大理岩试样循环加载强化作用的试验研究

利用不同晶粒大理岩块加工成完整和含孔道的圆柱试样,在伺服实验机上分别进行单轴和常规三轴循环加载试验,其中三轴循环加载包括维持围压恒定和卸载围压两种情况.结果表明,循环加载确实可使试样的强度增加,强度大致提高5%-10%.岩石的材料强度和承载能力是两个不同的概念.大理岩晶粒之间多为裂隙,轴向压缩加载时晶粒局部接触应力远高于名义应力,在岩样未达到峰值应力之前,接触处已经产生很大的变形乃至出现局部破坏,形成的碎屑在卸载时可以脱落充填到附近的空隙,提高岩样承载能力.这种强化特征是与摩擦相关的承载能力,并非材料强度;与多次循环加载造成材料强度逐步劣化不同.从卸载点附近卸载与再加载应力应变曲线的关系,可以确认卸载是否引起岩石承载能力的增加.     

Mg-W体系密度梯度飞片复杂加载实验的计算分析

采用弹塑性流体动力学计算方法对Mg-W体系密度梯度飞片复杂加载实验进行计算设计,考虑到飞片材料制备中单层厚度值和Mg-W最大阻抗混合质量百分数的致密条件限制, 提供12层Mg-W体系飞片的制备参数. 采用研制的梯度飞片在气炮上进行冲击加载-准等熵加载实验, 给出了飞片和LiF窗口界面处速度剖面的VISAR或DISAR实验测试结果, 并通过数值计算对实验数据进行对比, 对出现的异常现象进行了分析和实验验证, 提出以Mg-Cu为飞片材料体系的建议, 为后续深入开展可控加卸载路经和可控加卸载速率的实验研究奠定了基础.      

显式模拟类橡胶材料Mullins效应滞回圈

通过显式、直接的方法提出一个多轴可压缩应变能函数,用来模拟类橡胶材料在加载-卸载作用下,由于Mullins效应而产生的应力-应变滞回圈.本文的创新点在于将表征能量耗散的变量引入到应变能函数.新的弹性势具有以下两个特点:第一,在加载情况下,新引入的变量不会对弹性势产生任何影响,因此,只要给出合适的形函数显式表达,3个基准实验,包括单轴拉伸和压缩,等双轴拉伸和压缩,以及平面应变,都可精确模拟;第二,新引入的变量在卸载情况下将被激活.在不同的卸载应力下,变量将发生改变,从而影响弹性势,使其最终产生不同的应力-应变关系卸载曲线,与对应的加载曲线共同构成应力-应变滞回圈.通过对Mullins效应实验数据进行分析和研究,得出了卸载形函数在不同卸载应力下变化的规律,并预测不同卸载应力下的应力-应变关系.最后,我们将得到精确匹配实验数据的数值模拟结果,从而证明本文方法不仅可以精确匹配至少3个基准实验,还可以模拟和预测类橡胶材料在加载-卸载作用下由于Mullins效应而产生的滞回圈.     

显式模拟类橡胶材料Mullins效应滞回圈

通过显式、直接的方法提出一个多轴可压缩应变能函数,用来模拟类橡胶材料在加载——卸载作用下,由于Mullins效应而产生的应力——应变滞回圈. 本文的创新点在于将表征能量耗散的变量引入到应变能函数.新的弹性势具有以下两个特点:第一,在加载情况下,新引入的变量不会对弹性势产生任何影响,因此,只要给出合适的形函数显式表达,3个基准实验,包括单轴拉伸和压缩,等双轴拉伸和压缩,以及平面应变,都可精确模拟;第二,新引入的变量在卸载情况下将被激活.在不同的卸载应力下,变量将发生改变,从而影响弹性势,使其最终产生不同的应力——应变关系卸载曲线,与对应的加载曲线共同构成应力——应变滞回圈.通过对Mullins效应实验数据进行分析和研究,得出了卸载形函数在不同卸载应力下变化的规律,并预测不同卸载应力下的应力——应变关系.最后,我们将得到精确匹配实验数据的数值模拟结果,从而证明本文方法不仅可以精确匹配至少3个基准实验,还可以模拟和预测类橡胶材料在加载——卸载作用下由于Mullins效应而产生的滞回圈.      

