高温冲击拉伸试验中的快速接触加温技术

本文阐述了高温冲击拉伸试验技术中基于大热容量热惯性温升极大值原理的快速接触加温技术;研制了稳定性好、加热效率高、总体热惯性大、断电温升至极大值的稳定时间长的一对新的加温炉。测试结果表明,可以在试件上获得了最高可达1073K的近似稳定和均匀的温度场。通过实验研究建立了试件温度、稳定炉温和加温炉加热自动断电设定温度之间的标定关系。利用此标定关系,可以根据试验所需要的试件温度方便地确定加温炉自动断电设定温度,并通过监控稳定炉温来实施的所需试件温度下的冲击拉伸试验。本文还对高温冲击拉伸试验中的相关问题进行了分析讨论。     

极高超声速稀薄气体原子辐射效应的p-DSMC方法

极高超声速流动激波层内的高温导致内能模态的激发并伴随热辐射发生, 过高的温度使得空气分子完全解离, 原子组分对辐射热的贡献将达到80%以上. 本文基于优化的原子辐射模型, 提出追踪光子?直接模拟蒙特卡罗(p-DSMC)方法, 研究了稀薄流区不同马赫数下的高超声速二维圆柱绕流的壁面辐射加热, 获得了有无激发辐射效应的壁面压力和热流以及沿驻点线变化的平动、振动和转动温度. 在不考虑激发辐射效应的情况下, 得到的壁面压力和热流与已有的模拟结果符合的非常好, 误差均在5%以内, 尤其是在驻点位置, 误差在1%以内; 获得的平动、振动以及转动温度均与文献结果符合的很好. 在相同的来流条件下, 考虑辐射效应后发现, 来流速度低于10 km/s时, 辐射加热不明显, 在驻点区域, 辐射加热占对流加热比重在7%左右; 来流速度大于10 km/s时, 在驻点区域, 辐射加热占对流加热比重将超过30%. 考虑辐射效应后, 对非平衡区的平动、转动和振动温度的最大值影响不大. 此外, 另一个重要结论是, 流场中原子的浓度是影响壁面辐射热流大小的一个重要因素.      

温度和应变率对拉伸载荷下高强铝合金本构关系影响的研究

介绍一种用于高温ＳＨＢ试验的新型快速加热电炉,可在一分钟左右将试件加热至５００℃,最高可加热至１０００℃,并且对金属材料和非金属材料均可加热,从而克服了目前使用的各种加热方法的局限性． 在２０℃～５００℃和０．００２０８～３５０ ｓ－ １的范围内研究了温度和应变率对拉伸载荷下高强铝合金本构关系的影响． 结果表明：（１）随着应变率的提高,该材料的强度提高,延伸率降低; （２）该材料的强度、延伸率及应变率均随温度的升高而降低; （３）该材料应变率敏感性随温度的升高而降低     

温度梯度对位伸SHB试验误差的数值分析

利用动态有限元法对分离式拉伸Hopkinson杆高温试验中的误差进行了分析.着重考虑了由输入和输出杆上的温度梯度引入的误差.分析结果表明,试件的最终加热温度越高,加热速度越慢,误差就越大.     

板壳的蠕变屈曲、热屈曲和热变形

在超音速飞行中,飞行器表面边界层内的空气由于摩擦,温度迅速增高。边界层高温空气的热能传给飞行器蒙皮,使飞机蒙皮温度升高,并逐渐将部分热能传给内部结构。由此而引起的热的问题称为气动加热问题。气动加热使蒙皮的温度高,内部结构的温度低;蒙皮本身温度也不均匀,蒙皮和内部结构接触的部分温度低,不接触的部分温      

