超强钢18NiC250在不同加载速率下的断裂韧性

为了揭示国产超强钢18NiC250的强度、断裂韧性随加载速率的变化规律,利用电子万能试验机和Hopkinson压杆,测试其在0.001～2 000 s-1的塑性流动应力应变曲线及在10-1~106 MPam1/2/s的断裂韧性,同时对断裂破坏机理进行了微观分析。结果表明:该材料的强度对加载速率不敏感,即流动应力基本保持在1.9 GPa;而断裂韧性很敏感,当加载速率由10-1 MPam1/2/s增大到106 MPam1/2/s时,断裂韧性降低了38.2%,断裂模式由韧窝断裂转变为解理断裂。     

高温空气下C/SiC复合材料断裂韧性实时测试和微观结构表征分析

为了研究高温空气下C/SiC复合材料断裂韧性和微观结构,采用单边切口梁三点弯曲法实时测试了C/SiC复合材料在高温空气下的断裂韧性,并采用电子扫描显微镜 (scanning electron microscope,SEM)和X 射线衍射分析仪 (X-ray diffraction, XRD)分析了复合材料在不同温度下的破坏断口和失效机制。研究结果表明随测试温度升高,C/SiC复合材料断裂韧性降低,材料的断裂形式由脆性断裂逐渐演变成塑性断裂。从室温升温到1 000 ℃测试温度条件下,C/SiC复合材料的断裂韧性由12.5 MPa·m1/2降低为10.96 MPa·m1/2,降幅仅为12%,C/SiC复合材料高温断裂韧性良好。不同温度下,材料呈现出不同形式的断裂形貌。常温下断口形貌主要可以看到纤维拔出的现象,随着温度的升高,该现象基本消失,断裂截面变得更平整,材料的强度主要取决于基体的强度。     

基于数字图像相关方法的TiO_2/PI纳米杂化薄膜低温力学性能研究

开展基于数字图像相关方法的材料低温变形测试技术的应用性研究,对材料低温力学性能的研究工作具有重要意义。本文首先将数字图像相关方法与低温拉伸系统相结合,建立了一套适用于测量低温环境下薄膜材料全场变形的测试系统。利用该系统测量了纯铜薄膜在-100℃~20℃范围内的热变形,实验结果与文献数据吻合良好,验证了该系统具有较高可靠性与准确性。其次,利用该系统对不同TiO_2含量的二氧化钛/聚酰亚胺(TiO_2/PI)纳米杂化薄膜进行低温(-60℃~18℃)单轴拉伸实验,获得了不同含量TiO_2/PI纳米杂化薄膜低温应力-应变曲线、弹性模量及泊松比,结果表明:不同含量的TiO_2/PI薄膜随温度降低,其应力-应变曲线线性趋势加强,弹性模量均有不同程度的提高,随着TiO_2纳米颗粒的引入和含量的增加,TiO_2/PI薄膜弹性模量也有明显提高;而TiO_2/PI薄膜泊松比随温度的下降和TiO_2颗粒的引入,均有不同程度的降低,但纯PI薄膜泊松比的降低随温度的下降并不显著。     

复合材料铺层拼接层间断裂韧性的试验研究

针对评价复合材料层合板层间断裂韧性的测量,提出了用拉伸试验法测定Ⅱ型层间断裂韧性,设计了内含铺层拼接区的分层破坏试验层合板,制备了拉伸试件.通过拉伸试验测得了拼接区开裂和分层裂纹稳态扩展过程中的载荷与变形规律:层间破坏具有Ⅱ型断裂特征,且裂纹扩展比较稳定.利用测试数据计算出断裂功,并以临界能量释放率表示层合板的Ⅱ型层间断裂韧性,结果表明用铺层拼接件拉伸法进行层间断裂韧性试验是可行的.     

