竖冷设备中烧结矿石偏析行为的GPU高性能模拟

随着钢铁工业流程和技术的不断优化及节能减排要求的不断升级,如何高效回收利用各生产工序中的工业余热成为钢铁工业面临的重要课题.竖冷设备既可以有效回收烧结矿石的显热,大幅提高能源的利用率,又可以有效减少烧结工序中的粉尘,降低烧结工艺的环境污染,因此得到了高度重视.但现有竖冷设备容易出现烧结矿石的偏析问题,严重影响了显热回收的效率和设备运行的稳定性.为此,采用离散元法(discrete element method,DEM)研究竖冷设备中烧结矿石的偏析,重点针对不同结构进料管对烧结矿石偏析的影响.研究发现,虽然缓冲仓内每次加入的烧结矿石皆混合均匀,但由于不同粒径的烧结矿石在进料过程中存在动量差异,导致了竖冷设备内明显的颗粒偏析,在料堆堆尖处呈现小颗粒多大颗粒少的现象,并且料层主体的偏析与进料管的结构密切相关.由于进料管的结构是进料过程的决定性因素,因此提出了通过改变进料管的结构抑制竖冷设备内烧结矿石偏析的可能途径,对提高烧结矿石的显热回收效率具有参考意义.     

THE EFFECT OF THE CHUTE ON THE PARTICLE SIZE SEGREGATION IN A BELL-LESS TOP BLAST FURNACE

为研究溜槽对高炉无料钟布料偏析的影响,采用离散元方法模拟了无料钟卸料过程,得到了溜槽上颗粒的速度分布,布料结果的径向、周向粒度分布,并分析了溜槽内表面的键槽、截面形状和倾角对粒度偏析的影响规律,结果表明:(1) 溜槽上的键槽会引起布料结果周向偏析;(2) 溜槽方形截面较圆形截面更有利于精确的径向布料;(3) 不同溜槽倾角下,径向偏析不同, 结果为高炉布料工艺的设计及炉料分布的精确控制提供科学依据.     

粉末注射成形中偏析效应及其影响的数值模拟

在金属或陶瓷粉末注射成形中,由于粉末与粘结剂的密度差异,二者在高速充模的过程中会产生局部比例变化,即偏析现象.针对偏析现象,采用两相流注射模型,将注射喂料视为由粉末相和粘结剂相组成的混合流体,预测注射成形坯件中粉末相和粘结剂相的分布.将结果引入到后续的烧结模拟中,宏观烧结模型采用基于热弹粘塑性的本构关系.据此模拟产品在烧结过程中发生的收缩和变形以及预测产品在烧结过程中现场强度(In-situ strength).模拟结果说明注射坯件的非匀质性导致产品的烧结过程中产生非均匀收缩和内部应力的大幅度上升,影响产品的精度和性能.这种从注射到烧结的模拟体系可用于优化粉末注射成形工艺的喂料设计、模具设计以及注射和烧结工艺参数的选取.     

开式热沉内冷刀具的设计及其导热性能分析

车削加工温度对工件的表面加工质量和刀具的使用寿命具有重要影响. 设计了一种开式热沉内冷刀具，计算了在实际加工工艺参数下刀具受到的切削力和前刀面上的热流密度，分析了刀具的结构强度；建立了刀具热-流-固耦合温度场模型，探讨了热稳态条件下刀具的温度场分布，以及刀片冷却液流道内热沉数量对刀具导热性能的影响规律，比较了在相同热源条件下开式热沉内冷刀具与其他内冷刀具的导热性能. 结果表明:对于刀片材料为硬质合金YT5的刀具，在热流密度为10 W/mm2的条件下，内置6个热沉的设计方案可获得最佳冷却效果，刀具的最高切削温度控制为187.1 ℃；与其他内冷刀具相比，开式热沉内冷刀具的最高切削温度降低了12.1 ℃.      

结构优化中的建模方法概述

建立优化模型是结构优化前的最佳选择. 由于工程实际问题的复杂性, 很难建立显式表达的模型, 即使少数问题能够建立显式表达的模型, 也难以求解. 因此需要借助近似方法建立模型, 为了便于求解或提高求解效率, 通常还要对模型进行变换. 文中列举了结构优化中常用的近似建模方法, 并根据建立近似显式的途径和敏度分析的方法对其进行分类, 详细介绍了近几年来广泛应用的样本点构造方法, 然后描述了它们在结构优化中的应用和具体实现过程, 分析了它们的优缺点和应用范围, 指出了结构优化建模方法今后的发展方向.      