预压下锆基块体非晶合金的热冲击变形与破坏

实验研究了不同预压载荷与加热速率下Zr51Ti5Ni10Cu25Al9块体非晶合金的失效温度和破坏规律, 发现预压力和温升率较低时, 随着温度的升高, 材料强度减小, 样品最后发生塑性变形; 预压力和温升率较高时样品则发生剪切断裂, 且发生剪切破坏时样品的温度高于其玻璃化转变温度.基于变温条件下的结构弛豫模型, 分析了块体非晶合金在快速加热条件下的变形过程,给出了材料发生屈服时的温度与温升率、预压力与屈服温度之间的相互关系, 并得出了实验结果的拟合关系式. 对回收样品断裂面进行分析, 发现了与恒温压缩断裂明显不同的断裂特征. 最后分析了预压载荷下快速加热过程中上述材料发生剪切破坏的临界条件.      

热线风速仪及其气流温度补偿方法

本文讨论了热线风速仪的工作原理。由于被测气流温度的变化改变了热线的传热温差,从而使速度标定曲线发生很大的畸变,这在非等温流流速测量时会造成很大的测量误差。本文经过分析指出维持热线加热比恒定可以补偿气流温度变化的影响,试验结果表明恒定加热比法的现实性。对于所研制的可以补偿气流温度变化的热线风速仪的性能和使用情况也做了简要的介绍。      

随机激励下受热翼面的模态频率特性试验研究

现代高速飞行器结构热模态频率特性试验研究,对这类飞行器设计校核和飞行安全具有重要意义。根据飞行过程中遭受的气动加热特性设计了瞬态热环境模拟系统,同时,根据高温环境的特点对测试中的激励和测量方式进行了重新设计,成功地将普通激振器应用于高温结构模态试验,最终将热环境模拟系统与振动测试系统组合,形成一套考虑瞬态热影响的热模态试验系统,实现了瞬态热环境下结构模态的地面测试。对一个切尖三角翼测量了各个加热区的温度随加热时间的变化,验证了加热温度控制的精确性;在纯随机激励下对测得的激励和振动响应信号采用短时傅里叶变换(Short Time Fourier Transformation,STFT)进行时变模态参数辨识,获得了前四阶模态频率随加热时间的变化,并与结构有限元数值计算结果进行了比较,试验与计算结果吻合得很好,验证了该试验方法对热模态测试问题的有效性和准确性。通过分别对瞬态和稳态热环境下结构模态频率试验和计算结果的分析,探讨了结构瞬态温度场对模态频率影响的机理,揭示了结构内部存在的热应力和材料属性的变化,是决定模态频率随加热时间变化趋势的内在原因。     

激光脉冲加热的二维广义热弹性问题研究

基于L-S广义热弹性理论,研究了半无限大板局部受到激光脉冲加热时的广义热弹性问题.为避免常规积分变换方法求解带来的精度丢失,采用有限元法直接在时间域进行求解,得到了激光脉冲加热时板中的温度、位移及应力的变化规律.结果表明,直接求解方法可以准确描述热在介质中以有限的速度传播,同时发现,激光脉冲加热过后,结构的最高温度随着时间的推移逐渐降低,且最高温度的位置总在热波波前附近,此处的应力也明显高于其他区域.     

短脉冲激光加热分数阶导热及其热应力研究

短脉冲激光加热引起材料内部复杂的传热过程及热变形,现有的以Fourier定律或Cattaneo-Vernotte松弛方程结合弹性理论为框架建立起来热应力理论在刻画其热物理过程存在严重缺陷. 本文基于分数阶微积分理论, 以半空间为研究对象, 建立了分数阶Cattaneo热传导方程和相应的热应力方程, 给出了问题的初始条件和边界条件, 采用拉普拉斯变换方法, 给出了非高斯时间分布激光热源辐射下温度场和热应力场的解析解, 研究了短脉冲激光加热的温度场及热应力场的热物理行为. 数值计算中, 首先对理论解进行数值验证, 然后取分数阶变量$p=0.5$研究温度场和热应力场的变化特点及激光参数对温度和热应力的影响,最后数值计算分数阶参数对温度和热应力场的影响. 计算结果表明, 分数阶Cattaneo传热方程和热应力方程描述的温度和热应力任然具有波动特性,与经典的Fourier传热模型和标准的Cattaneo传热模型相比, 分数阶阶次越大, 热波波速越小, 热波波动性越明显; 反之, 则热波波速越大, 热扩散性越强.激光加热和冷却的速度越快, 温度上升和下降的速度越快, 压应力和拉应力交替变化越快, 温度变化幅值越小, 热应力幅值影响不明显.      

