Fluid flow and fluid shear stress in canaliculi induced by external mechanical loading and blood pressure oscillation

The paper studies the problem of fluid flow and fluid shear stress in canaliculi when the osteon is subject to external mechanical loading and blood pressure oscillation. The single osteon is modeled as a saturated poroelastic cylinder. Solid skeleton is regarded as a poroelastic transversely isotropic material. To get near-realistic results, both the interstitial fluid and the solid matrix are regarded as compressible. Blood pressure oscillation in the Haverian canal is considered. Using the poroelasticity theory, an analytical solution of the pore fluid pressure is obtained. Assuming the fluid in canaliculi is incompressible, analytical solutions of fluid flow velocity and fluid shear stress with the Navier-Stokes equations of incompressible fluid are obtained. The effect of various parameters on the fluid flow velocity and fluid shear stress is studied.     

浅谈流体力学发展——从Batchelor百年诞辰纪念大会谈起

G.K. Batchelor是20世纪国际流体力学大师,在均匀湍流理论和低雷诺数微流体力学领域做出了开创性的贡献,他对流动追求物理和定量性理解的思想影响了近百年流体力学的发展,是流体力学顶级期刊Journal of Fluid Mechanics的创刊人,也是剑桥大学应用数学与理论物理系(DAMTP)的创建者,培养并影响了一大批在流体动力学理论、实验流体力学、湍流及稳定性、环境流体力学、多相流体力学、磁流体力学、微纳米尺度流体动力学等诸多领域建树卓越的学者.本文以G.K. Batchelor诞辰100周年纪念活动为契机,简要回顾了流体力学近300年的发展历程.概述了流体力学发展历经的以数学和物理为基础建立理论框架的经典流体力学、以应用需求为导向促使自身跨越发展的近代流体力学和以学科融合为特点外延丰富的现代流体力学三个重要阶段;以师承关系、代表性学者及其主要学术贡献为线索,总结了现代流体力学四大学派的形成及其近百年的传承沿革;以历史和发展的视角浅谈当代流体力学发展的动力和趋势,并以风沙环境力学为例,简述流体力学为分支学科发展提供的支撑和引领作用,分支学科的需求为流体力学内生发展提供驱动力...     

Fluid stirrings in a circular cavity with various driven boundaries

The present study deals with the complicated phenomena of fluid stirrings for the Stokes flows in a circular cavity. Two belts set on the boundary and periodically rotated with varied speeds construct the model flows. By means of the manipulations, the chaotic fluid stirrings prevail. Rather than to compute the finite-Lyapunov exponent in a local sense, a large number of fluid filaments are traced to quantitatively evaluate the averaged fluid stretch-rates in the cavity. Based on the results, several figures are provided to pre-estimate the overall fluid quantities that will be yielded when the installations and the rotations of the belts are specified. In general, the belts counter-rotated out of phase with longer periods are beneficial to the fluid stirrings. On the other hand, the variations of the fluid stretches with the belt installations are ambiguous. The maximum of the averaged fluid stretch-rates is about of 960 and 1.6 for the minimum.     

Strongly oblique interactions between internal solitary waves with the same mode

I.IntroductionZabuskyandKruskal(l965)foundthattwoKdVsolitarywavesofthesamemodekeeptheiroriginalshapesandspeedsafterstronginteractions,andcalledthesewavessolitons.However,solitaryx"avessometimestravelintwodimensionalspace,otherthaninonedimensionalspace.Mil…     

可压缩流体的Rayleigh-Taylor和Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性

在状态方程为压力是密度的任意单值函数形式情况下，运用小扰动分析和奇异摄动法，给出了流体微扰方程渐近解和界面不稳定性的色散关系. 分析表明：对Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性，在重力场作用下流体可压缩性形成的密度分布是致稳因素；而扰动流体的膨胀收缩效应助长不稳定性的发展；上层重流体的可压缩性是稳定因素，下层轻流体可压缩性是失稳因素. 而对Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性，流体可压缩性助长扰动的发展，是不稳定因素.     