不同细料含量土石混合料塑性行为离散元模拟

土石混合料是指由大粒径的块石和作为填充成分的细粒土组成的二元混合料, 其塑性行为与细料含量密切相关. 目前对细粒含量如何影响土石混合料塑性行为及其细观机制的研究尚不充分, 为此本文开展了不同细料含量土石混合料的二维离散元数值模拟, 基于二阶功失稳准则与细观力学理论, 探究了细料含量对石料骨架土石混合料失稳特性与非关联流动特性的影响, 并揭示了细料含量影响土石混合料塑性力学行为的细观机制. 研究结果表明, 细颗粒可通过限制集合体塑性变形从而起到促进集合体整体稳定的作用; 细颗粒控制颗粒集合体塑性变形的方向(即塑性势面法方向), 随着细料含量增大, 土石混合料的塑性势面法方向和屈服面法方向之间的夹角减小, 非关联流动性减弱, 材料分岔失稳区域变窄; 尽管加入到石颗粒中的部分细颗粒与石颗粒共同承担骨架作用, 但是细颗粒的加入不影响颗粒集合体的力学状态, 不改变材料屈服面法方向. 相关研究结果可为建立考虑细料含量的土石混合料弹塑性本构模型提供理论依据.      

喷腾旋风炉冷态两相流场实验研究

用黄豆、大米、小米及８００－２００μｍ粒径玻璃珠代表粒径在５ｍｍ以下散煤，通过两相流场显示，热球风速仪流速测量和单颗粒轨道计算，探讨了底吹风与进煤量、底吹风与一次风的匹配关系，炉内冷态两相流场特征及气动力匹配规律，结果表明改进后的炉体结构更有利于强化燃烧，为热态试验提供了技术依据。     

一类新型仿生起竖结构设计及其动力学分析

由于生物能够通过丰富的运动形式完成特定的任务, 仿生设计方法受到了学者们的广泛关注. 蚯蚓在各种环境中具有出色的移动能力和适应性, 受此启发, 仿蠕虫机器人被提出并应用在搜救、医疗等领域. 然而现有的仿蠕虫机器人一般通过体节的轴向变形实现直线运动, 无法实现类似蛇类生物的起竖功能. 为了解决现有的仿蠕虫机器人无法起竖的问题, 本文提出了一种具有非线性多稳态性质的仿生柔性关节, 并在此基础上构建了多节仿生起竖结构以实现类似尺蠖、蛇等生物的起竖功能. 首先, 本文提出了一种仿生起竖关节模型, 推导了多节仿生起竖结构的总势能表达式, 从而建立了多节仿生起竖结构的动力学模型; 随后, 基于多节仿生起竖结构总势能的表达式和多元函数极值原理, 提出了实现需求起竖构型的结构参数设计准则, 利用动力学模型验证了结构参数设计准则的有效性, 并研究了需求构型的触发条件; 最后, 针对不同起竖节数的设计需求, 设计了相应节数的仿生起竖结构. 研究结果表明, 结构参数设计准则能够使得多节仿生起竖结构达到需求的仿生起竖构型, 并在需求构型处保持稳定平衡; 此外, 定义了初始激励与起竖构型的比例系数单调性变量, 并基于仿生起竖结构不同稳态的吸引盆揭示了上述变量构成的构型触发准则, 这为仿生起竖结构的构型切换提供了理论依据. 本文提出的仿生起竖结构对仿蠕虫机器人的功能拓展具有参考价值和指导意义, 也是对仿生设计理论的进一步完善.      

水平摆振下环形巴西果分离效应模拟研究

为了研究水平摆振下混合颗粒体系的分离行为及其机理,利用离散单元法进行数值模拟,对二元混合颗粒振动下的运动行为进行了研究,观察到圆筒形容器内一种新的分离现象,即"环形巴西果"分离。通过对比不同振动参数、不同区域内混合颗粒体系的运动特性,分析了颗粒的整体流态、能量、离心力作用以及颗粒间的力链结构强度,对混合颗粒的中心偏析、边界堆积以及整体分离行为,揭示了"环形巴西果"分离构型的内在机理。结果表明:频率为1Hz、振幅为160°时,混合颗粒出现"环形巴西果"分离现象;频率为3Hz、振幅为40°时,混合颗粒出现"巴西果"分离现象,且通过调整振幅和频率可以控制中心区域大颗粒偏析程度,实现"环形巴西果"分离构型与"巴西果"分离构型之间的转换。     

不同属性肋片对复杂方腔自然对流影响的数值分析

采用二阶全展开Euler-Taylor-Galerkin分裂步有限元方法,在指定的网格密度条件下,在流动对应的普朗特数取为0.71,雷诺数取为104的情况下,数值分析了热肋、冷肋、上绝热肋、下绝热肋等四种不同属性肋片对封闭方腔内典型自然对流流动的影响.计算结果表明,肋片的存在对封闭方腔内的自然对流及相应的传热效率具有较强的影响,对流流动结构以及平均Nusselt数随肋片的属性发生较大的改变.     

