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以当前车架前纵梁薄壁吸能管为依据,制作了普通单、双帽薄壁管以及单、 双帽冲压筋薄壁管试件,并依次进行了轴向准静态压缩试验,来研究这些管件的轴向压缩吸 能特性. 试验发现：添加冲压筋之后,单、双帽薄壁结构的轴向吸能特性都得到了很大提高, 但冲压筋对帽型薄壁结构稳定性的提高不明显. 试验结果表明,在不增加材料的前提下,通 过改变吸能元件的截面结构可以提高其碰撞吸能特性.     

冲压筋薄壁管轴向压缩特性试验研究

以当前车架前纵梁薄壁吸能管为依据,制作了普通单、双帽薄壁管以及单、双帽冲压筋薄壁管试件,并依次进行了轴向准静态压缩试验,来研究这些管件的轴向压缩吸能特性.试验发现:添加冲压筋之后,单、双帽薄壁结构的轴向吸能特性都得到了很大提高,但冲压筋对帽型薄壁结构稳定性的提高不明显.试验结果表明,在不增加材料的前提下,通过改变吸能元件的截面结构可以提高其碰撞吸能特性.     

多孔材料填充薄壁结构吸能的相互作用效应

研究多孔材料填充薄壁结构的相互作用效应产生的机理，并建立了表征模型. 以泡沫 铝填充帽形结构为例，发现压溃的填充物分为致密区、过致密区和未变形区3个区域. 基于 理想可压缩假设建立了填充多孔材料分析模型，获得各区域体积变化和等效应变等关系；结 合薄壁结构超叠缩单元模型，对填充结构各组分的能量吸收进行了拆分. 研究表明，薄壁结 构的吸能略有增加，多孔材料的吸能增加40{\%}左右. 过致密区的形成是相互作用效应的 主要原因.     

拼焊板形式结构件动态轴向压溃特性实验研究

拼焊形式构件因配置灵活的优势已成为性能卓越的车身轻量化结构,目前还没有看到相关文献报导拼焊板形式结构件的吸能特性实验研究,故本文选用三种相同外形尺寸但不同组合的单帽型拼焊形式结构件,对轴向冲击载荷作用下的拼焊板组合试件的动态变形及吸能特性进行了实验分析。从动态压溃结果来看,拼焊板的材料和厚度的不同会直接导致实际碰撞加速度曲线波形也不同,即有上升型、平稳型和下降型;从动态变形和加速度来看,如果前后端部件的材料和厚度设计合理,前纵梁就会发生较为理想的褶皱变形。通过不同耐撞性性能参数的比较可知,载荷大小与拼焊板的材料和厚度组合以及焊缝的存在有关,而且载荷效率均达到了50%以上。通过拼焊板形式的组合匹配,可以得到更加平稳的载荷位移曲线,使得压溃变形更加平缓,吸能更加充分。碰撞模式与指标数据均显示拼焊板结构可以作为一种更加柔性的前纵梁吸能结构,可以为工程师们提供有效的设计指导,并为拼焊板结构的应用推广提供直接的基础依据。     

材料和内边界约束对薄壁圆管轴向压缩吸能特性的影响研究

为了在空间和质量约束条件下得到综合效率最优的能量吸收结构,通过数值方法分析了45#钢、6061-T6铝合金和TC4钛合金三种材料薄壁圆管在轴向压缩下的能量吸收行为,得到了材料、结构参数、内边界约束对薄壁圆管变形模式和能量吸收特性的影响。结果表明:相同厚径比时,延展性好的薄壁圆管发生渐进式压溃,而延展性差的薄壁圆管则发生轴向劈裂和渐进碎裂变形模式;结构的比能量吸收率随厚径比的增大而提高,其中钛合金管的比吸能率最高,但峰值载荷较大;当内径、高度和质量相同时,钛合金管的吸能量分别是铝合金管和钢管的1.1倍和3.1倍。此外,对于渐进压溃模式的薄壁圆管,可通过引入内边界约束改善其能量吸收特性,其比能量吸收率最大可提高13%左右。     

