含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形与破裂

油--气润滑过程中润滑油液滴受高速气流扰动易形成含气泡油滴,微气泡将对油滴撞击壁面时的运动过程以及壁面油膜 层的形成质量产生重要影响. 基于耦合的水平集--体积分数 方法,对含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面行为进行数值模拟研究, 考察含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形运动过程,探讨气泡破裂的动力学机制,分析气泡大小、碰撞速度和液体黏度等因素对含气 泡油滴撞壁过程中气泡变形特征参数的影响规律. 研究表明:含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面后气泡会发生变形,并破裂形成膜液滴;气泡随同 液滴运动过程中,气泡内外压力和速度梯度变化是使气泡发生破裂的主要诱因. 气泡大小对气泡破裂方式影响较大,气泡较小时发生单 点破裂,而气泡较大时更容易发生多处破裂. 不同大小气泡受力差异较大,气泡大小与破裂发生时刻没有明显相关性. 碰撞速度和液体 黏度对气泡的变形、破裂和破裂发生时刻都具有一定的影响. 碰撞速度越大,油滴动能越大,更容易产生气泡变形和破裂现象. 液体黏 度增大,在油滴撞壁运动前期促进气泡变形,而在运动后期可以阻延气泡破裂行为发生.      

含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形与破裂

油-气润滑过程中润滑油液滴受高速气流扰动易形成含气泡油滴,微气泡将对油滴撞击壁面时的运动过程以及壁面油膜层的形成质量产生重要影响.基于耦合的水平集-体积分数方法,对含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面行为进行数值模拟研究,考察含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面时气泡的变形运动过程,探讨气泡破裂的动力学机制,分析气泡大小、碰撞速度和液体黏度等因素对含气泡油滴撞壁过程中气泡变形特征参数的影响规律.研究表明:含气泡油滴撞击油膜壁面后气泡会发生变形,并破裂形成膜液滴;气泡随同液滴运动过程中,气泡内外压力和速度梯度变化是使气泡发生破裂的主要诱因.气泡大小对气泡破裂方式影响较大,气泡较小时发生单点破裂,而气泡较大时更容易发生多处破裂.不同大小气泡受力差异较大,气泡大小与破裂发生时刻没有明显相关性.碰撞速度和液体黏度对气泡的变形、破裂和破裂发生时刻都具有一定的影响.碰撞速度越大,油滴动能越大,更容易产生气泡变形和破裂现象.液体黏度增大,在油滴撞壁运动前期促进气泡变形,而在运动后期可以阻延气泡破裂行为发生.     

微纳米结构壁面对流场及动压润滑的影响研究

固体边界具有的微纳米结构将影响流体在近壁面处的流动行为,进而由于尺度效应改变流体在整个微间隙的流动或润滑规律.将壁面可渗透微纳米结构等效为多孔介质薄膜,采用Brinkman方程来描述流体在近壁面边界渗透层内的流动,并将其与自由流动区域的不可压缩流体Navier-Stokes控制方程耦合,在界面处的连续边界条件下求解和分析了速度分布规律和压力变化规律.针对恒定法向承载力的油膜润滑条件,进一步讨论了静止表面或运动表面的微纳米结构对近壁面流动行为的影响;并揭示了考虑壁面微纳米结构的流体动压润滑的油膜厚度和摩擦系数的变化规律.论文结果为具有可渗透微结构表面的微间隙流动与润滑提供了理论参考.     

流体动力润滑油膜破裂的热力学失稳机理

分析了流体动力学润滑过程中的热量传递及对润滑剂流变特性的影响,得出了流体动力润滑油膜发生热力学失稳的条件,建立了描述润滑剂温度非牛顿效应的本构方程数值计算结果表明,由于温度的影响,流体动力润滑油膜存在最大承载能力;在临界状态,微小的扰动将会引起油膜失稳而丧失承载能力。初步揭示了流体动力学力润滑膜破失效的内在力学机制。     