2%氢气含量对X80管线钢断裂韧性和缺陷容限的影响

氢气的存在会劣化金属材料的力学性能，导致材料发生氢脆断裂，严重影响含氢天然气输送管线的安全输送，为此本文开展X80管线钢在含氢环境中的断裂韧性试验，通过对比无氢环境，评定氢气的存在对X80管线钢断裂韧性和缺陷容限的影响规律，利用扫描电镜对断口进行观察分析，判断其在不同条件下的断裂模式。结果表明，在12 MPa的输送压力环境中掺入2%H₂,X80管线钢的断裂韧性比氮气环境有一定程度的下降，X80管线钢在氮气中的裂纹尖端张开位移(crack tip opening displacement,CTOD)值为0.42 mm，在氢气中的值为0.33 mm,2%H₂使X80的断裂韧性下降21.42%，相应地氢气降低了管线钢允许的缺陷尺寸。从断口的形貌来看，氢气并没有改变材料的断裂模式，仍表现出明显的韧性断裂的特征，但局部有少量微裂纹存在。     

多孔PI/MSNT复合含油润滑薄膜的设计制备及其摩擦学性能研究

以聚苯乙烯(PS)微球为致孔剂、介孔二氧化硅纳米管(MSNT)为填充剂来改性多孔聚酰亚胺(PI)，设计制备了多孔PI/MSNT复合薄膜，并对其孔结构和形貌进行了表征；在此基础上，以液体石蜡油为存储介质制备了多孔PI/MSNT复合含油润滑薄膜，系统考察了MSNT的添加对多孔PI薄膜的热稳定性、储油性能、力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响. 结果表明:与单组分PI含油薄膜相比，MSNT的加入不仅改善了多孔PI基体的热稳定性和力学性能，而且使得复合薄膜的储油性能和摩擦磨损性能均得到了显著提高，证实多孔PI/MSNT复合含油薄膜更适用于高载荷下的摩擦工况.      

三维编织CMC的弯曲断裂研究

从界面断裂的角度出发，对三维编织CMC的断裂作了理论研究和数值分析，对于三点弯曲试件，通过数值拟合修正了能量释放率G的理论表达式中的自由常数A，同时也研究了材料的各个参变量对于断裂韧性的影响，由此得出了一个基本完善的三点弯曲试件断裂韧性G的理论公式，该能量释放率方法可以应用于单试件的试验计算，与断裂韧性的柔度标定方法相比，该方法一方面可以减少试验件数量；另一方面，试验结果显示出在试件切口尺雨处于0．4≤a/W≤0.5时，可以获得比较稳定的断裂韧性值。     

利用数字散斑相关法测定聚酰亚胺/SiO2合成薄膜的力学性能

聚酰亚胺 /SiO2 合成薄膜是一种具有优良力热光电性能的薄膜材料,在MEMS工艺中具有广阔的应用前景,其力学性能测量的研究具有非常重要的意义。本文将数字散斑相关技术和微拉伸试验相结合,对厚度为 37μm的聚酰亚胺(polyimide) /二氧化硅(SiO2 )合成薄膜进行了力学性能测量,获得了比较满意的结果。文章给出了测得的弹性模量和泊松比。为了解决数字散斑相关法不能直接测量较大变形的缺陷,本文提出了多级相关算法,并利用亚像素搜索和双线性插值进行了数据处理。     

加载速率对40Cr钢Ⅱ型动态断裂特性的影响

采用新型Ⅱ型动态断裂测试技术,对高强钢40Cr在高加载速率下的Ⅱ型动态断裂特性进行了测试研究。基于新设计的Ⅱ型动态断裂试样和分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）技术,通过实验-数值方法确定了裂尖在加载过程中的应力强度因子曲线。采用应变片法确定了试样的起裂时间,最终得到40Cr的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性值,并对其加载速率相关性和材料的失效机理进行了研究。结果表明,在1.08～5.53 TPa·m1/2/s的加载速率范围内,40Cr的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性基本表现为与加载速率成正相关的变化趋势。通过对试样断口形貌的分析,确定了材料的失效模式及机理,发现随着加载速率的增加,存在拉伸型失效向绝热剪切型失效模式转变的现象。     

高聚物粘结炸药断裂特性实验研究

研究了高聚物粘结炸药在室温下的断裂特性 ,结果表明这类材料的断裂韧性与裂纹长度有关 ,所测试的断裂韧性值随着裂纹长度的增加而降低 ,并且不趋于一个较稳定的值 ,这与金属材料的结果不一样。断面观察发现断面上有分布的颗粒 ,且周围与基体界面的微裂纹使得材料的断裂性能降低。分析表明 ,对工程应用来讲 ,可以选取 0 .2a/W 0 .3范围内的裂纹长度来确定这类材料的断裂韧性。     