Asymmetric vibration effect on the flow of a thin layer of a viscoplastic fluid

The gravity field and vibration effect on the flow of a viscoplastic fluid layer along an inclined solid surface is investigated. The rheological properties of the fluid are described using the Williamson equation. The vibrations are shown to have a considerable effect on the fluid layer flow intensity and direction; in particular, they generate a considerable mean fluid flow even in the cases in which the fluid is at rest in the absence of the vibrations.     

Viscous fluid damping in a laterally oscillating finger of a comb-drive micro-resonator based on micro-polar fluid theory

Viscous damping is a dominant source of energy dissipation in laterally oscillating micro-structures. In micro-resonators in which the characteristic dimensions are compa-rable to the dimensions of the fluid molecules, the assumption of the continuum fluid theory is no longer justified and the use of micro-polar fluid theory is indispensable. In this paper a mathematical model was presented in order to predict the viscous fluid damping in a laterally oscillating finger of a micro-resonator considering micro-polar fluid theory. The coupled governing partial differential equations of motion for the vibration of the finger and the micro-polar fluid field have been derived. Considering spin and no-spin boundary conditions, the related shape functions for the fluid field were presented. The obtained governing differential equations with time varying boundary conditions have been trans-formed to an enhanced form with homogenous boundary conditions and have been discretized using a Galerkin-based reduced order model. The effects of physical properties of the micro-polar fluid and geometrical parameters of the oscillat-ing structure on the damping ratio of the system have been investigated.     

舰船底部液舱结构在水下爆炸作用下的动态响应实验研究

实验研究了舰船底部液舱双层板结构在水下爆炸作用下的动态响应问题。对舰船底部液舱模型在空载、半载和满载状态下进行了水下爆炸实验,测量了底部液舱外板和内板的壁压、加速度和动态应变等参数。在此基础上,分析了船体底部液舱外板和内板在水下爆炸作用下的响应特点,液舱满载时水下爆炸冲击波的透射作用和半载液舱飞溅载荷对内底的冲击作用等问题。     

准三维旋转流体模型及其在部分充液转子稳定性分析中的应用

提了了一种简单的无粘旋转流体准三维模型,并给出了旋转流体对转子作用力的详细表达式,然后用该模型分析了部分充液刚性悬臂转子系统的稳定性,并与实验结果进行了比较,两者在定性上符合较好,准三维无粘流体模型与其它的无粘膜型一样也仅能用来分析无外阻尼或外阻尼较小的部分充液转子系统的稳定性问题。     

A domain perturbation study of steady flow in a cone-and-plate rheometer of non-ideal geometry

The method of domain perturbation developed by Joseph is used to calculate velocity and stress profiles in a slightly misaligned cone-and-plate rheometer where the cone is spinning and the plate is stationary. Results for a Newtonian fluid, a Criminale-Ericksen-Filbey fluid, an upper-convected Maxwell fluid, and a White-Metzner fluid are presented and compared with earlier results in which the cone is stationary and the plate is spinning (Dudgeon and Wedgewood, 1993). Streamlines calculated for the Newtonian fluid show a very small recirculation region near the stationary plate. Velocity and stress contours are symmetric around the plane of largest gap width. For the elastic fluids studied, streamlines are asymmetric. The fluid response lags where the fluid is dominated by memory effects. Much larger recirculation regions are calculated for fluids dominated by shear thinning. These recirculation regions contain a large fraction of the fluid in the apparatus and have the effect of changing the shape of the flow domain for the remaining fluid that rotates around the cone's axis. Elasticity also has a pronounced effect on the stress profile, indicating that the accuracy of the cone and plate may be compromised even for small mis-alignments.     

