow as a jet, which is consumed as it penetrates the target.The first numerical study neglects the material strength representation, so that the flow is inviscid. On impact, the flat face of the rod strikes the flat face of the target, and one dimensional analysis is used to check numerical predictions for the initial impact pressure and velocity. A steady state penetration is quickly achieved, at a velocity which is in agreement with theoretical predictions of jet flow. In the second numerical study, an elastic-perfectly plastic representation of material strength is included within the calculation. It is then found that the rod has to travel several rod diameters into the target before the penetration velocity falls from the one dimensional impact value to a steady state value. This implies that the resistance to flow increases with the depth into the target, and consequently the penetration achieved by a rod will be dependent on its diameter, as well as its length.     

Transient positively and negatively buoyant turbulent round jets

 The transient character of the jet issuing from an upward nozzle centered at the bottom of a vertical cylindrical tank into bulk liquid of a different density was measured using flow visualization and PIV for varying densimetric Froude numbers by varying the jet Reynolds numbers and the ratios of fluid densities. Positively buoyant jets penetrate to the free surface, driven by both momentum and buoyancy in the upward direction. The lighter jet fluid stratifies in a layer above the bulk liquid. Upon starting, a negatively buoyant jet has three stages. First the jet penetrates to its maximum height in the tank. Then the jet penetration decreases due to the downward backflow of heavier fluid surrounding the jet, which reduces the jet’s upward momentum. Finally the jet penetration height fluctuates around a mean value about 70% the maximum height of penetration. For small negative Froude numbers, the flow is fountain-like. The downward flow turns radially outward as it reaches the bottom of the tank and eventually an annular recirculation zone forms at the bottom of the tank with vortical motion opposite the vorticity of the jet. For large negative Froude numbers, the spreading of the jet extends far enough so the annular downward flow is along the walls of the tank resulting in a large annular recirculation zone. The penetration depth, h, and time, t, scale with buoyancy flux, F, and the jet momentum flux, M, as hM ^-3/4∣F∣^1/2 and t∣F∣/M to collapse the transient jet penetration height data onto a single curve over a wide range of Froude numbers for either positively or negatively buoyant jets. Received: 8 June 1998/Accepted: 3 February 1999     

聚能射流侵彻径向扩孔的可压缩模型

聚能射流侵彻厚靶时,对靶材同时进行轴向和径向挤压进而发生轴向侵彻和径向扩孔。本文中基于聚能射流侵彻可压缩模型并结合Szendrei-Held扩孔方程,推导给出考虑弹/靶材料可压缩性的聚能射流扩孔方程。为简化完整可压缩模型繁琐的计算过程,又基于Murnaghan状态方程给出可压缩模型的近似解。与水中聚能射流扩孔的实验研究对比分析,表明该模型预测优于Szendrei-Held扩孔方程。模型分析表明,射流半径、驻点压力、靶材强度、驻点处靶材密度以及聚能射流速度是影响聚能射流扩孔的主要因素。本文模型可以更准确地预测聚能射流侵彻可压缩性较强的靶材的扩孔情况。相关工作可为含液密闭结构干扰聚能射流侵彻提供理论基础。     

Interaction of a shaped-charge jet with a target possessing an axial orifice

Interaction of a shaped-charge jet with a target possessing an axial orifice is studied experimentally. For an orifice diameter approximately equal to 0.2D, where D is the shaped-charge diameter, the shaped-charge penetration depth is found to be substantially reduced owing to deviation of the shaped-charge jet axis from the shaped charge axis because of imperfections of the manufacturing technology. A diameter of the target orifice providing unconstrained penetration of the shaped-charge jet is determined. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 13–16, November–December, 2008.     