旋转圆盘表面油膜破碎转捩临界特性分析

高速滚动轴承内圈和保持架等旋转运动件表面润滑油膜的流动铺展以及破碎为油带和油矢的特性决定着轴承的润滑与冷却状态.在获得轴承旋转运动件拓扑结构—旋转圆盘表面油膜稳态流动特性的基础上,利用力学平衡和液体表面波不稳定破碎理论,建立表面油膜破碎转捩为油带和油矢的临界特性分析模型,分析和探讨了表面油膜的稳态流动特性以及供油量和润滑油物理特征参数对油膜破碎转捩临界特性的影响.结果表明:表面油膜沿着圆盘径向逐渐变薄,因与圆盘表面存在滑移现象,其流动速度也随之减小;表面油膜破碎的临界波数和临界半径随着圆盘转速的增高而增大,临界厚度则随之减小;表面油膜破碎的临界半径和临界厚度随着润滑油供油量的增加而增大;增大润滑油密度,将延缓表面油膜破碎,破碎临界半径增大,临界厚度减小;增大润滑油的黏度和表面张力系数将促进表面油膜破碎,破碎临界半径减小.与相关的试验结果对比验证了理论分析方法的正确性和可靠性.     

管内液膜流动失稳现象的直接数值模拟

为分析液膜流动时垂直液膜的重力加速度分量和表面张力对扰动波振幅的影响,通过FTM模拟了液膜在重力作用下流动失稳过程。结果表明:重力分量和表面张力系数越大,扰动振幅衰减得越快;并且表面张力系数越小,扰动振幅波动的频率越高。此外还分析了促进液膜流动失稳的两个因素,即密度比和雷诺数Re。当增大密度比时,液膜会出现两种极端的变化:一种是液膜不再完全覆盖底面,会形成锲状液膜,随着速度变大和振幅脉动,当锲状液膜前锋出现新的扰动波时,新的扰动会与初始扰动发生干涉产生二次波动;另一种是增加密度比时,液膜将会在剪切力的作用下产生飞脱的现象,在Re数较大时,液膜流动失稳会在剪切力的作用下产生K-H(开尔文-赫姆霍兹)不稳定性,且初始扰动对形成开尔文-赫姆霍兹波浪具有诱导作用。     

航空发动机轴承腔润滑的气液两相均匀流研究

基于轴承腔中润滑油的两相均匀流动模型,采用湍流模式和有限差分数值方法计算轴承腔内三维定常N-S方程,对腔内润滑油的气液两相均匀流动特性进行研究,以获得气液两相均匀流条件下润滑油流场、压力场和速度场在轴承腔内的分布情况,分析转子转速、含气率和润滑油进口速度对润滑油出口压力以及润滑油与壁面之间剪切力的影响,同时对单相流和两相均匀流润滑性能差异进行比较.结果表明,转子转速、含气率和润滑油进口速度对润滑油出口压力和腔内壁面与润滑油间的平均剪切力具有不同影响,而采用2种流动模型计算出的轴承腔润滑油出口压力的差异较大,同时支持了开展航空发动机轴承腔润滑两相流动分析的必要性.     

固液润湿性对流体动压润滑薄膜的影响

利用自行开发的微型面接触润滑油膜测量系统,研究了固液润湿性对流体动压润滑油膜厚度的影响.试验中以静止的微型滑块平面和旋转的光学透明圆盘平面形成润滑副.固液的润湿性通过接触角判定,不同材料的微滑块平面和润滑液体形成不同的界面.在保持载荷和面接触楔形角不变的条件下对油膜厚度-速度关系进行了测量.结果表明:对于固液润湿性强的界面,形成的油膜厚度与经典润滑理论有较好的一致性;当固液润湿性明显降低时,测量得到的油膜厚度减小.对于试验中观察到的界面效应,应用界面滑移理论进行了初步分析.     

基于Level Set方法的气-液-固三相流动模型与模拟

采用基于Level Set方法与离散颗粒模型相结合的方法,建立了一个用于描述气液固三相流动的新模型.模型耦合了颗粒与气泡、颗粒与液相以及气泡与液相之间的相互作用.应用该模型对液固悬浮液中的典型现象--气泡的单孔及多孔形成过程以及颗粒夹带现象进行了三维模拟,检验了其可行性.并进一步研究了颗粒的存在对气泡的形成与上升过程的影响以及气泡诱导的液相流动对颗粒行为的影响.研究结果表明,所提出的模型能够真实地预测三相流中气泡与颗粒分散相的特征,为研究多尺度的三相流动提供了一种新途径.     