TiNi形状记忆合金变形特性实验研究

给出了一种ＴｉＮｉ形状记忆合金（多晶）的单轴拉压、循环拉伸加卸载、形状记忆效果、恢复力、相变塑性变形及拉压。扭转比例、非比例加卸载的实验结果，实验结果显示，其变形特性非常不同于普通的弹塑性材料：如Ｂａｕｓｃｈｉｎｇｅｒ效果提前，甚至于会出现于卸载阶段；低温下的残余变形会在加热后消失；恒载下冷却时产生相当大的塑性变形（相变塑性变形）且在加热时消失等等。多轴加载实验结果表明，比例加载时该材料的加载屈服面及卸载屈服面都基本满足Ｍｉｓｅｓ准则，但非比例加载时则不然。     

FeMnNi合金冲击加卸载历程研究

采用激光速度干涉仪(VISAR),应用逆向加载实验装置FeMnNi飞片/蓝宝石窗口和FeMnNi飞片/LiF缓冲层/LiF窗口,分别对低相变阈值金属FeMnNi合金含相变的低压和高压冲击加卸载历程进行实验研究。参阅文献[3,4]分析了实验结果。在低压加载下,FeMnNi合金样品存在α→ε相变,卸载时存在逆相变ε→α及逆相变引发的卸载稀疏冲击波;在高压加载下,FeMnNi合金样品存在α→ε相变,卸载时可能存在逆相变ε→γ和γ→ε行为及逆相变引发的卸载稀疏冲击波。     

单轴应变：本构关系——它的内容、方法和意义

论述了单轴应变加载下固体中偏应力的基本含义和偏应力在本构关系研究中的意义。指出了加载-卸载波剖面测量在本构关系研究中的重要作用。建立了测量金属材料在平面冲击压缩下的剪切模量的基本方法,对表征固体材料弹性特性的剪切模量在冲击压缩状态下的物理含义做出了解释。根据剪切模量的一般性定义,建立了描写受冲击材料的准弹性-塑性卸载特性的有效剪切模量与纵波声速和横渡声速的关系。通过同时测量受冲击材料中的追赶稀疏波速度和波后粒子速度,获得了LY12铝在20～110GPa冲击压力和无氧铜在41～104GPa冲击压力下的声速和剪切模量,以及从冲击压缩状态卸载时沿着准弹性卸载路径的声速和有效剪切模量。 对目前广泛使用的描写单轴应变下固体材料的加载-卸载响应特性的SCG本构模型进行了分析,指出该本构关系的局限性,认为这种本构关系原则上不能用来描写受冲击材料的卸载过程。根据LY12铝和无氧铜的实验研究结果,对SCG本构关系中的剪切模量方程进行修正,讨论了修正的物理含义。修正后的方程与实验测量结果符合很好,在此基础上提出新的加载本构方程。 根据铝和铜沿着准弹性卸载路径的声速测量结果,提出了描写受冲击压缩固体的准弹性卸载的有效剪切模量方程和相应的屈服强度方程。建立了单轴应变下包含加载-卸载过程的新的本构方程。根据本文的实验测量结果,给出了铝合金和无氧铜卸载本构方程的解析形式,确定了相关参数。 依据文中提出的加载本构和卸载本构方程,对实验测量的6发LY12铝的波剖面、美国5发6061-T6铝合金的加载-卸载波剖面及冲击波衰减数据,进行了数值模拟计算和预测。计算中采用与本文测量相同的卸载本构参数,计算结果与实验结果符合很好,再现了这些波剖面的准弹性-塑性卸载行为和冲击波衰减行为。对3发无氧铜波剖面的计算模拟,也获得了令人满意的结果。 最后,从现象学出发,对发生在冲击波阵面内的弹-塑性屈服过程进行了分析,对固相区冲击波后材料的状态不在屈服面上的原因进行解释。     

碳膜压阻传感器的静压加卸载标定

本文报告了对破膜压阻传感器进行的静压加载和卸载标定,量程范围为MPa-1.5GPa.文中介绍了实验方法,给出了四次标定曲线.     