温度对季节性冻土水分迁移的影响研究

寒区季节性冻土冻胀性质对工程实际影响很大。为了了解温度对水分迁移现象的影响,本文通过地温测试仪对野外不同深度处的土层温度进行测量,并在不同时间相应深度取土样,测其含水率,通过比较不同时间不同深度处的含水率的变化情况来分析温度变化对水分迁移现象的影响。在气温回升之前,当地表温度降低时,温度随深度的降低而升高; 随着地表温度不断降低,各深度处的温度也不断下降,温度梯度增加,各深度处地层的含水率变化大,即温度梯度的增加促进了季节性冻土区水分迁移现象的发生。     

冻土水热力耦合作用的数学模型及数值模拟

将冻土体视为空间弹性体,提出了土体在冻结过程中水分场、温度场、应力场三场耦合的一般数学模型,并给出了相应的离散方程及其解法,最后给出了数值算例,并与实测值比较,证明了该模型和算法的正确性。     

Residual fracture energy of cement paste, mortar and concrete subject to high temperature

Quantifying high temperature damage is an issue that can hardly be dealt with experimentally because of the complexity of the loading control, of temperature and of moisture. The experimental investigation was carried out. The measurement of the mechanical characteristics (fracture energy, tensile strength, elastic modulus and thermal damage parameter) of five cementitious materials, cement paste, mortar, ordinary concrete and two HPC concretes were performed by three-point bending tests after heating/cooling cycles at 120, 250 and 400 °C. The tests showed that the cementitious materials behave almost identical when the fracture energy G_f is considered as a function of maximum temperature. The thermal damage due to heating from 120 to 400 °C increases the fracture energy by 50% with the reference tests at room temperature. A more tortuous crack surface is one reasonable explanation for the significant increase in G_f. It is demonstrated that the temperature exposure makes all cementitious materials tested significantly more ductile and less resistant.     

高温SHPB实验技术及其应用

介绍了高温分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)实验方法,建立了一套高温SHPB实验系统,利用该系统研究了温度对某种抗氢钢动态压缩力学性能的影响,实验温度最高达到1000 ℃,应变率为500～1000 s-1。仅对试件进行加温,并利用一套气动装置在加载前快速完成系统的组装,以尽量减小试件中温度分布的不均匀性。研究结果表明:该气动装置可以将加载前杆端与试件的完全接触时间控制在500 ms内;该抗氢钢的温度软化效应很明显,且温度敏感性随温度升高而下降。     

Internal Heating Effect and Enhancement of Drying of Ceramics by Microwave Heating with Dynamic Control

The effectiveness of internal heating for enhancing the drying of molded ceramics is evaluated by both modeling and experiments. In the theoretical analysis, three dimensional drying-induced strain–stress are modeled, and the numerical solutions show that the internal heating generates lower internal stress than continuous convective heating or intermittent convective heating. Microwave drying is examined experimentally to study the effect of internal heating on the drying behavior of a wet sample of a kaolin slab. The drying behavior is compared among three modes: microwave heating, hot air heating and radiation heating. The transient behavior of temperatures in microwave drying is quite different from conventional drying by external heating. In particular, the temperature of the slab drops once in the progress of drying. This phenomenon cannot be predicted adequately by a simple model of one-dimensional heat conduction and moisture diffusion accompanied with an internal heat generation rate given as a linear function of the moisture content. It should be noted that the temperature behavior takes place due to the combined interactions with internal evaporation of moisture by rise in internal vapor pressure and shift of impedance or interference in the applicator. Microwave heating with a constant power above 100 W results in sample breakage due to the internal vapor pressure. However, if the power is dynamically controlled so as to maintain the temperature less than the boiling point of water, the drying succeeds without any crack generation until completion with a significantly faster drying rate than drying in convective heating or in the oven.     