基于线法的U形切口混凝土梁断裂参数研究

混凝土的断裂韧度是重要的材料参数，本文利用含U形切口的三点弯曲梁试验结合临界距离线法来获得混凝土的断裂韧度．理论推导了含断裂韧度与不同根部半径的断裂失效方程，采用有限元法计算了切口应力集中系数．根据断裂失效方程和试验中的材料几何参数，利用最小二乘法拟合计算得到混凝土材料的断裂韧度和抗拉强度．对小切口半径情形，采用双K断裂准则分析计算了混凝土起裂韧度和失稳断裂韧度，分析结果表明：临界距离线法得到的材料断裂韧度与双K断裂准则中的失稳断裂韧度吻合，同时获得相应临界距离值．     

Effect of intrinsic stress gradient on the effective mode-I fracture toughness of amorphous diamond-like carbon films for MEMS

The influence of intrinsic stress gradient on the mode-I fracture of thin films with various thicknesses fabricated for Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) was investigated. The material system employed in this study was hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous diamond-like carbon (ta-C). Uniform gauge microscale specimens with thicknesses 0.5, 1, 2.2, and 3 μm, containing mathematically sharp edge pre-cracks were tested under mode-I loading in fixed grip configuration. The effective opening mode fracture toughness, as calculated from boundary force measurements, was 4.25±0.7 MPa√m for 0.5-μm thick specimens, 4.4±0.4 MPa√m for 1-μm specimens, 3.74±0.3 MPa√m for 2.2-μm specimens, and 3.06±0.17 MPa√m for 3-μm specimens. Thus, the apparent fracture toughness decreased with increasing film thickness. Local elastic property measurements showed no substantial change as a function of film thickness, which provided evidence for the stability of the sp²/sp³ carbon binding stoichiometry in films of different thicknesses. Detailed experiments and finite element analysis pointed out that the dependence of the effective fracture toughness on specimen thickness was due to the intrinsic stress gradient developed during fabrication and post-process annealing. This stress gradient is usually unaccounted for in mode-I fracture experiments with thin films. Thicker films, fabricated from multiple thin layers, underwent annealing for extended times, which resulted in a stress gradient across their thickness. This stress gradient caused an out-of-plane curvature upon film release from its substrate and, thus, combined bending and tensile mode-I loading at the crack tip under in-plane forces. Since the bending component cannot be isolated from the applied boundary force measurements, its contribution, becoming important for thick films, remains unaccounted for in the calculation of the critical stress intensity factor, thus resulting in reduced apparent fracture toughness that varies with film thickness and curvature. It was concluded that in the presence of a stress gradient, accounting only for the average intrinsic stresses could lead in an overestimate of the fracture resistance of a brittle film. Under these considerations the material fracture toughness of ta-C, as determined from specimens with negligible curvature, is K_IC=4.4±0.4 MPa√m.     

一种基于SHTB的Ⅱ型动态断裂实验技术

冲击剪切载荷作用下动态断裂韧性的测定是材料力学性能和断裂行为研究中重要组成部分.为了测定材料的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性,许多学者采用不同的试样与实验方法进行了实验,但限于实验条件,裂纹断裂模式往往是I+Ⅱ复合型,而不是纯Ⅱ型,因而不能准确测得材料的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性.鉴于此,本文基于分离式霍普金森拉杆(split Hopkinson tension bar,SHTB)实验技术,提出一种改进的紧凑拉伸剪切(modified compact tension shear,MCTS)试样,通过夹具对MCTS试样施加约束,从而保证试样按照纯Ⅱ型模式断裂.采用实验-数值方法对MCTS试样动态加载过程进行分析,将实验测得的波形输入有限元软件ANSYS-LSDYNA,得到了裂纹尖端应力强度因子-时间曲线,并与紧凑拉伸剪切(compact tension shear,CTS)试样进行了对比.同时采用数字图像相关法进行了实验,验证了有限元分析结果.结果表明,MCTS试样在整个加载过程中K_I K_Ⅱ,裂纹没有张开;而CTS试样在同样的加载过程中K_IK_Ⅱ,出现裂纹张开现象.这说明MCTS试样能够准确地测定材料的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性,为材料动态力学测试提供了一种有效的实验技术.     

