不排水条件下土石混合料双轴压缩离散元模拟

基于离散单元法构建了考虑碎石形状的柔性边界不排水双轴压缩模型,研究了11组不同含石量土石混合料在不排水条件下的宏细观力学特性。研究发现,(1)土石混合料强度随含石量增加先增后减,含石量超过约60%时形成碎石骨架,强度快速增长;含石量约80%时强度和内摩擦角最大;含石量增加,混合料黏聚力逐渐减小。(2)不排水受载下,土石混合料孔隙水压力先正后负、先增后减。含石量较小时,含石量增加,混合料孔隙水压力变化较小,混合料在碎石骨架形成初期孔隙水压力增加;碎石骨架完全形成后最大孔隙水压力减小。(3)含石量小于约30%时,混合料应变局部化呈规则剪切带,随后含石量增加破坏规则剪切带,当含石量约为80%时,混合料再次形成规则剪切带。含石量增加,配位数逐渐减小,颗粒间接触力在含石量小于60%时随含石量增加缓慢增长,超过70%时则快速增长。     

块石形状对土石混合体力学行为影响的颗粒流模拟

考虑块石形状为球体、正方体和长方体三种情况,通过正方体与球体相比较来探究块石棱角度不同对土石混合体力学特性的影响,通过长方体与正方体相比较来探究块石球度不同对土石混合体力学特性的影响。首先,提出特定形状块石三维离散元精细建模的方法;接着建立含石量为30%和80%的块石形状分别为球体、正方体和长方体的土石混合体三维颗粒流数值模型;然后,对土石混合体大三轴试验进行颗粒流模拟,获得了不同含石量及不同块石形状的土石混合体试样的宏观力学特征;最后,详细分析了块石形状对土石混合体力学行为影响的细观机理。结果表明,块石形状会影响土石混合体的力学行为,其影响的程度与含石量密切相关;配位数、块石颗粒平均旋转量和摩擦功的演化规律能够很好地从细观水平上反映块石形状的作用机理。     

胶结土石混合体力学特性的块石形状效应细观机理分析

考虑块石形状为球体、正方体和长方体三种情况,通过正方体与球体相比较来探究块石不同棱角度对胶结土石混合体力学特性的影响,通过长方体与正方体相比较来探究块石不同球度对胶结土石混合体力学特性的影响。首先,基于不规则颗粒三维离散元精细模拟技术实现了正方体和长方体块石数值模型的建立;然后建立含石量为30%和80%的块石形状分别为球体、正方体和长方体的胶结土石混合体三维离散元随机结构模型;最后,对土石混合体大三轴试验进行颗粒流数值模拟,获得了不同含石量、不同块石形状下胶结土石混合体的强度特征和变形特征,并分别就低、高两种含石量下块石形状对土石混合体力学特性影响的细观机理进行了深入地分析。结果表明：块石含量和形状均会显著影响胶结土石混合体的力学特性,并且两者间具有复杂的交互作用;微裂纹、块石颗粒平均旋转量、应变能和摩擦功等的演化规律能够很好地从细观水平上反映块石形状影响的作用机理。     

土石混合体直剪离散元数值试验研究

工程中普遍存在的土石混合体以其复杂的工程地质力学性质越来越受研究者的关注。由于"块石"的存在使得土石混合体在细观层次上呈现明显的结构性特征,这种结构性将影响甚至控制着其变形破坏机制及宏观力学特征。本文借助三维颗粒离散元分析软件YADE分别从含石量、试样尺寸、强度特性等角度对土石混合体的力学性质开展了一系列的数值直剪试验研究工作,并取得了一些有意义的研究成果:在含石量及粒度组成相同的情况下土石混合体的宏观抗剪强度及剪胀性随着试样尺寸的增加而呈现降低趋势,而在相同试样尺寸下将随着含石量的增加而增加;内部块石的存在影响着其细观应力状态,从而影响其宏观力学特性。     

含石量对土石混合体压桩承载力影响的离散元分析

土石混合体是介于土体和岩体之间的一种非均质、非连续和非线性的特殊工程地质材料,其在压桩贯入过程中的承载力受含石量的影响非常显著。本文分别采用球形颗粒和非规则镶嵌组合颗粒模拟土体颗粒和块石,对不同含石量下压桩贯入过程进行离散元数值分析。计算结果表明,桩柱阻力及其波动规律在不同含石量下有很大的差别。高含石量下的阻力要明显大于低含石量下的阻力,且其波动性也更加明显。通过对土石混合体内部力链结构的细观分析,揭示了压桩贯入过程中承载力随含石量变化的内在机理。以上研究有助于分析土石混合体材料的宏观力学行为,深入研究其在复杂工程条件下的力学特性。     

