Decentralized coordinated attitude control for satellite formation flying via the state-dependent Riccati equation technique

The goal of the present study is to develop a decentralized coordinated attitude control algorithm for satellite formation flying. To handle the non-linearity of the dynamic system, the problems of absolute and relative attitude dynamics are formulated for the state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) technique. The SDRE technique is for the first time utilized as a non-linear controller of the relative attitude control problem for satellite formation flying, and then the results are compared to those from linear control methods, mainly the PD and LQR controllers. The stability region for the SDRE-controlled system was obtained using a numerical method. This estimated stability region demonstrates that the SDRE controller developed in the present paper guarantees the globally asymptotic stability for both the absolute and relative attitude controls. Moreover, in order to complement a non-selective control strategy for relative attitude error in formation flying, a selective control strategy is suggested. This strategy guarantees not only a reduction in unnecessary calculation, but also the mission-failure safety of the attitude control algorithm for satellite formation. The attitude control algorithm of the formation flying was tested in the orbital-reference coordinate system for the sake of applying the control algorithms to Earth-observing missions. The simulation results illustrate that the attitude control algorithm based on the SDRE technique can robustly drive the attitude errors to converge to zero.     

Detumbling strategy and coordination control of kinematically redundant space robot after capturing a tumbling target

This paper focuses on the motion planning to detumble and control of a space robot to capture a non-cooperative target satellite. The objective is to construct a detumbling strategy for the target and a coordination control scheme for the space robotic system in post-capture phase. First, the dynamics of the kinematically redundant space robot after grasping the target is presented, which lays the foundation for the coordination controller design. Subsequently, optimal detumbling strategy for the post-capture phase is proposed based on the quartic B\(\acute{\text{ e }}\)zier curves and adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm subject to the specific constraints. Both detumbling time and control torques were taken into account for the generation of the optimal detumbling strategy. Furthermore, a coordination control scheme is designed to track the designed reference path while regulating the attitude of the chaser to a desired value. The space robot successfully dumps the initial velocity of the tumbling satellite and controls the base attitude synchronously. Simulation results are presented for detumbling a target with rotational motion using a seven degree-of-freedom redundant space manipulator, which demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于MSCMG大型遥感卫星高精度姿态控制方法

针对大力矩飞轮前馈和闭环反馈补偿复杂、对精度影响敏感性大的问题,提出了基于磁浮控制力矩陀螺闭环补偿的大型遥感卫星高精度姿态控制方法。该方法采用磁悬浮力矩陀螺为控制执行机构,通过变结构反馈补偿控制律设计,建立新的运动补偿控制系统,减小相机和卫星本体耦合效应。基于磁浮力矩陀螺力矩大、反向激励扰动小、精度高的特性,将其应用于对地遥感成像相机运动补偿控制系统中,仿真结果表明,与飞轮前馈补偿相比,姿态稳定度提高了一个数量级,有效提高空间大惯量卫星姿态控制的稳定度,提升相机对地成像质量;研究结果可为甚高精度卫星姿态控制与载荷运动补偿提供参考。     

基于对偶四元数的双星编队相对位姿测量

为了描述编队卫星中主从星的相对位置和姿态信息,提出了基于对偶四元数的编队卫星相对位姿测量算法。以双星编队飞行的位姿运动为主线,运用对偶四元数工具,充分发挥其能以最简洁的形式表示一般性刚体运动的优点,对卫星轨道和姿态进行分析并建立了对偶四元数位姿模型。同时设计类GPS测量技术来测量编队卫星的相对位置和姿态,该技术载波相位波长和伪码码元比GPS的更短,可获得更高精度的相对测量信号。由于状态方程和观测方程的非线性特征,使用UKF滤波来消除随机噪声对量测过程的干扰。实验结果表明,所设计的算法能够有效估计系统误差,卫星的位置误差和四元数误差收敛于零,验证了该算法的有效性。     