The microtube heat sink with tangential impingement jet and variable fluid properties

This paper presents the numerical investigation of the microtube heat sink with impingement jet feeding. The inlet channel covers only the quarter of the tube perimeter so the swirl flow is settled in the tubes and the heat transfer between the liquid flow and silicon substrate is improved. The water with the variable physical properties is used as the working fluid and laminar flow regime is considered. The proposed microtube heat sink with impingement jet feeding is compared with classic microtube heat sink in terms of temperature variation along the heated surface and temperature difference. The influence of the temperature dependent physical properties on the fluid flow and heat transfer is analyzed.     

Heat transfer in tube assemblies under conditions of laminar axial,transverse and inclined flow

This paper considers laminar flow heat transfer in tube assemblies. The main interest is focused on the virtually unexplored cases of heat transfer under conditions of fully-developed flow inclined to the axes of the tubes and of purely transverse developing flow. The limiting cases of purely axial or purely transverse fully-developed flow are also examined. In all cases, the thermal boundary condition on the tubes is constant heat flux. Governing differential equations are expressed in terms of curvilinear-orthogonal coordinates and solved using finite-differences. Results are compared with available theoretical and experimental data. The effect of the transverse component of the flow on the temperature distribution is found to remain very strong even in nearly-axial flows and therefore considerably higher heat transfer coefficients are exhibited by a nearly-axial flow than a purely axial one.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE SEDIMENTED MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE ALIGNED CIRCULAR PARTICLES IN THE INCLINED CHANNELS

主要应用浸没边界的格子玻尔兹曼方法（immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method, IB–LBM） 对处于不同倾斜角度通道内的三个刚体圆形颗粒在重力作用下下落的动力学特性进行了计算研究. 首先分析通道倾斜角度的影响, 结果显示当通道倾斜角处于59°90°的范围时会发生后一个颗粒超越前一个颗粒的现象. 其次, 研究了Re对颗粒沉降特性的影响, 结果表明Re 越大, 颗粒间发生聚集的时间越早. 研究还发现当3 个颗粒的直径大小不均匀时, 颗粒由大到小纵向依次排列, 或者出现中间小球直径较相邻两个小球直径大的排列情况, 均能促使颗粒加快聚集. 本文的研究结果可为环境工程及地质学中的颗粒沉降问题提供有价值的参考.     

Stratified flow model for convective condensation in an inclined tube

Experimental data are reported for condensation of R134a in an 8.38 mm inner diameter smooth tube in inclined orientations with a mass flux of 200 kg/m² s. Under these conditions, the flow is stratified and there is an optimum inclination angle, which leads to the highest heat transfer coefficient. There is a need for a model to better understand and predict the flow behaviour. In this paper, the state of the art of existing models of stratified two-phase flows in inclined tubes is presented, whereafter a new mechanistic model is proposed. The liquid–vapour distribution in the tube is determined by taking into account the gravitational and the capillary forces. The comparison between the experimental data and the model prediction showed a good agreement in terms of heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops. The effect of the interface curvature on the heat transfer coefficient has been quantified and has been found to be significant. The optimum inclination angle is due to a balance between an increase of the void fraction and an increase in the falling liquid film thickness when the tube is inclined downwards. The effect of the mass flux and the vapour quality on the optimum inclination angle has also been studied.     

Solid‐particle erosion in the tube end of the tube sheet of a shell‐and‐tube heat exchanger

Erosion is one of the major problems in many industrial processes, and in particular, in heat exchangers. The effects of flow velocity and sand particle size on the rate of erosion in a typical shell‐and‐tube heat exchanger were investigated numerically using the Lagrangian particle‐tracking method. Erosion and penetration rates were obtained for sand particles of diameters ranging from 10 to 500 µm and for inlet flow velocities ranging from 0.197 to 2.95 m/s. A flow visualization experiment was conducted with the objective of verifying the accuracy of the continuous phase calculation procedure. Comparison with available experimental data of penetration rates was also conducted. These comparisons resulted in a good agreement. The results show that the location and number of eroded tubes depend mainly on the particle size and velocity magnitude at the header inlet. The rate of erosion depends exponentially on the velocity. The particle size shows negligible effect on the erosion rate at high velocity values and the large‐size particles show less erosion rates compared to the small‐size particles at low values of inlet flow velocities. The results indicated that the erosion and penetration rates are insignificant at the lower end of the velocity range. However, these rates were found to increase continuously with the increase of the inlet flow velocity for all particle sizes. The particle size creating the highest erosion rate was found to depend on the flow velocity range. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two-phase flow in inclined tubes with specific reference to condensation: A review