负高斯曲率曲面薄壁管吸能特性研究

为设计出具备优良吸能特性的薄壁结构,提出一种新型负高斯曲率曲面圆形横截面薄壁管(negative Gaussian curvature surface circular tube, NGC-C)。利用经验证的有限元分析方法对其进行轴向动态冲击模拟,提取各项性能指标,借助复杂比例评估法(complex proportion assessment, COPRAS)将其与传统薄壁吸能结构进行了综合性能对比。采用拉丁超立方抽样法从设计空间中提取样本点并获取各样本点对应性能响应值,建立代理模型。基于该代理模型,借助改进非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm, NSGA-Ⅱ)对其进行了多目标优化设计。结果表明:NGC-C综合性能优于传统薄壁吸能结构,经优化后比吸能提高了16.47%,有效压溃长度降低了12.40%,质量减少了20.18%。将负高斯曲率曲面形态引入薄壁管构型,能够提高薄壁管的耐撞性和轴向抗变形能力。     

变截面多稳态梁结构减振吸能分析与优化设计

基于多稳态梁结构具有吸能且可重复使用的特点，本文研究包含变截面多稳态梁的单胞结构及其周期性排布的减振吸能效应及其优化设计方法。对多稳态结构进行考虑几何非线性的位移加载/卸载有限元仿真，根据其载荷-位移曲线分析多稳态结构的减振吸能原理，并研究串联与并联周期性排布形式对结构整体吸能特性的影响规律。研究基于多参数调控的变截面梁结构形状表征方法，根据多稳态结构储能特点建立变截面多稳态单胞结构的结构优化模型，通过求解优化问题获得总质量不变条件下最优变截面梁结构形状。进一步地通过对优化结果的有限元分析验证优化的有效性，并对结构进行瞬态冲击荷载下动响应分析，证明多稳态结构的冲击保护作用。     

矩形中空夹层再生混凝土钢管短柱轴压试验研究

以截面形式、截面长宽比和混凝土类型为参数共设计了8根矩形中空夹层钢管混凝土试件,对其进行轴压实验并对其破坏形态、荷载-纵向应变关系曲线及外钢管横向应变发展规律进行分析。其中截面形式包括矩形套矩形和矩形套圆形两种,截面长宽比分别为1.25和1.5,混凝土类型包括普通混凝土和再生混凝土(再生粗骨料取代率为50%)两类。结果表明:对于截面形式相同的试件,长宽比较大者极限承载力更小,且其长边横向应变发展更快;对于长宽比相同的试件,矩形套矩形截面的试件长边横向应变发展比矩形套圆形截面的更快;混凝土类型对试件的极限承载力和破坏形态影响不大。最后运用有限元软件ABAQUS对8根短柱的轴压全过程进行模拟,并将有限元计算得到荷载-纵向应变曲线与实验实测曲线进行对比,两者吻合较好且互相验证。     

纸浆模塑制品冲击承载能力和能量吸收分析

应用 INSTRON 9250HV 型落锤冲击试验系统和有限元技术研究了不同湿度下纸浆模塑制品的冲击压缩过程、承载能力、能量吸收特性。结果表明：纸浆模塑材料的弹性模量和屈服应力均随相对湿度的增高显著下降,90%相对湿度下纸浆模塑材料的弹性模量和屈服应力分别仅为50%环境湿度下的弹性模量和屈服应力的44.5%和37.6%;有限元分析得到的纸托制品含有湿度信息的冲击压缩载荷-变形曲线、能量吸收曲线与相应实验结果一致;纸浆模塑制品的冲击承载能力和吸能性能随着湿度的增大显著下降,90%相对湿度下纸托制品第一次和第二次的屈曲载荷分别仅为50%相对湿度下的屈曲载荷的44.8%和47.9%;纸托制品设计时应以下层支撑结构冲击压溃为设计限度,下层支撑结构压溃时的名义应力值和能量吸收值即为纸托制品设计的最佳吸能点(吸能设计限值)。     

高速冲击下薄壁组合结构吸能特性研究

研究了高速冲击下组合薄壁结构的吸能特性。采用显式动力有限元方法模拟薄壁结构在轴向冲击下的动态屈曲并分析其吸能特性,通过在结构上增加诱导缺陷和提出新型组合截面来提高其抗冲击吸能性能。同时对多种模型对比分析,研究了不同诱导缺陷、截面形式对吸能特性的影响,以得到最优化的结构。     

Novel Crash Sled with a Translating Support Mass

Background

A novel crash sled has been developed with a translating support incorporating transducers that allow multiple methods of measuring energy absorption to fully characterize the dynamic crush response of composite components.

