加载速率对船用钢断裂韧性的影响

在加载速率为100～106MPam1/2/s的范围内,分别采用准静态、示波冲击、Hopkinson杆型试验装置对某船用钢进行了断裂韧性测试。试验结果表明,此钢的断裂韧性对加载速率敏感,即随着加载速率的升高,断裂韧性下降;应用位错动力学对实验现象作出了解释。     

应力波载荷作用下线弹性断裂过程的动态分析方法研究

利用Hopkinson单压杆实验装置 ,对材料的线弹性动态断裂特性进行了研究 ,建立了应力波载荷作用下动态裂纹起裂及扩展过程的动态分析方法 ,采用该方法可同时测得材料的动态裂纹起裂时间、断裂韧性和裂纹扩展速度。40Cr钢三点弯曲试样的实验结果表明 :该钢的动态裂纹扩展过程主要是减速过程 ,在2 2 5TPam /s的加载速率下 ,起裂时间为 2 8 0 0 s,最大裂纹扩展速度为 478 91m/s ,动态断裂韧性为6 3 12MPam。     

加载速率对40Cr钢Ⅱ型动态断裂特性的影响

采用新型Ⅱ型动态断裂测试技术,对高强钢40Cr在高加载速率下的Ⅱ型动态断裂特性进行了测试研究。基于新设计的Ⅱ型动态断裂试样和分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）技术,通过实验-数值方法确定了裂尖在加载过程中的应力强度因子曲线。采用应变片法确定了试样的起裂时间,最终得到40Cr的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性值,并对其加载速率相关性和材料的失效机理进行了研究。结果表明,在1.08～5.53 TPa·m1/2/s的加载速率范围内,40Cr的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性基本表现为与加载速率成正相关的变化趋势。通过对试样断口形貌的分析,确定了材料的失效模式及机理,发现随着加载速率的增加,存在拉伸型失效向绝热剪切型失效模式转变的现象。     

应变率及温度对FGH95粉末高温合金塑性变形性能影响的实验研究

在420℃～650℃的温度范围内,实验研究了FGH95粉末高温合金在应变率0．0001s^-1～0．01S^-1范围内的拉伸一断裂性能,分析了温度和应变率对该合金流动应力的影响,结果表明,应变率对杨氏模量、拉伸屈服强度和塑性模量的影响不是很大,随着应变速率的增大和温度的升高,合金的塑性流动应力有所提高,断裂强度和断裂韧性增强。并通过流动应力与应变、应变率和温度之间的函数关系,分别讨论了硬化指数咒、应变速率敏感系数m及应力相关系数K与温度ε和应变率;的函数关系。SEM断口分析表明FGH95合金是微缺陷敏感材料,在高温（420℃-650℃）应变率范围为10^-4s^-1～10^-1s^-1时的拉伸断裂都是韧性断裂。     

685均质钢静动态断裂韧性实验研究

为了解685均质钢的裂纹在静态加载和动态加载下的裂纹起裂和扩展情况,分别在静态试验机和基于Hopkinson杆技术改进的动态加载装置上采用三点弯曲试样对685均质钢的静、动态断裂韧性进行了研究。685均质钢中存在的少量孪晶马氏体组织对其断裂韧性造成了不利影响,可以适当降低碳含量来改善685均质钢的断裂韧性性能。当加载率KI≤1.8778×106MPa（m）^1/2/s时,685均质钢的动态断裂韧性值都随加载率的增加而下降。当加载率KI>1.8778×106MPa（m）^1/2/s时由于裂纹尖端热软化效应的影响,使得该材料的动态断裂韧性值又上升。采用高速摄影技术记录了裂纹的起裂和扩展,测得了裂纹的扩展速率。发现用裂纹嘴张开位移（Crack Mouth Opening Displacement,CMOD）法计算得到的动态断裂韧性值与用电阻应变片计算的结果相一致。     