Dynamics of a satellite carrying a point mass moving about it

We study the dynamics of a complex system consisting of a solid and a mass point moving according to a prescribed law along a curve rigidly fixed to the body. The motion occurs in a central Newtonian gravitational field. It is assumed that the orbit of the system center of mass is an ellipse of arbitrary eccentricity.We obtain equations that describe the motion of the carrier (satellite) about its center of mass. In the case of a circular orbit, we present conditions that should be imposed on the law of the relative motion of the mass point carried by the satellite so that the latter preserves a constant attitude with respect to the orbital coordinate system. In the case of a dynamically symmetric satellite, we consider the problem of existence of stationary and nearly stationary rotations for the case in which the carried point moves along the satellite symmetry axis.We consider several problems of dynamics of the satellite plane motion about its center of mass in an elliptic orbit of arbitrary eccentricity. In particular, we present the law of motion of the carried point in the case without eccentricity oscillations and study the stability of the satellite permanent attitude with respect to the orbital coordinate system.     

纯引力轨道检验质量的相对测量技术

纯引力轨道是物体在太空仅受引力作用的运行轨道, 通过构造纯引 力轨道, 可实现超高精度的空间引力探测, 也可为科学实验提供超稳定卫星 平台. 作为纯引力轨道构造的核心, 检验质量的相对测量不仅提供了部分任 务科学数据, 还为航天器平台的跟踪控制提供输入. 首先, 描述了纯引力轨道 的概念内涵, 总结了它在卫星重力测量、引力波探测等方面的应用情况. 其 次, 综述了不同任务对相对测量的需求, 给出了电容式测量、磁感应测量和 光学测量的原理, 总结了各自的优缺点. 根据检验质量的姿态运动, 将检验质 量质心相对状态解算问题分为3 类, 给出了基于检验质量姿态动力学与表面 建模的典型解算模型和质心速度估计方法. 最后分析了非引力干扰的理论计 算、地面实验验证和在轨实验验证问题.      

采用动量轮及推进器的微小卫星的姿态机动控制(英文)

提出了一种利用偏置动量轮及推进器实现大角度姿态机动控制的方法。首先建立轨道系下的卫星模型及动量轮推进器的模型,并基于该模型采用动量轮及推进器结合的反馈线性化控制方法,最后设计了大角度机动的参考轨迹。仿真和分析结果表明,文中的控制方法可以在45 s内使卫星机动40°,并在100 s内达到180°大角度,控制精度达到0.4°。可以无需对动量轮进行加减速操作而进行实时的姿态机动。不仅能满足实时性需要,同时可以避免动量轮饱和,降低能源消耗,为微小卫星姿态控制系统的工程实现提供了非常有价值的参考。     

飞网抛射过程母卫星姿态干扰分析与姿态控制

空间飞网是一种新型的空间碎片或漂浮物回收装置. 飞网抛射过程会对母体卫星产生较大的干扰,影响卫星的姿态稳定,因此需要设计具有抗干扰能力的控制律来保证卫星姿态的稳定. 针对空间飞网直接抛射展开过程,分析了影响飞网抛射效果的主要因素,并建立了飞网发射所产生的干扰力矩模型. 针对卫星的控制要求,建立了卫星姿态控制系统的模型,设计了滑模变结构控制器,并给出数学推导过程. 最后,通过仿真对姿态干扰及控制器控制性能进行了分析研究,结果表明,设计的控制器能够保证卫星的稳定,满足设计指标要求.     

基于有限时间收敛的双臂空间机器人捕获卫星主动对接力/位姿阻抗控制

针对双臂空间机器人捕获卫星主动对接力/位姿阻抗控制进行了研究. 为防止捕获过程中机械臂末端执行器与卫星接触、碰撞时产生的冲击载荷对机器人关节造成冲击破坏, 在各关节电机与机械臂之间加入了一种弹簧阻尼缓冲机构. 该机构可通过弹簧实现冲击力矩的卸载, 阻尼器则用于因弹簧引起的柔性振动的抑制. 为解决捕获过程中的非完整动力学约束及捕获后混合体系统的协调控制问题, 结合牛顿第三定律、捕获点的速度约束及闭链几何约束, 获得捕获后混合体系统的动力学方程, 且通过动量守恒关系计算碰撞冲击效应与碰撞冲击力. 通过分析对接装置在载体坐标系下的运动学关系, 建立对接装置相对载体的运动雅可比矩阵, 并基于此建立基于力的二阶线性阻抗模型, 实现对接装置输出力的精确控制. 考虑到主动对接操作过程要求控制器具有收敛速度快, 控制精度高的特点, 通过结合终端滑模与超扭滑模的特点, 提出一种非奇异快速终端滑模阻抗控制策略. 该策略即能实现主动对接操作中位姿与输出力的快速响应, 又能有效地抑制滑模的抖振以保证控制精度. 通过Lyapunov定理证明系统的稳定性; 利用数值模拟验证缓冲装置的抗冲击性能及所提阻抗控制策略的有效性.      