陶瓷靶抗射流侵彻的理论模型及数值模拟

以球型空腔膨胀理论为基础,提出了一个计算陶瓷靶板阻力的损伤模型,该模型考虑了损伤因子对陶瓷靶板弹道性能的影响.结合不可压缩流体力学理论,对射流侵彻陶瓷靶板的侵彻速度进行了理论值计算,并与未考虑损伤的侵彻速度进行了比较,该模型的计算结果更接近实验结果.建立了射流侵彻陶瓷靶板的数值计算模型,对铜射流侵彻陶瓷靶的动态破坏过程进行了研究,讨论了药型罩的锥角、壁厚对射流侵彻结果的影响,结果表明:相同锥角的药型罩,壁厚对陶瓷靶板孔径的影响较小;同壁厚的药型罩,随着锥角的增大,侵彻孔径增大.侵彻速度的数值模拟结果与理论结果进行了比较,得到了较好的一致性.     

Dependence of the self-oscillation period for a conical jet aerator cap on the jet width in the nozzle outlet

The penetration of free hollow thin-walled turbulent water jets into water is considered. These jets are generated in a conical jet aerator whose apex angle is 60°. The periods of steady regular self-oscillations appearing during the process of penetration are studied experimentally. A dependence of these periods on the annular nozzle gap width δ, 0.07 ≤ δ ≤ 0.12 cm, is analyzed for the jet discharge range 160 ≤ Q ≤ 550 cm³/s when the height H of the annular nozzle above the water surface belongs to the range 1 ≤ H ≤ 28 cm.     

V型夹层炸药对射流干扰的数值模拟

采用三维有限元程序(LS-DYNA)模拟了射流侵彻放有V型夹层炸药靶板的过程,并与无V型夹层炸药等情况进行了对比。V型夹层炸药爆炸后,运动的两组面板和背板对射流有严重的干扰和切割效应,导致射流偏转、弯曲、着靶点分散,使射流的侵彻深度下降约30%～90%,V型夹层炸药结构干扰程度随入射角度的增大而呈递增趋势。V型角的变化对射流的侵彻深度干扰作用不明显。     

LES and RANS modelling of under-expanded jets with application to gaseous fuel direct injection for advanced propulsion systems

A density-based solver with the classical fourth-order accurate Runge-Kutta temporal discretization scheme was developed and applied to study under-expanded jets issued through millimetre-size nozzles for applications in high-pressure direct-injection (DI) gaseous-fuelled propulsion systems. Both large eddy simulation (LES) and Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence modelling techniques were used to evaluate the performance of the new code. The computational results were compared both quantitatively and qualitatively against available data from the literature. After initial evaluation of the code, the computational framework was used in conjunction with RANS modelling (k-ω SST) to investigate the effect of nozzle exit geometry on the characteristics of gaseous jets issued from millimetre-size nozzles. Cylindrical nozzles with various length to diameter ratios, namely 5, 10 and 20, in addition to a diverging conical nozzle, were studied. This study is believed to be the first to provide a direct comparison between RANS and LES within the context of nozzle exit profiling for advanced high-pressure injection systems with the formation of under-expanded jets. It was found that reducing the length of the straight section of the nozzle by 50% resulted in a slightly higher level of under-expansion (∼2.6% higher pressure at the nozzle exit) and ∼1% higher mass flow rate. It was also found that a nozzle with 50% shorter length resulted in ∼6% longer jet penetration length. At a constant nozzle pressure ratio (NPR), a lower nozzle length to diameter ratio resulted in a noticeably higher jet penetration. It was found that with a diverging conical nozzle, a fairly higher penetration length could be achieved if an under-expanded jet formed downstream of the nozzle exit compared to a jet issued from a straight nozzle with the same NPR. This was attributed to the radial restriction of the flow and consequently formation of a relatively smaller reflected shock angle. With the conical nozzle used in this study and a 30 bar injection pressure, an under-expanded hydrogen jet exhibited ∼60% higher penetration length compared to an under-expanded nitrogen jet at 100 μs after start of injection. Moreover, the former jet exhibited ∼22% higher penetration compared to a nitrogen jet issued through the conical profile with 150 bar injection pressure.     