金属材料中低加载速率下的动态韧脆转变及断裂韧性测量

金属材料在冲击下的韧脆转变现象和动态断裂韧性的测量是金属材料冲击力学性能研究的重要组成部分.针对金属材料在冲击下的韧脆转变现象认识不足和韧性材料在较低加载率下动态$J$-$R$阻力曲线难以测量的现状,提出了采用高速材料试验机, 设计专用试验夹具,测量15MnTi钢和11MnNiMo钢在不同加载速率下的韧脆转变过程,以及裂尖约束对其动态韧脆转变速率变化的影响.在高速材料试验机上采用上夹具辊刹车,通过调节压缩杆长度改变试验中裂纹扩展量的试验方法,测量了15MnTi钢三点弯曲试样件在较低加载率下的动态断裂韧性.试验发现15MnTi钢CT试验件加载速率低于0.025 m/s时呈现出韧性断裂的特点,加载速率在0.1,$\sim$,0.5 m/s时为韧脆结合型断裂,加载速率高于0.5 m/s后进入脆性断裂区; 11MnNiMo钢CT试验件加载速率大于1.5 m/s后,分层断裂过程中出现先脆断后韧段的现象;发现15MnTi钢和11MnNiMo的动态韧脆转变速率受裂尖约束的影响非常明显,面内约束和面外约束的升高都会导致材料动态脆断速率出现明显降低;还发现三点弯曲试验中, 15MnTi钢在8788 MPa$\cdot$mm/s加载率内断裂韧性随加载率的提升呈现出缓慢下降的趋势.      

石墨烯裂纹扩展行为研究

基于分子动力学方法对含预制裂纹石墨烯进行扶手椅向拉伸断裂模拟。使用连续介质理论结合分子动力学计算石墨烯能量释放率,确定石墨烯能量释放率GIC为10.25 J/m2;应力强度因子KIC为 3.33MPam^1/2。进一步对影响石墨烯裂纹扩展速率的因素-初始裂纹长度与加载速率进行讨论。结果表明：裂纹初始长度与加载率会在一定程度上影响石墨烯中裂纹扩展速率。裂纹扩展速率会随着初始裂纹长度的增加而降低;但随着初始裂纹长度的增加,裂纹扩展速率对其敏感度降低。裂纹扩展速率会随着加载率的升高而增大。 初始裂纹长度与加载率对裂纹扩展速率的影响有一定的关联性,加载率的升高会降低裂纹扩展速率对初始裂纹长度变化的敏感度。在此基础上确定了石墨烯中裂纹扩展极限速率为8350 m/s。关联性,加载率的升高会降低裂纹扩展速率对初始裂纹长度变化的敏感度。在此基础上确定了石墨烯中裂纹扩展极限速率为8350 m/s。     

花岗岩的加载速率效应及能量机制研究

加载速率对岩石的力学性质以及变形破坏方式具有重要的影响。基于MTS810电液伺服材料试验系统与PCI-2声发射仪对岩样进行不同加载速率作用下的单轴压缩和声发射试验。研究结果表明：（1）在各级加载速率作用下,岩样单轴压缩应力-应变曲线大致经历了压密、弹性、屈服、破坏四个阶段。岩样峰后曲线在加载速率为0.001~0.01 mm/s时出现台阶型分段跌落状,在加载速率为0.01~0.1 mm/s时呈现光滑、陡峭的连续曲线。（2）岩样峰值强度、弹性模量随加载速率的增加而增大,与加载速率对数均呈现三次多项式拟合关系。峰值应变随加载速率的增加而减小,与加载速率对数呈现线性拟合关系。（3）随着加载速率由0.001mm/s增加至0.1mm/s,岩样吸收的总应变能 具有波动性,可释放的弹性应变能 增幅60.42%,耗散应变能 降幅 66.38%, 增幅43.33%, 降幅66.67%,岩样破裂模式由拉剪破坏逐渐向张拉劈裂破坏过渡,岩样破裂块数增多。（4）加载速率为0.001~0.1 mm/s时,岩样破坏方式有所不同,但破坏为同一类损伤过程。单轴压缩状态下,能量耗散使得岩样损伤致使强度丧失,而能量释放使得岩样宏观破裂面贯通,并向着能量释放的方向张裂或弹射破坏。     