Oscillatory Motion of a Viscous Fluid in Contact with a Flat Layer of a Porous Medium

Analytical solutions are obtained for two problems of transverse internal waves in a viscous fluid contacting with a flat layer of a fixed porous medium. In the first problem, the waves are considered which are caused by the motion of an infinite flat plate located on the fluid surface and performing harmonic oscillations in its plane. In the second problem, the waves are caused by periodic shear stresses applied to the free surface of the fluid. To describe the fluid motion in the porous medium, the unsteady Brinkman equation is used, and the motion of the fluid outside the porous medium is described by the Navier–Stokes equation. Examples of numerical calculations of the fluid velocity and filtration velocity profiles are presented. The existence of fluid layers with counter-directed velocities is revealed.     

Kinematics and normal stress differences of a viscoelastic fluid undergoing wiggle flow

An experimental program was carried out to determine the laminar regime kinematics and normal stress differences of a viscoelastic fluid in wiggle flow employing non-contact measurement techniques. The viscoelastic fluid was a 5% by weight solution of polyisobutylene dissolved in Primol 355, a high purity mineral oil.The kinematics were determined by Laser-Doppler Anemometry and compared with the data obtained for a Newtonian fluid, Primol 355, under identical flow conditions. It was found that the normalized axial velocity versus axial position curves along the centerline for both fluids superimposed at very low flow rates, an experimental verification that a viscoelastic fluid behaves like a Newtonian fluid under very low shear rates. However, at higher flow rates the behaviour of the viscoelastic fluid curves changed appreciably whereas the Newtonian fluid curves did not change at all. Thus, the effect of flow rate on viscoelastic fluid behaviour was also experimentally established.The normal stress differences were determined using a stress-birefringence apparatus. Data obtained along the centerline clearly exhibited a delayed growth of stress which should be attributed to the expected memory effects in viscoelastic fluid flow.     

受谐激励的带压电层充液圆柱容器稳态解

基于线性压电理论和可压缩无粘流场运动方程,推导出无限长带压电圆柱体流固耦合稳态解,由于流固耦合与力电耦合的复杂性,文中只考虑轴对称问题,研究了流固耦合智能结构在不同电压作用下位移、应力、流体压力的分布情况,为振动噪声控制奠定基础。     

非牛顿流体力学研究的若干进展

简要介绍微极性流体,应力偶流体,非整数阶Maxwell流体和智能流体的基本概念,通过简单的例子阐述它们与牛顿流体的本质差别,并介绍非牛顿流体在以上热点研究领域的若干进展．     

一种骨小管中液体流动产生的流量及切应力模型

骨组织受力变形后其内部液体就会流动,同时在其微观结构——骨单元壁中扩散,并进一步产生一系列与骨液流动相关的物理效应,如流体剪切应力、流动电位等,这些物理效应被细胞感知并做出破骨或成骨等反应,来使骨适应外部载荷环境.鉴于骨组织产生的内部液体流动很难实验测定,理论模拟是目前的主要研究手段.基于骨单元的多孔弹性性质建立了骨小管内部液体的流动模型,该模型将骨单元所受的外部载荷与骨小管内部液体的压力、流速、流量和切应力联系起来,并进一步可以研究其力传导与力电传导机制.骨小管模型的建立分别基于中空和考虑哈弗液体的骨单元模型,并考虑了骨单元外壁的弹性约束和刚性位移约束两种边界条件.最终得到骨单元在外部轴向载荷作用下,骨小管内部液体的流量及流体切应力的解析解.结果表明:骨小管中的液体流量与流体切应力都正比于应变载荷幅值和频率,并由载荷的应变率决定.因此应变率可以作为控制流量和流体切应力的一种生理载荷因素.流量随着骨小管半径的增大而非线性增大,而流体切应力则随着骨小管半径的增大而线性增大.此外,在相同的载荷下,含哈弗液体的骨单元的模型中,骨小管中液体的流量和切应力均大于中空骨单元模型.     