金属拉扭强度关于材料声速及加载速率最小二乘法的回归模型

为了研究不同加载速率下金属的拉扭强度及其预测方法,利用声发射检测仪及电子拉扭试验机分别对铸铁和中碳钢标准试件进行了声速测定及不同加载速率、加载路径下的拉伸-扭转组合变形试验,得到了各试件材料的声速值及相应加载方案下的载荷-变形曲线;根据平面应力状态及强度理论,推导出了材料拉扭破坏的最大正应力、最大剪应力;利用试验中采集的最大轴力、最大扭矩计算得到了材料的拉扭破坏应力、破坏面方向;基于最小二乘法拟合得到了材料拉扭强度关于材料声速值、拉伸与扭转加载速率的多元回归模型。研究表明:随着拉伸与扭转加载速率的增加,铸铁、碳钢的破坏应力分别呈现总体上升、总体下降的趋势;相同加载速率、不同加载路径下材料的破坏强度各不相同;建立的回归模型能较好地预测给定材料在不同加载速率下的破坏应力,并以此建立塑性及脆性材料的拉扭强度条件。     

基于塑性体积应变的岩石损伤变形特性实验研究

为分析岩石塑性变形与损伤的关系,在定义岩石的初始损伤和临界损伤,提出塑性体积应变分析方法,从而以塑性体积应变为损伤变量,采用归一化方法建立岩石的损伤本构模型。采用递增循环加载实验确定岩石损伤本构模型中的弹性卸载模量和弹性应变比例系数两个参数。通过实验和理论分析得出:当荷载较小时,普通单轴压缩状态下岩石损伤随荷载的增加具有减小趋势,荷载超过一定数值后,岩石损伤才开始增加;单轴递增循环压缩状态下当循环荷载大于约35%峰值强度后,卸载后岩石的损伤具有增加的趋势,小于该荷载之前具有减小的趋势。整个加载过程的理论应力-应变曲线能很好地与实验结果相吻合,在循环加载区间理论结果还能体现出岩石实验结果中的回滞环。     

界面脱粘对陶瓷基复合材料疲劳迟滞回线的影响

采用细观力学方法对脆性纤维增强的陶瓷基复合材料拉-拉疲劳载荷下应力-应变迟滞回线进行了研究,将拉梅公式与库仑摩擦法则相结合分析了界面脱粘区以及粘结区复合材料细观应力场.根据卸载与重新加载时纤维相对基体滑移机制,分析了加卸载纤维轴向应力分布,结合断裂力学界面脱粘准则确定了初始加载界面脱粘长度ls、卸载界面反向滑移长度y以及重新加载界面滑移长度z',讨论了界面脱粘能和界面摩擦系数对初始界面脱粘、卸载界面反向滑移、重新加载界面滑移以及加卸载迟滞回线的影响.并与Pryce-Smith模型和试验数据进行对比表明:该文模型与试验曲线吻合的较好.     