压-剪复合应力波作用下材料动态断裂韧性研究

提出亚微秒单脉冲应力波载荷作用下Ⅱ型裂纹的平板冲击实验技术 .加载率为dK dt～ 10 8MPa·m1 2 ·s-1.实验中由锰铜应力片和弹性波理论分别测定和计算了压应力 ;通过微观分析确定了动态裂纹的平均扩展长度 ;引进等效应力强度因子 ,用动态断裂理论确定了 6 0 #钢的动态断裂韧性KⅠd和KⅡd ;建立了亚微秒冲击载荷作用下确定材料动态断裂韧性的方法     

不同加载速率条件下花岗岩的破坏判据

本文应用岩石快速加载设备,系统地研究了加载速率在10-1～105kg/cm2/sec范围内,花岗岩的抗压、抗拉和抗剪的破坏特征,得出强度随加载速率变化的规律。在此基础上结合常规三轴应力状态的试验结果,提出了花岗岩的动力破坏判据。     

Dynamic fracture toughness of high strength metals under impact loading: increase or decrease

An elusive phenomenon is observed in previous investigations on dynamic fracture that the dynamic fracture toughness(DFT) of high strength metals always increases with the loading rate on the order of TPa.m 1 /2.s 1.For the purpose of verification,variation of DFT with the loading rate for two high strength steels commonly used in the aviation industry,30CrMnSiA and 40Cr,is studied in this work.Results of the experiments are compared,which were conducted on the modified split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) apparatus,with striker velocities ranging from 9.2 to 24.1 m/s and a constant value of 16.3 m/s for 30CrMnSiA and 40Cr,respectively.It is observed that for 30CrMnSiA,the crack tip loading rate increases with the increase of the striker velocity,while the fracture initiation time and the DFT simultaneously decrease.However,in the tests of 40Cr,there is also an increasing tendency of DFT,similar to other reports.Through an in-depth investigation on the relationship between the dynamic stress intensity factor(DSIF) and the loading rate,it is concluded that the generally increasing tendency in previous studies could be false,which is induced from a limited striker velocity domain and the errors existing in the experimental and numerical processes.To disclose the real dependency of DFT on the loading rate,experiments need to be performed in a comparatively large striker velocity range.     

Strain-rate effects during reverse torsional shear

When a material is rate sensitive during loading, it may also be expected to be rate sensitive during unloading and reverse loading. To investigate this matter, a series of experiments was performed on a moderately ratesensitive magnesium alloy. A modified torsional split-Hopkinson-bar system was used in which a high shear-strain rate can be suddenly imposed on a short specimen while it is being plastically twisted in the opposite sense at a much lower rate. The torsional pulse has a short rise time and a large amplitude, and is of approximately 1 ms useful duration. This allows the specimen to be unloaded and plastically loaded to fracture in the opposite sense within a few microseconds. Forward loading was kept throughout at a shear-strain rate of about 0.006 s^?1, while the reverse straining occurred at 0.006, 250 and 1100 s^?1. Strain-rate dependence of the reverse loading at various plastic prestrain values ranging from 0.0 to 0.3 is presented and discussed as a macroscopic phenomenon in the context of various ‘Bauschinger-effect’ stress parameters.     