基于粒子滤波的微小卫星姿态确定算法

为了提高非线性卫星姿态控制系统的滤波性能,在建立了采用磁强计及太阳敏感器的卫星姿态模型的基础上尝试了新兴的粒子滤波(PF)算法对卫星系统进行姿态估计,进而对采用矢量观测的三轴稳定卫星的姿态确定问题进行了滤波算法的实时仿真,并将四元数转换成旋转矢量引入了粒子滤波算法,最后给出了卫星模型在不同粒子数目下的滤波性能比较,并在系统初始误差较大的情况下将粒子滤波算法与EKF滤波算法进行了滤波性能的对照。仿真结果表明,粒子滤波算法对粒子数目具有明显的依赖性,但是当粒子达到一定的数目时,粒子滤波的精度以及滤波稳定性都可以得到保证,尤其是在系统初始误差较大的情况下粒子滤波算法更显示了其优于EKF算法的滤波性能。     

Influence of flexible solar arrays on vibration isolation platform of control moment gyroscopes

A high-performance vibration isolation platform (VIP) has been developed for a cluster of control moment gyroscopes (CMGs). CMGs have long been used for satellite attitude control. In this paper, the influence of flexible solar arrays on a passive multi-strut VIP of CMGs for a satellite is analyzed. The reasonable parameters design of flexible solar arrays is discussed. Firstly, the dynamic model of the integrated satellite with flexible solar arrays, the VIP and CMGs is conducted by Newton-Euler method. Then based on reasonable assumptions, the transmissibility matrix of the VIP is derived. Secondly, the influences of the flexible solar arrays on both the performance of the VIP and the stability of closed-loop control systems are analyzed in detail. The parameter design limitation of these solar arrays is discussed. At last, by selecting reasonable parameters for both the VIP and flexible solar arrays, the attitude stabilization performance with vibration isolation system is predicted via simulation.     

卫星姿态测量信息的卡尔曼滤波技术研究

本文在研究由陀螺仪、红外地球敏感器和太阳敏感器组成的卫星姿态测量系统的基础上，应用了改进的卡尔曼滤波算法进行信息处理，克服了卡尔曼滤波器的发散现象。本文还提出了限定增益系数的方法，以抑制俯仰角过大的估计误差。本文设计的卡尔曼滤波器适用于对地观测卫星的测量系统，能获取较低噪声的姿态测量信息。     

The output torque estimation of MCMG for agile satellites

Studied in this paper are the attitude control law design and the output torque estimation problem of micro control moment gyros （MCMGs） for the agile satellites executing rapid attitude maneuver mission. An algorithm is proposed for estimating the output torques and the gimbal angular rates of MCMGs, which can help engineers to choose reasonable size for actuators so that the cost of satellite can be decreased. According to some special maneuver missions, a numerical example of attitude control system for a small satellite with MCMGs in pyramid configuration is studied, and the simulation results validate the proposed estimation algorithm.     