Tilting influences the flow patterns and thus the heat transfer and pressure drop during condensation in smooth tubes. However, few studies are available on diabatic two-phase flows in inclined tubes. The purpose of the present paper is to review two-phase flow in inclined tubes, with specific reference to condensation. Firstly, the paper reviews convective condensation in horizontal tubes. Secondly, an overview is given of two-phase flow in inclined tubes. Thirdly, a review is conducted on condensation in inclined tubes. It is shown for convective condensation in inclined tubes that the inclination angle influences the heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient can be increased or decreased depending on the experimental conditions, and especially the flow pattern. Under certain conditions, an inclination angle may exist, which leads to an optimum heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, this paper highlights the lack of experimental studies for the prediction of the inclination angle effect on the flow pattern, the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop in two-phase flows during phase change.     

加工后的双壁金属换热管在升温-降温过程中受到的力学影响

铅冷钠冷快堆核电设备中的蒸汽发生器,有着在液态金属和水之间进行热交换的作用,其换热部分由排列的换热管组成。贴合式的双壁管是一种具有高换热效率及抵抗管裂纹扩展的管材,适合于这种应用环境。这种管材的内外管间存在残余压力,这是内外管紧贴的标志。然而在经历升至高温又降温的过程后,内外管间残余压力有可能消失引起两管脱开。为了得知温度对贴合式双壁金属管的具体影响,本文设计了一种拉伸法来制备双壁管,并同时采用有限元数值模拟管的加工制备过程并得到了内外管间的残余应力,再对加温后降温的过程进行模拟,分析换热管残余应力和应变状态进行了分析的变化,并通过初步试验来进行验证。通过研究,结果表明温度变化引起的塑性变形是管间残余压力变化的主要原因。通过控制管的加工过程来控制管材加工程度的方法,可望应对温度变化对管稳定性的影响。     

The effect of internal surface modification on flow instabilities in forced convection boiling in a horizontal tube

This paper presents the experimental result of a study on the effects of heat transfer enhancement on two-phase flow instabilities in a horizontal in-tube flow boiling system. Five different heat transfer surface configurations and five different inlet temperatures are used to observe the effect of heat transfer enhancement and inlet subcooling. All experiments are carried out at constant heat input, system pressure and exit restriction. Dynamic instabilities, namely pressure-drop type, density-wave type and thermal oscillations are found to occur for all the investigated temperatures and enhancement configurations, and the boundaries for the appearance of these oscillations are found. The effect of the enhancement configurations on the characteristics of the boiling flow dynamic instabilities is studied in detail. The comparison between the bare tube and the enhanced tube configurations are made on the basis of boiling flow instabilities. Differences among the enhanced configurations are also determined to observe which of them is the most stable and unstable one. The amplitudes and periods of pressure-drop type oscillations and density-wave type oscillations for tubes with enhanced surfaces are found to be higher than those of the bare tube. The bare tube is found to be the most stable configuration, while tube with internal springs having bigger pitch is found to be the most unstable one among the tested tubes. It is found that system stability increases with decreasing equivalent diameter for the same type heater tube configurations; however, on the basis of effective diameter there is no single result such as stability increase/decrease with increasing/decreasing effective diameter.     

The influence of multiple tubes on the tube-to-bed heat transfer in a fluidised bed

There have been few studies modelling both flow and heat transfer in fluidised beds. The kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) has been used for flow prediction in the past without heat transfer modelling. In the present study, a two-fluid Eulerian–Eulerian formulation incorporating the KTGF was applied first to a tube-to-bed reactor with one immersed tube and compared with the results in the literature. The bed was then modified to introduce two and three heated tubes. The effects on the flow and temperature distribution, local heat transfer coefficients and averaged heat transfer coefficients over a 3.0 s time period were carried out. Results showed that increasing the number of tubes promotes heat transfer from tubes to the particles and flow. The heat transfer coefficients extracted from the single-tube to three-tube cases were analysed in detail, confirming the importance of linking flow/particle and heat transfer calculations.