Rate dependent critical strain energy density factor of Huanglong limestone

Critical strain energy density of rock can be defined as a fundamental parameter in rock fracture mechanics, an intrinsic material property related to resistance to crack initiation and propagation. By means of the three-point bending experiments, the critical strain energy density factor of Huanglong limestone was measured over a wide range of loading rates from 8.97 × 10⁻⁴ MPam^1/2 s⁻¹ to 1.545 MPam^1/2 s⁻¹. According to the approximate relationship between static and dynamic critical strain energy density factor of Huanglong limestone, relationship between the growth velocity of crack and magnitude of load is obtained. The main conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) when the loading rate is higher than 0.0279 MPam^1/2 s⁻¹, the critical strain energy density factor of rock increased markedly with increasing loading rate. However, when loading rate is lower than 0.0279 MPam^1/2 s⁻¹, the critical strain energy density factor slightly increased with an increase in loading rate. It is found from experimental results that the critical strain energy density factor is linear proportional to the exponential expression of loading rate, (2) for Huanglong limestone, when the growth velocity of crack is lower than 100 m/s, value of the maximum load was nearly a constant. However, when the growth velocity of crack is higher than 1000 m/s, value of the maximum load dramatically increases with increasing the crack growth velocity, and (3) the critical SED of Huanglong limestone is higher as the loading rate is higher.     

轻质泡沫混凝土的劈裂破坏力学行为分析

利用平台巴西圆盘加载方式和钢质压条加载方式,对两种厚度为25mm和50mm、不同密度的轻质泡沫混凝土(400～1000kg/m3)进行巴西圆盘劈裂试验,研究密度和厚度对泡沫混凝土裂纹宽度、劈裂强度、断裂韧度、断裂能的影响规律。结果表明,在橡胶垫平台巴西圆盘和钢质压条加载方式下,其劈裂断裂特征大致分为四个阶段:线性弹性段、非线性弹性段、起裂阶段、失稳阶段。同样加载率下最大裂纹宽度随着泡沫混凝土密度增加逐渐减小,劈裂拉伸强度、断裂韧度、断裂能呈幂函数形式增加。借鉴Reinhardt非线性软化曲线,对不同密度泡沫混凝土的应力软化关系进行曲线拟合,建立基于拉伸强度、断裂韧度等控制参数的应力-裂纹宽度关系三段式模型。基于试验结果,对理想多孔材料细观力学预测模型进行修正,获得泡沫混凝土孔隙率与拉伸强度的半经验公式。     

Strain strengthening effects in Witwatersrand quartzite

A series of uniaxial compression specimens were tested over a range of applied ram displacement rates of 8.9 × 10⁻⁴ to 8.9 mm/sec to elucidate the effects of loading rate on the uniaxial compressive fracture stress of Witwatersrand quartzite. It was demonstrated that even within standard loading rate ranges, considerable scatter in the fracture strength (under uniaxial compression) existed in this particular quartzite rock. Nevertheless, a definite trend of increasing fracture resistance with increasing monotonic loading rate was evident inasmuch that increasing the loading rate (strain rate) by four orders of magnitude increase the fracture strength by almost 2.8 times. Prior fatigue loading also produced a significant strain strengthening as the uniaxial compressive fracture stress tended to increase in a sigmoidal fashion with increasing number of fatigue cycles prior to testing. Indeed, the fracture strength of quartzite was almost doubled in value after 10⁻ cycles. Plane strain fracture toughness tests utilising three point bend specimens were conducted and an average of K_lc = 1.7 MPa√m was realized. In both the uniaxial compression tests and the fracture toughness tests, failure occurred by crack extension predominantly by a transgranular flat cleavage-like mode through pure quartzite (silica) regions. However, crack extension was also observed to occur in an intergranular “ductile-like” mode through areas associated with inclusions prevalent in the quartzite.     