钙质砂与结构接触面的本构模型研究

基于接触面的宏、细观物理特征,建立了单调加载条件下钙质砂与结构接触面的弹塑性增量本构关系。从接触面的宏观条件上考虑,该模型将弹性模量取为法向压力的指数函数,采用非关联流动法则和Mohr-columb屈服函数,以及切向塑性功为硬化参量,适用于多数接触摩擦问题。在细观上将滑动面抽象为锯齿面,同时将摩擦系数取为塑性功的双曲线函数,以考虑钙质砂颗粒破碎对接触面力学特性的影响。模型概念简单、参数较少,通过理论计算与钙质砂拉拔试验结果比较,显示了模型的合理性。     

近片层γ-TiAl基合金宏观屈服的微观表征

将近片层-γTiAl基合金视为以等轴γ颗粒为基体,PST颗粒为夹杂的两相复合材料,基于细观力学自洽理论,对合金的有效弹性模量及基体和夹杂中的应力和应变场进行了解析分析计算,并结合细观力学的宏细观关联方法,确定了近片层-γTiAl基合金的宏观屈服的微观表征.结果表明:夹杂颗粒中的应力和应变场与外载及夹杂的体积分数f和椭球长细比ρ有关,软取向PST夹杂颗粒的微变形屈服导致近片层-γTiAl基合金材料的整体宏观屈服.     

基于离散元模型的土石混合体直剪试验分析

土石混合体是由高强度块石和低强度土体组成的一类特殊工程地质材料,其力学性质可通过直剪试验进行确定。本文针对土石混合体的细观材料特性,分别采用球形颗粒单元和非规则组合颗粒单元模拟土体和块石材料,对其在不同含石量和颗粒粘结强度下的直剪试验过程进行离散元分析。计算结果表明,土石混合体的抗剪强度随着含石量和粘结强度的增加而增加;通过不同法向应力下直剪试验的离散元分析,确定了不同含石量下土石混合体材料的内摩擦角和粘聚力。本文研究结果有助于进一步揭示土石混合体的抗剪强度特性。     

利用连接尺度方法的颗粒材料破碎数值分析

基于已有的颗粒材料连接尺度方法(BSM)[1-2],发展了在细尺度上采用离散颗粒集合体模型与离散单元法(DEM)并引入了颗粒破碎模型,而在粗尺度上采用Cosserat连续体模型与有限单元法(FEM)的BSM。仅在有限局部区域内采用DEM从细观层次关注颗粒材料破碎现象,而在全域采用储存空间和花费时间较少的FEM,同时在粗细两个尺度采用不同的时间步长。讨论了颗粒材料发生破碎时,颗粒材料结构的承载能力与微结构的演变。数值算例结果说明了所提出可模拟破碎的BSM的可用性和优越性,以及颗粒破碎对颗粒材料微观力学行为的影响。     

沥青混合料劈裂试验的细观有限元模拟与测试

为分析沥青混合料的细观尺度破坏机理,采用数字图像技术将AC-25沥青混合料离散为集料、联结料、孔隙三相复合材料,基于ANSYS软件建立马歇尔试件的二维细观有限元模型,输入各相介质的力学参数,虚拟细观劈裂破坏试验。基于非接触式光学方法,测试AC-25马歇尔试件劈裂试验中各相介质应变,并与虚拟细观有限元分析结果进行对比。结果表明,虚拟细观分析的各相介质参数影响较大,细观光学应变测试结果大于虚拟细观分析结果,但虚拟细观应变响应与光学测试结果规律相似,两种分析中沥青混合料破坏的薄弱环节均为联结料与界面。     

Development and application of state-dependent fractional plasticity in modeling the non-associated behavior of granular aggregates

To characterize the constitutive behavior of granular aggregates,a non-associated plasticity model with two different yield and plastic potential surfaces was usually used.However,in this paper,a state-dependent fractional elastoplastic model is proposed by only performing the first-and fractional-order differentiations of the yield function.The non-associated plastic flow is obtained without using any plastic potential functions.The state dependence is considered by correlating the fractional order with a state parameter.The model is then validated by simulating a series of test results of different granular aggregates,including sand,ballast and rockfill,under a variety of loading conditions.     

Mathematical and numerical modeling of the non-associated plasticity of soils—Part 1: The boundary value problem

The soil is characterized by the influence of the hydrostatic stress, which leads to a yield surface with a shape of a pyramid for Mohr–Coulomb criteria and a shape of a cone for Drucker–Prager one. These materials are also characterized by a non-associated plasticity where the plastic yielding rule does not follow the normality rule. The usual mechanical models use two independent functions to describe this particular collapse. Unfortunately, this manner broke the model formulation. The purpose of this work is to present a consistent formulation of the non-associated plasticity of soil. The frame of the mathematical analysis is the concept of the implicit standard material. The cornerstone of this new idea is the construction of a single function called the bipotential playing in the same time the roles of the yield surface and the plastic potential. The bipotential concept is then intended to involve the constitutive law, cover the normality rule even for the non-associated soil and the proof of the solution existence. The formulation was initially performed for the case of a regular point out of the cone apex and in present, it is extended to the irregular point located at the apex. The paper presents firstly the implicit standard material method. Then, the methodology to build a full model for the boundary value problem is detailed. Particular expressions and relations are sufficiently explained and discussed. Attention is made to the evolution problem and the variational principles related to the elastic–plastic behavior.     