Large Eddy Simulation of Compressible Subsonic Turbulent Jet Starting From a Smooth Contraction Nozzle

Compressible subsonic turbulent starting jet with a relatively large Reynolds number of significant practical importance is investigated using large eddy simulation (LES), starting from a smooth contraction nozzle. The computational domain of truncated conical shape is determined through the comparison of the time-averaged numerical solution with the particle imaging velocimetry measurements for the steady jet. It is shown that the starting jet consists of a leading vortex ring followed by a quasi-steady jet, and the instantaneous velocity field exhibits contraction and expansion zones, corresponding to the high pressure (HP) and low pressure (LP) regions formed by the convecting vortex rings, and are related to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. The thin boundary layer inside the smooth contraction nozzle evolves into a shear layer at the nozzle exit and develops with the downstream penetration of the jet. Using λ ₂ criterion, the formation and evolution of the vortical structures are temporally visualized, illustrating distortion of vortex rings into lobed shapes prior to break-down. Rib-shape streamwise vortex filaments exist in the braid region between a pair of consecutive vortex rings due to secondary instabilities. Finally, formation and dynamics of hairpin vortices in the shear layer is identified.     

GPU-accelerated smoothed particle hydrodynamics modeling of jet formation and penetration capability of shaped charges

The prediction of the penetration of three-dimensional (3D) shaped charge into steel plates is a challenging task. In this paper, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is applied to simulate the jet formation generated by the shaped charge detonation and its damage to steel plates. The Jones–Wilkins–Lee (JWL) equation of state (EOS), Tillotson EOS, and elastic–perfectly plastic constitutive model were incorporated into SPH for the modeling of explosive detonation and dynamic behavior of metal material. The compute unified device architecture (CUDA) parallel programming interface has been employed in SPH to improve the computational efficiency of SPH. Firstly, the constitutive models and EOSs are validated by 3D TNT slab detonation and aluminum–aluminum (Al–Al) high velocity impact. Then the jet formation of the shaped charge detonation and its penetration into the steel plates are investigated using the graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated SPH methodology. The numerical results of these test cases are compared against the published experimental data or analytical result, which shows that the GPU-accelerated SPH methodology is capable of tackling the 3D shaped charge detonation and penetration involving millions of particles with high computational efficiency.     

双材质复合射流对混凝土的侵彻

为了增大射流对混凝土靶板的开孔直径,并保证侵彻深度满足要求,在传统铜质药型罩与空气接触的一侧增加了铝质药型罩,这样在炸药爆炸驱动下形成内芯由高密度材料、外层由低密度材料组成的双材质复合射流,增大了射流直径。并根据双材质复合射流的侵彻特点,分析了侵彻过程中单质射流侵彻、双滞止点侵彻和单滞止点侵彻下的混凝土开孔直径。X射线实验显示:双材质复合射流成型形态良好,铝罩较厚时射流直径增大;在实验范围内,随着铝罩厚度的增加开孔直径有所增大,并且满足侵彻深度要求。对双材质复合射流的侵彻过程进行了理论计算,实验与计算孔形较好吻合。     

Heat transfer investigation of an array of jets impinging on a target plate with detached ribs

This combined experimental and numerical study focuses on impingement jet cooling in combination with detached rib turbulators on a flat target for turbomachinery applications. The investigated impingement array consists of an impingement plate with 9 × 9 jet holes with diameter D and a target plate with detached ribs installed beneath the jet hole. The effects of different separation distances (H/D=3-5), jet Reynolds numbers (15,000-35,000) and rib clearances (0.3D and 0.08D) are investigated. The heat transfer is investigated experimentally by the transient liquid crystal (TLC) method. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is carried out within the software package ANSYS CFX. This model uses a steady-state three-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach with the Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. Numerical simulations allow detailed insight into the fluid mechanics of the complex flow field and complement experimental measurements. Detached ribs in the impingement channel have a strong influence on the flow field and can increase the global Nusselt number by up to 4% if the ribs have adiabatic boundary conditions. The usage of the detached rib reduces the relative discharge coefficient by up to 11% compared to a smooth target.     