One-dimensional model of two-phase fluid displacement in a slot with permeable walls

A one-dimensional model is proposed for transportation of a two-phase fluid (sandcontaining fluid and pure fluid) in the Hele-Shaw cell with permeable walls through which the pure fluid can leak off, causing the growth of the sand concentration. The model describes the process of pure fluid displacement with the emergence of the Saffman–Taylor instability and extends Koval’s model to the case of sand concentration variation owing to pure fluid outflow through the cell walls. The Riemann problem is analyzed. New flow configurations, which are not predicted by Koval’s model, are discovered.     

Motions of elastic solids in fluids under vibration

Motion of a rigid or deformable solid in a viscous incompressible fluid and corresponding fluid–solid interactions are considered. Different cases of applying high frequency vibrations to the solid or to the surrounding fluid are treated. Simple formulas for the mean velocity of the solid are derived, under the assumption that the regime of the fluid flow induced by its motion is turbulent and the fluid resistance force is nonlinearly dependent on its velocity. It is shown that vibrations of a fluid’s volume slow down the motion of a submerged solid. This effect is much pronounced in the case of a deformable solid (i.e., gas bubble) exposed to near-resonant excitation. The results are relevant to the theory of gravitational enrichment of raw materials, and also contribute to the theory of controlled locomotion of a body with an internal oscillator in continuous deformable (solid or fluid) media.     

Volume Conservation of the Intermediate Phase in Three-Phase Pore-Network Models

Quasi-static rule-based network models used to calculate capillary dominated multi-phase transport properties in porous media employ equilibrium fluid saturation distributions which assume that pores are fully filled with a single bulk fluid with other fluids present only as wetting and/or spreading films. We show that for drainage dominated three-phase displacements in which a non-wetting fluid (gas) displaces a trapped intermediate fluid (residual oil) in the presence of a mobile wetting fluid (water) this assumption distorts the dynamics of three-phase displacements and results in significant volume errors for the intermediate fluid and erroneous calculations of intermediate fluid residual saturations, relative permeabilities and recoveries. The volume errors are associated with the double drainage mechanism which is responsible for the mobilization of waterflood residual oil. A simple modification of the double drainage mechanism is proposed which allows the presence of a relatively small number of partially filled pores and removes the oil volume errors.     

The combined effects of inlet fluid flow and temperature nonuniformity in cross flow plate-fin compact heat exchanger using finite element method

An analysis of a crossflow plate-fin heat exchanger accouning for the combined effects of inlet fluid flow nonuniformity and temperature nonuniformity on both hot and cold fluid sides is carried out using a Finite Element Model. A mathematical equation is developed to generate different types of fluid flow/temperature maldistribution models considering the possible deviations in inlet fluid flow. Using these fluid flow maldistribution models, the exchanger effectiveness and its deteriorations due to flow/temperature nonuniformity are calculated for entire range of design and operating conditions. It was found that the performance deteriorations are quite significant in some typical applications due to inlet fluid flow/temperature nonuniformity.     

Criteria of negative wake generation behind a cylinder

It was demonstrated by simulation in our previous study that both the normal stress and its gradient are responsible for the negative wake generation (overshoot in the axial velocity) and streamline shifting. Extensional properties of the fluids dominate the generation of the negative wake, while other factors strengthen or weaken the formation of velocity overshoot. In this study, the criteria for the negative wake generation are discussed in detail for various fluid models, including the PTT, the FENE-CR, the FENE-P, and the Giesekus models. With the FENE-CR fluid, it is easier to generate negative wake than with the FENE-P fluid. This confirms that the constant shear viscosity FENE-CR fluid enhances the velocity overshoot, and that the shear-thinning viscosity FENE-P fluid delays the negative wake generation. The Giesekus fluid has a similar behaviour to the PTT fluid with regarding to the critical conditions of negative wake generation when appropriate fluid parameters are selected. The mechanism of wall proximity in enhancing the negative wake generation is also demonstrated with the analysis for the first time.