超高温、大热流、非线性气动热环境试验模拟及测试技术研究

超高温、大热流、非线性气动热环境试验模拟技术及相应的极端高温环境力学测试技术,是高超声速飞行器防热材料和结构安全设计中事关研制成败的关键技术。本文介绍了自行研制的可实现高至210℃/s的极快非线性升温速率、能够生成高达2MW/m2的瞬态非线性热流密度、实现高达1500℃超高温氧化热环境的石英灯红外辐射式气动热环境试验模拟系统。基于这一性能优越的超高温气动热环境试验模拟系统,发展了如下超高温热环境力学测试技术:1)提出对环境光变化不敏感的主动成像数字图像相关方法,实现了C/SiC复合材料1550℃高温变形的非接触、全场光学测量;2)发展了1400℃超高温热/力联合试验环境下SiC/SiC复合材料结构的断裂特性试验测试技术。本文还简要介绍了高速巡航导弹翼面结构900℃高温热振联合试验,950℃高温非线性热环境下的蜂窝结构隔热性试验等研究内容。本文所发展的超高温气动热环境试验模拟技术和高温热环境力学测试技术,对航天航空领域高超声速飞行器的研制具有重要的军事工程应用价值。     

Prediction of soil vertical stress under off-road tire using smoothed-particle hydrodynamics

Evaluation of vertical stress distribution in clay-loam soil using Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics-Finite Element Analysis (SPH-FEA) technique is presented in this research. The moist soil is modelled using the hydrodynamic elastic–plastic material and Murnaghan equation of state, while the tire is modelled using FEA in Visual Environment’s Pam-Crash software. Soil-tire interaction is performed using the node symmetric node to segment with edge treatment method. A single-wheel tester in a soil bin environment was utilized to provide experimental data. The objectives of the experimental test were to (1) calculate maximum subsoil stresses in the subsoil at 1 to 15 passes of a wheel with loads of 1, 2, 4, and 5 kN on soil with moisture levels of 0, 10, 17, and 24%.; (2) calibrate soil with different levels of moisture (3) compare predicted soil stresses with experiments. The maximum stress at 20 cm depth increased with increasing soil moisture and also with high levels of tire load. In contrast, successive traffic showed a decreasing effect on soil stress. The coefficient of determination 0.97 shows the predictions agreed very well with experiments. The moist soil-tire interaction model will be further used to analyze the soil stress in different soil depths and different forward velocity.     

Experimental validation of computational fluid dynamics modeling for narrow tillage tool draft

Energy requirement of a tillage tool, mostly represented by tool draft, is a function of different soil–tool interaction components like soil parameters, tool parameters and system parameters. Soil–tool interaction modeling was conducted using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach considering soil as a Bingham material. Soil bin tests were conducted to validate tool draft predictions obtained from this numerical modeling. Numerical predictions and soil bin experiments for the tool draft were observed with 40 mm wide vertical tool operating at four different depths of 40, 80, 120, and 160 mm. The tool was operated at four different operating speeds of 1, 8, 16 and 24 km h⁻¹ in clay loam soil with two moisture contents of 14% and 20%. Thus, the experimental design consisted in a (2 × 4 × 4) complete randomized factorial with two replications for each test. Simulation results over-predicted tool draft in comparison to the experimental values. The difference between the predicted and measured draft were not consistent and ranged from 1% to 42%, with an average of 24% and 22% for moisture contents of 14% and 20%, respectively. The agreement of simulation data with experimental values was higher at shallow depth of operation and lower tool operating speed. The correlation coefficient between the simulation and experimental draft were found to vary from 0.9275 to 0.9914.