Physical aging and time–temperature behavior concerning fracture performance of polycarbonate

The effects of physical aging on fracture and yielding behavior are polycarbonate are considered. Two groups of Bisphenol A-based polycarbonate, consisted of extruded PC sheets (thickness of 0.25 mm) and injection molded PC bars (thickness of 3.18 mm) are used. These samples were annealed at various temperatures ranging from 60 to 120 °C, for different times varying up to 240 h. For PC sheets the essential work of fracture (EWF) method was used to analyze fracture behavior. The results are compared to the strain energy density with aging time and aging temperature in the ranges investigated. This effect is confirmed by the change in fracture toughness, as measured by three-point bending tests. The concept of fictive temperature (T_f) was used to characterize the degree of aging in the sample. T_f of a glass in an aged state at a time t is defined as the temperature at which the volume would be equal to the equilibrium volume at T_f if the sample were instantaneously removed to that temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine T_f. The variations of T_f with aging time and aging temperature are in agreement with both the strain energy density measurement and the three-point bending tests. These results contradict the effects of aging on fracture toughness observed by the essential work of fracture approach. The latter showed anomalous regions of increasing fracture toughness with aging, leading to spurious conclusions. The brittle–ductile transition in fracture behavior is analyzed by an activation energy approach. Aging increases the brittle–ductile transition temperature and the effect is more pronounced for the lower molecular-weight sample. Fracture tests also showed a decrease in the entropy with aging, confirming the results observed previously from tension and compression tests.     

Initiation and arrest of cracks on two pipeline steels at low temperature

Dynamic fracture toughness at initiationK _1d and fracture toughness at arrestK _1a were measured on two pipeline steel grades. Dynamic fracture toughness was measured at a very high loading rate with the help of split Hopkinson pressure bars. The values ofK _1d andK _1a are compared. The purpose of this work is to examine the possibilities of using dynamic fracture toughness at crack initiation as a lower bound of crack arrest toughness. This work has practical applications because crack arrest tests are difficult to perform, give scattered results and are costly and time consuming. This procedure shows that it is possible to economize and rationalize using intelligent technology.     

Stress and Moisture Effects on Thin Film Buckling Delamination

Deposition processes control the properties of thin films; they can also introduce high residual stresses, which can be relieved by delamination and fracture. Tungsten films with high 1–2 GPa compressive residual stresses were sputter deposited on top of thin (below 100 nm) copper and diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. Highly stressed films store large amounts of strain energy. When the strain energy release rate exceeds the films' interfacial toughness, delamination occurs. Compressive residual stresses cause film buckling and debonding, forming open channels. Profiles of the buckling delaminations were used to calculate the films' interfacial toughness and then were compared to the adhesion results obtained from the superlayer indentation test. Tests were conducted in both dry and wet environments and a significant drop in film adhesion, up to 100 times was noticed due to the presence of moisture at the film/substrate interface.     

Static and dynamic fracture of transparent nanograined alumina

Transparent nanograined alumina has a great technological potential for highly demanding applications which take advantage of its superior mechanical properties like hardness, wear resistance, and strength, in addition to its optical performance in the infrared and visible domain. Accurate fracture properties (toughness) of this material are rather scarce in the quasi-static regime, and almost non-existent in the dynamic regime. Therefore, the present work investigates the static and dynamic fracture toughness of polycrystalline, nanograined alumina. The results show a marked increase in the dynamic initiation toughness when compared with the quasi-static regime, a phenomenon that was previously observed for other quasi-brittle materials. A combined fractographic and numerical study is carried out in order to identify the underlying mechanism(s) for the observed high dynamic initiation toughness. It is proposed that the latter results from the combined effect of a geometrical crack-front perturbation along with the contribution of the kinetic energy of the specimen. A discussion of the dynamic fracture toughness as a material property concludes this work.     