Plastic deformation of aluminium alloy under abruptly-changing loading or strain paths

The effect of deformation history on the plastic behaviour of thin-walled tubular specimens of aluminium alloy 5056 was examined for three types of abruptly-changing loading or strain paths: namely, reverse loading after pre-loading, orthogonal straining after pre-strain, and orthogonal reloading after pre-loading and then perfect unloading, by applying combined loadings of axial force and torque. The experimental results revealed the following trends. The relation between the magnitudes of stress and strain after the comer is expressed for every pre-strain by a single curve parallel to the extension of the pre-loading curve, when the strain after the corner exceeds 1.2 per cent. Moreover, the relations between the stress reduced by pre-stress and strain after the corner for various values of the same type of pre-strain agree with each other; however, the relation for the tensile pre-strain differs clearly from that for the torsional pre-strain. Thus, A.A. Il'yushin's postulate of isotropy does not hold accurately for the above loading histories for the aluminium alloy even if the effect of the third invariant of stress deviator is eliminated.     

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON FAILURE AND ENERGY DISSIPATION CHRACTERISTICS OF THE SANDSTONE1)

通过三轴卸荷试验,探究了不同路径下卸荷速率对砂岩力学特性及破坏过程中的能量耗散的影响。试验结果表明在全过程应力-应变曲线的弹性阶段,轴向变形起主导作用,弹塑性阶段,环向应变的增加值大于轴向应变增加值。在围压卸荷阶段,卸荷速率越小,卸荷阶段的应变折合柔度越大,此时岩样的变形不充分,呈现明显的脆性破坏。恒主应力差路径下的耗散能大于恒轴压路径下的耗散能的35%,卸荷速率越大,岩样的弹性应变能越小。     

Measurement of elastic-plastic stresses by scattered-light photomechanics

Several birefringent materials were studied for their suitability for use in three-dimensional photoplasticity. This study resulted in the selection of cellulose propionate as model material. Its close match in index of refraction with ordinary mineral oil makes cellulose propionate suitable for scattered-light photomechanics. Viscoelastic behavior of the material is used to simulate elastic-plastic behavior of metals. The stress, strain and optical behavior of the material has been studied under slow loading in finite steps. A successful solution of an elastic-plastic torsion problem was obtained, demonstrating the applicability of the techniques of scattered-light photoplasticity to three-dimensional problems. This experimental method does not require the unloading and slicing of the model, avoiding any errors that might be introduced by residual stresses due to unloading. A major advantage of the method is the use of live loading, which allows the investigation of several load levels with the same model. Stress- and strain-concentration factors for the grooved shaft in torsion showed excellent agreement with Neuber's analytical results. Distributions of shear stress and shear strain across the minimum section of the model were compared to elastic theory. Integration of the shear-stress distributions showed good agreement with the measured values of applied torque.     

砂岩峰后卸除围压过程的渗透性试验研究

为了探讨煤层开采引起的围岩卸除围压过程中砂岩渗透性的变化规律,本文用数控瞬态渗透法在电液伺服岩石力学试验系统MTS815.02上进行了砂岩试样的渗透特性试验。得出了试样峰前渗透系数-应变与应力-应变的关系曲线,以及在峰后保持轴向应变一定卸除围压过程中试样的渗透系数-围压与主应力差-围压的关系曲线;对试验砂岩在变形破坏过程中渗透性变化规律进行了总结,重点分析了其峰后卸除围压过程中渗透性的变化规律;并对试验砂岩峰后渗透系数与有效围压关系进行了拟合,得出了拟合方程式,为煤层开采引起的围岩体应力场与渗流场耦合问题提供参考。     

A generalized anisotropic hardening rule based on the Mroz multi-yield-surface model for pressure insensitive and sensitive materials