Interpretation of the behavior of metals under large plastic shear deformations: comparison of macroscopic predictions to physically based predictions

A large plastic shear problem is analyzed by application of a macroscopic anisotropic plasticity model (Kuroda, M., 1997. Interpretation of the behavior of metals under large plastic shear deformations: a macroscopic approach. Int. J. Plasticity 13, 359–383), and the results are compared to predictions based on crystal plasticity with the Taylor assumption. It is found that these two different-scale models provide very similar predictions. The interpretations for such similarities are pursued in detail. The present macroscopic model reproduces quite well the change in orientation of anisotropy, which is directly predicted in the crystal plasticity analyses as a macroscopic manifestation of texture development. Consequently, the predictions for the rotation of the yield surface by the different-scale models become very similar. It is clearly shown that, in a macroscopic sense, the rotation of the anisotropic yield surface is a main cause of the axial effects in large plastic shear deformation.     

Crystallographically based model for transformation-induced plasticity in multiphase carbon steels

The microstructure of multiphase steels assisted by transformation-induced plasticity consists of grains of retained austenite embedded in a ferrite-based matrix. Upon mechanical loading, retained austenite may transform into martensite, as a result of which plastic deformations are induced in the surrounding phases, i.e., the ferrite-based matrix and the untransformed austenite. In the present work, a crystallographically based model is developed to describe the elastoplastic transformation process in the austenitic region. The model is formulated within a large-deformation framework where the transformation kinematics is connected to the crystallographic theory of martensitic transformations. The effective elastic stiffness accounts for anisotropy arising from crystallographic orientations as well as for dilation effects due to the transformation. The transformation model is coupled to a single-crystal plasticity model for a face-centered cubic lattice to quantify the plastic deformations in the untransformed austenite. The driving forces for transformation and plasticity are derived from thermodynamical principles and include lower-length-scale contributions from surface and defect energies associated to, respectively, habit planes and dislocations. In order to demonstrate the essential features of the model, simulations are carried out for austenitic single crystals subjected to basic loading modes. To describe the elastoplastic response of the ferritic matrix in a multiphase steel, a crystal plasticity model for a body-centered cubic lattice is adopted. This model includes the effect of nonglide stresses in order to reproduce the asymmetry of slips in the twinning and antitwinning directions that characterizes the behavior of this type of lattices. The models for austenite and ferrite are combined to simulate the microstructural behavior of a multiphase steel. The results of the simulations show the relevance of including plastic deformations in the austenite in order to predict a more realistic evolution of the transformation process. This work is part of the research program of the Netherlands Institute for Metals Research (NIMR) and the Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM, financially supported by the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO)). The research was carried out under project number 02EMM20 of the FOM/NIMR program “Evolution of the Microstructure of Materials” (P-33).     

Unloading an elastic-plastic contact of rough surfaces

A statistical model for the unloading of elastic-plastic contact of rough surfaces is presented for a single load-unload cycle. The hystereses of load-separation and load real contact area behavior are analyzed for a wide range of surface roughness and loading conditions. The residual topography of the unloaded rough surfaces is also analyzed and the new distribution functions of asperity heights and summit radii of curvature along with a corresponding GW residual plasticity index are presented. A new modified plasticity index (MPI) is suggested which considers the energy dissipation due to unrecovered plastic deformations. This MPI varies from zero for purely elastic contacts to unity for purely plastic contacts and hence, can better define the level of plasticity of contacting rough surfaces compared to the original GW plasticity index.     

虎跳峡龙蟠右岸土石混合体粒度分形特征研究

应用分维理论对虎跳峡龙蟠右岸分布的土石混合体粒度分布的分维规律进行了研究分析,建立了平均粒径与相应的分维数之间的定量关系模型。通过研究表明,土石混合体具有良好的统计自相似性,由于其本身为级配不良土,在分维曲线上表现为双重分形分布,这种特殊的分维分布与土石混合体的成因及形成过程有关。     

Micromechanical modeling for behavior of silty sand with influence of fine content

Silty sand is a soil mixture with coarse grains and fine grains. Experimental observations have shown that small amount of fines may reduce the undrained shear strength significantly. The purpose of this paper is to propose a micromechanical model for the stress–strain behavior of silty sand influenced by fines under drained and undrained conditions. The micromechanical stress–strain model accounts for the influence of fines on the density state of the soil mixture, thus consequently affect the critical state friction angle and the amount of sliding between particles. The present model is examined by simulating typical drained and undrained tests in conventional triaxial conditions. The simulated stress–strain curves are compared with the measured results on samples made of Ottawa sand and Foundry sand with various amounts of fines. The predictive ability of the present model for simulating the behavior of silty sand is discussed.