The investigation on dynamic fracture behavour of materials under compressive-shear combined stress waves

In this paper, an improved plate impact experimental technique is presented for studying dynamic fracture mechanism of materials, under the conditions that the impacting loading is provided by a single pulse and the loading time is in the sub-microsecond range. The impacting tests are carried out on the pressure-shear gas gun. The loading rate achieved is dK/dt∼10⁸ MPa m^1/2s⁻¹. With the elimination of influence of the specimen boundary, the plane strain state of a semi-infinite crack in an infinite elastic plate is used to simulate the deformation fields of crack tip. The single pulses are obtained by using the “momentum trap” technique. Therefore, the one-time actions of the single pulse are achieved by eradicating the stress waves reflected from the specimen boundary or diffracted from the crack surfaces. In the current study, some important phenomena have been observed. The special loading of the single pulse can bring about material damage around crack tip, and affect the material behavior, such as kinking and branching of the crack propagation. Failure mode transitions from mode I to mode II crack are observed under asymmetrical impact conditions. The mechanisms of the dynamic crack propagation are consistent with the damage failure model. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 19672066 and 18981180-4) and the Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KJ951-1-20)     

The dependence of crack velocity on the critical stress in fracture

The constant velocity of crack propagation in PMMA is investigated in terms of the fracture stress for both continuously increasing loading (strain rate ?=0.59×10^?4 s^?1) and dynamic loading (strain rate ?=0.35 s^?1). It was found that the constant crack velocity increases with increasing fracture stress and that it depends on the loading conditions (continuously increasing or dynamic loading). In particular, it was found that the increase of the constant velocity for the static loading case is higher than for the dynamic one. However, in both cases, the constant velocity reaches a limiting value for stresses higher than a certain level.     

Hopkinson拉杆的入射波波形整形实验研究

目前,分离式Hopkinson杆实验技术已经被广泛用于测试材料在10~2~10~4s~(-1)应变率范围内的动态力学特性。为了抑制入射波的高频振荡,实现恒定应变率加载,本文利用分离式Hopkinson拉杆(SHTB)实验装置,研究了加载金属短杆(2A12T4铝合金)及整形垫片(纸板、PVC软塑料及带磁性胶皮)对入射波波形的影响。实验结果表明,整形垫片降低了入射应力脉冲的高频振荡,获得了比较平滑的入射应力脉冲,延长了上升时间。同时,利用所得的波形整形结果,对2A12T4铝合金进行了拉伸应力波脉冲加载的拉伸和断裂实验测试。     

拉伸应变率对20钢层裂特性的影响

采用轻气炮加载技术和激光速度干涉(VISAR)测速技术相结合,对不同拉伸应变率条件下20钢的层裂特性进行了实验研究。通过改变飞片和样品的几何尺寸来调整拉伸应变率的大小,研究了拉伸应变率对20钢层裂强度的影响。实验的拉伸应变率的变化范围为104~106 s-1,最大拉伸应变率接近激光加载所能产生的拉伸应变率,相比激光加载,薄飞片技术容易保证一维应变条件。实验结果显示20钢的层裂特性明显依赖着拉伸应变率的大小,106 s-1条件下层裂强度比104 s-1时提高近70%。基于对数值计算结果的分析,讨论了影响层裂强度的主要外载荷因素。     

准三维针刺C_f/SiC复合材料室温层向动态压缩力学行为的实验研究

为了研究应变率对准三维针刺碳纤维增韧的碳化硅复合材料(Cf/SiC)层向压缩力学性能的影响,本文利用分离式Hopkinson压杆装置对三维针刺Cf/SiC复合材料进行了应变率为10-4至6.5×103s-1的单轴压缩力学性能测试。实验结果表明,由于材料缺陷,其动态压缩强度分布遵循Weibull分布。破坏时,材料并未表现出典型的脆性破坏,而是在应力达到压缩强度后经历了较大的伪塑性变形才最终破坏。这表明三维针刺Cf/SiC复合材料沿厚度方向针刺的碳纤维有助于提高材料的韧性。同时,材料的压缩强度随应变率的升高显著增大,并与对数应变率近似成线性关系。借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜对压缩断口的观察表明:材料的失效模式随着应变率变化而发生改变。在准静态下,材料主要表现为剪切和分层破坏,而在高应变率下,则主要表现为劈裂。