油-气润滑流动行为对点接触副摩擦特性的影响

油-气润滑技术已经广泛应用于常规零部件润滑设计中,通过合理制定润滑工艺方案,能有效减小接触副之间的摩擦,达到最佳润滑状态.选用45钢圆盘和GCr15球作为摩擦副材料,在MFT-3000摩擦磨损试验机上开展球-盘点接触副油-气润滑试验,同时结合油-气润滑流场数值模拟考察喷射方位、供油量和供气速度等不同润滑参数对点接触副摩擦特性的影响规律.结果表明:合理的喷射方位下点接触区域油相分布较为均匀,并有利于压缩气体将润滑油以微油滴形式喷射至摩擦副表面,润滑油滴与摩擦副表面发生碰撞、黏附和铺展等作用后形成油膜层,从而降低摩擦系数,提高润滑性能;供油量和供气速度对空间流场油相分布影响较为明显,在一定范围内,供油量的增加和适当的供气速度均能够改善油-气润滑效果.     

On the Development of Negative Pressure in Oil Film and the Characteristics of Journal Bearing

The stability and vibration characteristics of turbo-rotors running in journal bearings depend strongly on the characteristics of journal bearing determined by the oil film pressure and negative pressure developed in journal bearings. This paper is concerned with clarifying the development of this negative pressure and its influences by taking into account air bubbles in oil film, especially the surface dilatational viscosity, which decelerates the compression and expansion of air bubbles. Deceleration of the bubble expansion under negative pressure helps the bubbles to withstand greater negative pressure. When the negative pressure is developed in the oil film, the locus of center of journal running in bearing deviates from the well-known semi-circle like shape, and the journal center is pushed outwards and horizontally under vertical static load. This means that the stability of a turbo-rotor will be reduced when negative pressure is developed.     

Hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of slug flow in a vertical pipe with and without dispersed small bubbles

In this work, we present a numerical study to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of slug flow and the mechanism of slug flow induced CO₂ corrosion with and without dispersed small bubbles. The simulations are performed using the coupled model put forward by the authors in previous paper, which can deal with the multiphase flow with the gas–liquid interfaces of different length scales. A quasi slug flow, where two hypotheses are imposed, is built to approximate real slug flow. In the region ahead of the Taylor bubble and the liquid film region, the presence of dispersed small bubbles has less impacts on velocity field, because there are no non-regular intensive disturbance forces or centrifugal forces breaking the balance of the liquid and the dispersed small bubbles. In the liquid slug region, the strong centrifugal forces generated by the recirculation below the Taylor bubble lead to the effect of heterogeneity, which makes the profile of the radial liquid velocity component sharper with higher volume fraction of dispersed small bubbles. The volume fraction has a maximum value in the range of r/R = 0.5–0.6. Meanwhile, it is usually higher than 0.35, which means that larger dispersed bubbles can be formed by coalescences in this region. These calculated results are in good agreement with experimental results. The wall shear stress and the mass transfer coefficient with dispersed small bubbles are higher than those without dispersed small bubbles due to enhanced fluctuations. For short Taylor bubble length, the average mass transfer coefficient is increased when the gas or liquid superficial velocity is increased. However, there may be an inflection point at low mixture superficial velocities. For the slug with dispersed small bubbles, the product scales still cannot be damaged directly despite higher wall shear stress. In fact, the alternate wall shear stress and the pressure fluctuations perpendicular to the pipe wall with high frequency are the main cause for breaking the product scales.     

两空泡运动特性研究

本文应用边界方法研究了两个相邻空泡的运动特性,得到了空泡的演化规律,以及空泡溃灭时的射流速度与溃灭时间的变化趋势,对于两个空泡之间的距离和半径比的影响进行了讨论。计算结果表明：不同大小的空泡在一起时则小泡会先溃灭,且人泡的存在时间与两泡的半径比成正比;大泡对小泡来说其作用相当于－固壁面,小泡会形成－指向大泡的溃灭射流。相同大小的空泡在一起溃灭时,会同时形成指向中间的射 流,与单空泡在固壁面附近的溃     

定量供油下近接触区油池形态试验观察

采用球-盘点接触光干涉润滑油膜测量装置,观察了纯滚条件下近接触区油池形态随供油量和卷吸速度的变化过程. 结果表明,油池在低速、中速和高速下分别呈现出闭合态、半开放态和分离态3种状态. 闭合态油池内气穴长度随卷吸速度增加而增加,且存在使尾部油池分离的临界速度. 气穴区表面张力作用使气穴长度预测值和测量值出现差别;卷吸作用和压差作用是油池变形的原因;供油量和卷吸速度决定了润滑剂的供-失平衡态,影响了油池侧宽的变化趋势.      