Objective

The main goal of the current investigation was to demonstrate functionality, repeatability, and accuracy of crush testing using a crash sled with a translating support mass.

Methods

A semi-automated algorithm for data reduction was developed based on impact mechanics principles. A preliminary set of tests was initially conducted using aluminum honeycomb specimens with a specified stable crushing force to quantify the accuracy and repeatability of the crush data. Following the success of these tests, triaxially-braided fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) specimens were evaluated.

Results

Crush tests with the aluminum honeycomb specimens showed excellent outcomes for all three specimens. These data provided close agreement with cumulative energy absorption between individual instruments and stable crushing forces at expected values. For the FRP specimens, specific energy absorption (SEA) and force-displacement curves were successfully measured; however, data from the translating support mass accelerometer were excluded from the dataset due to clipping. The SEA of the corrugated specimens was greater than the SEA for the C-channel specimens at both test speeds.

Conclusions

The crash sled functionality was verified, the specimen geometry was found to contribute more to SEA than the impact speed in the speed range tested, and the support mass accelerometer will be upgraded to prevent clipping in future tests.

     

ENERGY ABSORPTION CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS OF AL THIN-WALLED TUBES UNDER IMPACT LOAD

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the energy absorption characteristics of thin-walled square tubes subjected to dynamic crushing by impact loading to develop the optimum structural members. Here, the controller is introduced to improve and control the absorbed energy of thin-walled square tubes in this paper. When the controller were used, the experimental results of crushing of square tubes controlled by the controller＇s elements showed a good candidate for a controllable energy absorption capability in impact crushing.     

Experimental studies on thin-walled grooved tubes under axial compression

We study experimentally the axial crushing behavior and crashworthiness characteristics of thin-walled steel tubes containing annular grooves. The grooves determine the positions of the folds and control the buckling mode of deformation. In the present work we aim to improve the uniformity of the load-displacement behavior and to predict the energy absorption capacity of the tubes. Grooves are cut circumferentially and alternately inside and outside the tubes at predetermined intervals. Quasi-static axial crushing tests are performed with different groove distances. Photographs are taken during axial buckling and the specimens after crushing are sectioned axially to carry out the measurements. The deformation modes and load-displacement curves are described and energy absorption and mean post-buckling load are determined. The convolutions are achieved by folding in an axisymmetric concertina mode about the circumferential grooves. The results show that the load-displacement curve and energy absorbed by the axial crushing of tubes can be controlled by the introduction of grooves with different distances.     

Crashworthiness analysis and optimization of fourier varying section tubes

Thin-walled structures are widely used as energy absorption devices for their proven advantages on lightweight and crashworthiness. However, a majority of studies have being focus on exploring separately the crashworthiness of the thin-walled structure with a specific geometric section, such as circular, square, hexagon, octagon etc., and little research has investigated the relationship of crashworthiness among thin-walled structures with different sections systematically. This paper utilizes Fourier series expansion to generate a series of novel sectional configurations, namely Fourier varying sectional tubes (FVSTs), to look into their advantages of crashworthiness, thereby developing some FVSTs with highest possible energy absorption capacity. Based on the validated finite element (FE) models, parametric analysis is conducted to investigate the effects of cross-sectional configuration, perimeter and thickness of FVSTs on collapse mode and energy absorption. The results showed that the collapse modes of FVSTs are fairly sensitive to cross-sectional configuration, perimeter and wall thickness. Of these FVSTs generated, the highest specific energy absorption (SEA) increases 77.54% by increasing perimeter and 69.73% by decreasing wall thickness. Finally, a discrete optimization based on the orthogonal arrays is conducted to obtain the optimal FVST for maximizing SEA under the constraint of the initial peak crushing force (IPCF). The optimized FVSTs are of superior crashworthiness and great potential as an energy absorber.     