In this paper, a generalized anisotropic hardening rule based on the Mroz multi-yield-surface model for pressure insensitive and sensitive materials is derived. The evolution equation for the active yield surface with reference to the memory yield surface is obtained by considering the continuous expansion of the active yield surface during the unloading/reloading process. The incremental constitutive relation based on the associated flow rule is then derived for a general yield function for pressure insensitive and sensitive materials. Detailed incremental constitutive relations for materials based on the Mises yield function, the Hill quadratic anisotropic yield function and the Drucker–Prager yield function are derived as the special cases. The closed-form solutions for one-dimensional stress–plastic strain curves are also derived and plotted for materials under cyclic loading conditions based on the three yield functions. In addition, the closed-form solutions for one-dimensional stress–plastic strain curves for materials based on the isotropic Cazacu–Barlat yield function under cyclic loading conditions are summarized and presented. For materials based on the Mises and the Hill anisotropic yield functions, the stress–plastic strain curves show closed hysteresis loops under uniaxial cyclic loading conditions and the Masing hypothesis is applicable. For materials based on the Drucker–Prager and Cazacu–Barlat yield functions, the stress–plastic strain curves do not close and show the ratcheting effect under uniaxial cyclic loading conditions. The ratcheting effect is due to different strain ranges for a given stress range for the unloading and reloading processes. With these closed-form solutions, the important effects of the yield surface geometry on the cyclic plastic behavior due to the pressure-sensitive yielding or the unsymmetric behavior in tension and compression can be shown unambiguously. The closed form solutions for the Drucker–Prager and Cazacu–Barlat yield functions with the associated flow rule also suggest that a more general anisotropic hardening theory needs to be developed to address the ratcheting effects for a given stress range.     

Characterizing Torsional Properties of Microwires Using an Automated Torsion Balance

In order to characterize the torsional behavior of microwires, an automated torsion tester is established based on the principle of torsion balance. The main challenges in developing a torsion tester at small scales are addressed. An in-situ torsional vibration method for precisely calibrating the torque meter is developed. The torsion tester permits the measurement of torque to nN m, as a function of surface shear strain to a sensitivity of sub-microstrain. Using this technique, we performed (monotonic and/or cyclic) torsion tests on polycrystalline copper and gold wires. It is found that (i) a size effect appears in both the initial yielding and the plastic flow of torsional response; (ii) a reverse plasticity occurs upon unloading in cyclic torsion response; and (iii) the Hall-Petch effect and the strain gradient effect are synergistic. We also performed cyclic torsion tests on human hairs and spider silk which are natural protein fibers with a different morphological structure to metallic wires. It is shown that the single hair exhibits torsional recovery, and that the spider silk displays torsionally superelastic behavior whereby it is able to withstand great shear strain.     

Unloading characteristics of anti-plane shear crack in softening materials

The local characteristics of the anti-plane shear stress and strain field are determined for a material where the stress increases linearly with strain up to a limit and then softens nonlinearly. Two unloading models are considered such that the unloading path always returns to the origin while the other assumes the unloading modulus to be that of the initial shear modulus. As the applied shear increases, an unloading zone is found to prevail between a zone in which the material softens and another zone in which the material is linear-elastic even though the crack does not propagate. The divisions of these zones are displayed graphically.     

圆柱形薄壳冲击扭转屈曲的实验研究

本文对受冲击扭矩作用下的圆柱形簿壳扭转屈曲进行了实验研究，利用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ扭杆使圆柱受阶跃扭矩作用，分析所得到的应变－时间曲线，得到了不同几何参数的圆柱壳的冲击临界扭矩Ｍｄｅｒ和屈曲波数ｎ及几条定性结论，同时找出了圆柱壳静力扭转屈曲行为和冲击扭转屈曲行为之间的异同。     

中应变率材料试验机的研制

本文全面介绍了自行研制的中应变率材料试验机的基本情况,此试验装置可在0.1s^-1-50s^-1应变率范围内对哑铃状圆柱试件和哑铃状扁平试件进行拉伸及加卸载实验,对圆柱状态 试件进行了压缩及加卸载试验,通过采用液压驱动、分级调速、缓冲撞击等技术产生上升沿陡峭的平衡加载脉冲,从而实现中应变率试验;通过自定心夹具、液压缸的精密共轴保证试验的可靠性;辅以定位装置实现对试件的加卸载;同时通过力传感器及配套研制的高动态应变仪、光学引伸仪完成应力、应变的测量,经实验考评,表明装置是可靠的。