On the impact of viscous drops onto dry smooth surfaces

An experimental study of the impact of glycerol/water drops onto a dry glass surface at Reynolds and Weber numbers around the splashing/deposition threshold is presented. Some new observed phenomena that may shed further light on the mechanisms underlying air bubble entrainment and splashing for high-viscosity liquids are presented and discussed. The experiments were recorded with a high-speed camera using two complementary lighting setups that enhance the visualization of different features of the air entrainment phenomena: backlighting with a light diffuser and oblique lighting without diffuser. Besides the ring of micro-bubbles surrounding the central entrapped bubble and the cloud of bubbles entrained as a result of the interaction between a levitated thin film and the solid surface, which have been studied by other authors in previous works, a second ring of micro-bubbles that delimits the outer cloud of bubbles has been detected in our investigation. Attention is mainly focused on analyzing the dependency of the behavior of the two rings of micro-bubbles on the drop impact velocity, the ranges of the relevant dimensionless numbers in which the rings are formed and the existence, in certain impact conditions, of an abrupt increase in the size of the second ring, which substantially modifies the impact outcome.     

Air–water flow in a vertical pipe: experimental study of air bubbles in the vicinity of the wall

This study deals with the influence of bubbles on a vertical air–water pipe flow, for gas-lift applications. The effect of changing the bubble size is of particular interest as it has been shown to affect the pressure drop over the pipe. Local measurements on the bubbles characteristics in the wall region were performed, using standard techniques, such as high-speed video recording and optical fibre probe, and more specific techniques, such as two-phase hot film anemometry for the wall shear stress and conductivity measurement for the thickness of the liquid film at the wall. The injection of macroscopic air bubbles in a pipe flow was shown to increase the wall shear stress. Bubbles travelling close to the wall create a periodic perturbation. The injection of small bubbles amplifies this effect, because they tend to move in the wall region; hence, more bubbles are travelling close to the wall. A simple analysis based on a two-fluid set of equations emphasised the importance of the local gas fraction fluctuations on the wall shear stress.     

气泡碰撞亲疏水曲壁的行为特性研究

气泡碰撞固壁行为和影响因素的研究一直以来都是科学界关注的重点之一, 其在矿物浮选、气膜减阻等工业领域中的应用也极具科研价值. 论文聚焦曲壁对于气泡撞击行为特性的影响研究. 采用高速摄像技术记录气泡碰撞不同曲率半径下亲疏水曲壁的撞击过程, 分析了曲壁润湿性、曲率半径对气泡碰撞固体曲壁的影响规律. 结果表明, 气泡碰撞亲水曲壁时会发生多次弹跳直至离开曲壁; 曲率半径越大, 弹跳次数越少, 且第一次反弹的最远距离越近, 再次发生碰壁时的速度越小. 而碰撞疏水曲壁时会出现碰撞?滑移?附着的现象, 此外针对液膜挤压破裂的现象, 建立理论模型推导出液膜诱导时间的预测公式, 其主要与液膜厚度、液膜临界破裂厚度和液膜被压缩速度有关, 预测误差小于5.0%.      

Wall shear stress modified by bubbles in a horizontal channel flow of silicone oil in the transition region

We performed laboratory experiments on bubbly channel flows using silicone oil, which has a low surface tension and clean interface to bubbles, as a test fluid to evaluate the wall shear stress modification for different regimes of bubble migration status. The channel Reynolds numbers of the flow ranged from 1000 to 5000, covering laminar, transition and turbulent flow regimes. The bubble deformation and swarms were classified as packing, film, foam, dispersed, and stretched states based on visualization of bubbles as a bulk void fraction changed. In the dispersed and film states, the wall shear stress reduced by 9% from that in the single-phase condition; by contrast, the wall shear stress increased in the stretched, packing, and foam states. We carried out statistical analysis of the time-series of the wall shear stress in the transition and turbulent-flow regimes. Variations of the PDF of the shear stress and the higher order moments in the statistic indicated that the injection of bubbles generated pseudo-turbulence in the transition regime and suppressed drag-inducing events in the turbulent regime. Bubble images and measurements of shear stress revealed a correlated wave with a time lag, for which we discuss associated to the bubble dynamics and effective viscosity of the bubble mixture in wall proximity.