In-plane crushing behavior and energy absorption design of composite honeycombs

Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods were used to study the in-plane crushing behavior of single-cell structures and regular and composite honeycombs. Square, hexagonal, and circular honeycombs were selected as honeycomb layers to establish composite honeycomb models in the form of composite structures and realize the complementary advantages of honeycombs with type I and type II structures. The effects of honeycomb layer arrangement, plastic collapse strength, relative density, and crushing velocity on the deformation mode, plateau stress, load uniformity, and energy absorption performance of the composite honeycombs were mainly considered. A semi-empirical formula for plateau stress and energy absorption rate per unit mass for the composite honeycombs was developed. The results showed that the arrangement mode of honeycomb layers is an important factor that affects their mechanical properties. Appropriately selecting the arrangement of honeycomb layers and the proportion of honeycomb layers with different structures in a composite honeycomb can effectively improve its load uniformity and control the magnitude of plateau stress and energy absorption capacity.     

弧形折纸模式薄壁结构的压缩变形与能量吸收

选用PolyMaxTM PLA为试样材料，利用3D打印技术制备了弧形折纸薄壁管件。基于准静态轴向压缩实验，运用ABAQUS软件对弧形折纸薄壁管件轴向准静态压缩和冲击行为进行了有限元计算，探讨了其变形模式和能量吸收特性，分析了预折角和薄壁单胞管件阵列数量对其压溃模式及能量吸收的影响。有限元计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。薄壁管件的变形过程可分为4个阶段:初始压溃阶段、预折角塑性旋转阶段、腹板塑性屈曲阶段和完全压溃密实化阶段。弧形折痕的引入能够有效地降低薄壁管件在压缩过程中的初始压溃载荷峰值，减小冲击载荷的振荡幅值。对比了高度相等、质量近似相等的方管与弧形折纸薄壁管在不同冲击速度下的压缩变形与能量吸收。在准静态压缩作用下，对于单胞模型，仅有折痕倾角为70°的模型的比吸能优于方管；对于多胞管件阵列模型，方管的比吸能均优于折纸管。折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管，其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。在动态冲击压缩下，阵列方管的比吸能均优于阵列折纸管。当冲击速度为10 m/s时，折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管，其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。当冲击速度为20 m/s时，仅有折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率优于方管。     

仿生多胞薄壁管耐撞性分析及优化

为提高薄壁管结构耐撞性，以雀尾螳螂虾螯为仿生原型，结合仿生学设计方法，设计一种含正弦胞元的多胞薄壁管结构。以初始峰值载荷、比吸能和碰撞力效率为耐撞性指标，通过有限元数值模拟分析了不同碰撞角度（0o、10o、20o和30o）条件下，仿生胞元数对薄壁管耐撞性的影响，通过多目标的复杂比例评估法获取仿生薄壁管的最优胞元数。基于不同碰撞角度权重因子组合，设置了4种单一角度工况和3种多角度工况，采用多目标粒子群优化方法获取了不同工况下薄壁管结构最优胞元高宽比和壁厚。复杂比例评估结果表明，胞元数为4的薄壁管为最优晶胞数仿生薄壁管。优化结果表明，单一角度工况下，最优结构参数高宽比的范围为0.88～1.50，壁厚的范围为0.36～0.60 mm，碰撞角度为0o和10o的最优高宽比明显小于碰撞角度为20o和30o的；多角度工况下，最优高宽比范围为1.01～1.10，壁厚范围为0.49～0.57 mm。     

高锁螺栓连接件动态拉伸响应与失效机理

飞机坠撞过程中结构的变形模式和吸能对乘员保护具有重要意义，而连接结构的载荷传递和失效形式是影响飞机结构变形的重要因素之一。为了获取航空高锁螺栓连接件在坠撞载荷下的动态响应和失效机理，基于抗剪型平头高锁螺栓设计了2种材料（2024-T3和7050-T7451）的单钉单搭接连接件，利用高速液压伺服材料试验机进行4种速度（0.01、0.10、1.00和3.00 m/s）下的拉伸测试，得到连接件的动态响应、极限载荷、能量吸收和失效模式随速度的变化规律，并分析了连接件的失效机理。结果表明，连接件的失效模式受母材和高锁螺栓/螺母材料强度影响较大，而受加载速度影响较小；当速度从0.01 m/s增加到3.00 m/s时，2024-T3连接件的极限载荷和能量吸收分别增加了2.17%和34.43%，7050-T7451连接件的极限载荷和能量吸收分别增加了5.53%和6.58%。