氧化锆增韧陶瓷抗射流侵彻实验研究

陶瓷靶板因其高强度、低密度特性在装甲防护中得到了广泛的应用,其抗侵彻机理得到了广泛关注。本文基于DOP实验方法开展了氧化锆增韧陶瓷及AD95抗聚能射流侵彻性能系列实验研究,分别获取了AD95陶瓷及10%氧化锆增韧陶瓷抗射流侵彻过程的P-t曲线及其在验证靶上的剩余穿深,并同时与45钢抗侵彻数据进行对比。基于实验结果分析了各自抗不同速度段射流侵彻规律。实验结果表明:两种陶瓷的防护系数均优于45钢;增韧陶瓷抗射流侵彻能力优于AD95陶瓷。     

Mathematical modeling of jet interaction with a high-enthalpy flow in an expanding channel

Results of modeling the interaction of a plane supersonic jet with a supersonic turbulent high-enthalpy flow in a channel are reported. The problem is solved in a two-dimensional formulation at external flow Mach numbers M_∞ = 2.6 and 2.8 and at high values of the total temperature of the flow T ₀ = 1800–2000 K. The mathematical model includes full averaged Navier-Stokes equations supplemented with a two-equation turbulence model and an equation that describes the transportation of the injected substance. The computations are performed by using the ANSYS Fluent 12.1 software package. Verification of the computational technique is performed against available experimental results on transverse injection of nitrogen and helium jets. The computed and experimental results are demonstrated to agree well. For the examined problems, in addition to surface distributions of characteristics, fields of flow parameters are obtained, which allow one to reproduce specific features that can be hardly captured in experiments. Parametric studies show that an increase in the angle of inclination and the mass flow rate of the jet leads to an increase in the depth of jet penetration into the flow, but more intense separated flows and shock waves are observed in this case.     

Use of magnetocumulative generators in experiments on current disruption of shaped-charge jets

Results of experiments on disruption of shaped-charge jets by a pulsed current are reported. An industrially produced helical-coaxial magnetocumulative K-80 generator with transformer energy output was used as a source of energy. The operation of the generator in the experiments performed and the effect of the current-pulse parameters on jet disruption and depth of penetration of a shaped-charge jet into a target are discussed. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 30–35, May–June, 1998.     

聚能射流侵彻的一种耦合算法

介绍了一种能有效模拟聚能射流侵彻过程的计算方法，即二维数值解和解析解相耦合的方法。实际应用表明，此方法计算结果准确可靠，经济省时，其软件是聚能装药优化设计的实用工具。     

大气/钢靶板交界处对平行入射聚能射流干扰的数值模拟

利用非线性动力学软件LS-DYNA,对聚能射流平行入射大气/钢靶板交界处的侵彻过程进行了数值模拟.通过分析数值模拟过程和结果,讨论了聚能射流头部速度和碰撞出口处横向速度的变化规律.结果表明:大气/钢靶板交界处不仅降低了聚能射流头部的轴向速度,而且使射流头部产生横向偏移,最大速度达到约1.8 km/s;后续射流横向偏移速...     

Penetration depth of a jet injected into an oncoming supersonic flow

The geometrical characteristics of jets injected through an opening in a flat plate into an oncoming supersonic flow have been studied on a number of occasions [1, 3]. However, the results were analyzed under different suppositions about the important dimensionless parameters. In [1], the degree of underexpansion of the jet, characterized by n = p _a /p, was regarded as decisive; in [3], the experimental points were plotted against the relative dynamic head _a u² _a /(u² ) of the jet. In the present paper, dimensional considerations are used to determine the dimensionless parameters which influence the flow field when an injected jet interacts with an oncoming supersonic gas flow. The influence of these determining dimensionless parameters on the depth of penetration of injected jets into a flow was investigated experimentally. It is shown that the relative depth of penetration is determined basically by the relative specific impulse of the jet, the injection angle, and the shape of the blowing nozzle section.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 151–154, July–August, 1980.