非晶合金理想裂纹预制方法及其在小试样$K_{\rm Ic}$测试中的应用

介绍了一种简单、低成本且可靠的方法在非晶合金中预制理想裂纹并应用于小试样平面应变断裂韧性的测试.近年来,非晶合金由于高弹性、高强度、耐磨及软磁性等优异性能 展示了广泛的应用前景.断裂韧性作为材料工程应用的一个重要指标,也引起了非晶合金领域的广泛关注. 然而,由于非晶合金的亚稳态结构以及最大可铸造尺寸的限制,目前关于非晶合金断裂韧性的测试还存在较大的挑战.一方面,铸造工艺造成的非晶合金热历史的差异、内部微孔洞和杂质等缺陷以及裂纹预制方式等都会显著影响其断裂韧性测试的可靠性;另一方面,非晶合金可铸造尺寸的限制使得目前绝大多数报导的断裂韧性值都是非平面应变的断裂韧性,导致即使是对于同种非晶合金,所报导的断裂韧性值也存在较大偏差.本文利用非晶合金在过冷液相温度下具有可热塑性成型的特性,对预制有缺口的非晶合金试样进行局部压缩成型,使得预制的缺口裂纹重新闭合形成类似疲劳裂纹的理想裂纹面.基于该方法对Zr基非晶合金进行断裂韧性测试,实验结果表明,随着试样厚度的增加,测试值迅速降低并趋向于一个定值.需要指出的是,通过设计实验使得试样在理想裂纹面区域形成局部凹陷,使得趋于定值的试样厚度远小于平面应变断裂韧性测试标准中的试样厚度要求.      

金属材料三维断裂韧度厚度效应的有限元模拟

随着金属材料大壁厚结构件在工程中的广泛应用,对其断裂韧度的厚度效应研究具有重要的科学意义和工程价值。本研究基于有限元和实验相结合的方法,对金属材料断裂韧度的厚度效应进行预测。首先,通过一组薄壁厚金属材料标准三点弯曲试验得到试样失效时的临界载荷值,并利用内聚力模型与基于虚拟裂纹闭合技术的裂纹扩展模拟方法得到裂纹扩展时的单元临界能量释放率。随后,以此临界能量释放率作为裂纹扩展的启裂准则门槛值,通过有限元计算得到不同试样厚度下裂纹启裂时的裂尖断裂参数随着厚度的变化规律。最后,为了验证有限元模拟结果的准确性,本研究进行了另外两组不同厚度下三点弯曲试样的断裂韧度试验,并将试验结果与有限元结果进行了对比,验证了有限元所模拟的断裂韧度厚度效应的准确性。本研究旨在,通过薄壁厚三点弯曲试样的实验结果结合有限元模拟工作,即可实现金属材料断裂韧度的整个厚度效应曲线,为任意厚度下金属材料断裂韧度预测提供一种可靠的研究方法,有益于缩减试验成本,为大壁厚工程结构件的失效预测提供依据。     

Dynamic toughness in elastic nonlinear viscous solids

This work addresses the interrelationship among dissipative mechanisms—material separation in the fracture process zone (FPZ), nonelastic deformation in the surrounding background material and kinetic energy—and how they affect the macroscopic dynamic fracture toughness as well as the limiting crack speed in strain rate sensitive materials. To this end, a micromechanics-based model for void growth in a nonlinear viscous solid is incorporated into a microporous strip of cell elements that forms the FPZ. The latter is surrounded by background material described by conventional constitutive relations. In the first part of the paper, the background material is assumed to be purely elastic. Here, the computed dynamic fracture toughness is a convex function of crack velocity. In the second part, the background material as well as the FPZ are described by similar rate-sensitivity parameters. Voids grow in the strain rate strengthened FPZ as the crack velocity increases. Consequently, the work of separation increases. By contrast, the inelastic dissipation in the background material appears to be a concave function of crack velocity. At the lower crack velocity regime, where dissipation in the background material is dominant, toughness decreases as crack velocity increases. At high crack velocities, inelastic deformation enhanced by the inertial force can cause a sharp increase in toughness. Here, the computed toughness increases rapidly with crack velocity. There exist regimes where the toughness is a non-monotonic function of the crack velocity. Two length scales—the width of the FPZ and the ratio of the shear wave speed to the reference strain rate—can be shown to strongly affect the dynamic fracture toughness. Our computational simulations can predict experimental data for fracture toughness vs. crack velocity reported in several studies for amorphous polymeric materials.