基于Gibbs矢量估计卫星轨道姿态的滤波算法研究

针对“矢量观测 陀螺”这种典型的三轴稳定卫星姿态确定系统模式,引入具有四元数优越性的Gibbs矢量作为姿态参数,提出了一种新的具有良好实时性能的轨道姿态估计方案。在方案设计中,为描述卫星轨道姿态的Gibbs矢量,推导出了基于四元数的运动学方程,并将QUEST法作为处理多矢量观测信息的压缩技术引入估计器,使得滤波修正算法得以简化。另外,针对单矢量观测情况,给出了能够加快状态估值收敛速度的改进协方差修正算法。仿真结果验证,新方案的姿态估计精度与传统的欧拉角估计法相当,而运算效率却明显高于欧拉角估计法。     

Robust attitude control for rapid multi-target tracking in spacecraft formation flying

A robust attitude tracking control scheme for spacecraft formation flying is presented. The leader spacecraft with a rapid mobile antenna and a camera is modeled. While the camera is tracking the ground target, the antenna is tracking the follower spacecraft. By an angular velocity constraint and an angular constraint, two methods are proposed to compute the reference attitude profiles of the camera and antenna, respectively. To simplify the control design problem, this paper first derives the desired inverse system （DIS）, which can convert the attitude tracking problem of 3D space into the regulator problem. Based on DIS and sliding mode control （SMC）, a robust attitude tracking controller is developed in the presence of mass parameter uncertainties and external disturbance. By Lyapunov stability theory, the closed loop system stability can be achieved. The numerical simulations show that the proposed robust control scheme exhibits significant advantages for the multi-target attitude tracking of a two-spacecraft formation.     

卫星三轴姿态确定系统的光纤陀螺/星敏感器组合技术研究

为了满足卫星三轴姿态确定的精度要求，提出了基于状态估计法的星敏感器和光纤陀螺组合的方案，并设计了相应姿态确定算法。通过仿真证明：此方案能达到高精度卫星姿态确定系统的要求。     

Is the Sky-Hook Configuration Stable?

The sky-hook, that is a string forming a connection from the surface of the Earth to a satellite in geostationary orbit, which may be used as track for an Earth to space elevator, is an old dream of mankind, originating about 100 years ago in Russia. Besides the question of feasibility from a technological point of view also the question concerning the stability of such a configuration has not yet been completely solved. Under the assumption that a proper material (carbon nanotubes) is available making the connection possible technologically, we address the question of stability of the radial relative equilibrium of a tapered string reaching from the surface of the Earth to a satellite on a circular geosynchronous orbit around the Earth.     

BUFFER AND COMPLIANT DYNAMIC SURFACE CONTROL OF SPACE ROBOT CAPTURING SATELLITE BASED ON COMPLIANT MECHANISM$^{\bf 1)}$

研究了空间机器人在轨捕获非合作卫星过程避免关节受碰撞冲击破坏的缓冲从顺控制问题, 为此在机械臂与关节电机之间配置了一种柔性机构, 其作用在于: (1)在接触、碰撞阶段可通过其内置弹簧的变形来吸收被捕获卫星对空间机器人关节产生的冲击力矩; (2)在镇定运动阶段, 结合与之配合的缓冲从顺控制策略来适时开、关关节电机, 以保证关节受到的冲击力矩受限在安全范围. 首先, 利用多刚体系统理论获得配置柔性机构空间机器人及目标卫星分体系统动力学方程; 之后, 结合整个系统动量守恒关系, 捕获操作后系统运动几何关系及力的传递规律, 建立了两者形成联合体系统的动力学方程, 并计算了碰撞过程的冲击效应与冲击力. 为了实现失稳联合体系统的镇定控制, 提出了一种基于动态面的缓冲从顺控制方案. 上述控制方案可在实现吸收捕获操作产生的冲击力矩的同时, 还能在冲击力矩过大时适时开启、关闭关节电机, 以避免关节电机发生破坏; 此外, 动态面的引入避免了反演法存在的计算膨胀问题, 有效减少了计算量. 基于Lyapunov函数法证明了系统的稳定性, 并通过系统数值仿真结果验证了上述缓冲从顺控制策略的正确性.     

基于柔性机构捕捉卫星的空间机器人动态缓冲从顺控制

研究了空间机器人在轨捕获非合作卫星过程避免关节受碰撞冲击破坏的缓冲从顺控制问题, 为此在机械臂与关节电机之间配置了一种柔性机构, 其作用在于: (1)在接触、碰撞阶段可通过其内置弹簧的变形来吸收被捕获卫星对空间机器人关节产生的冲击力矩; (2)在镇定运动阶段, 结合与之配合的缓冲从顺控制策略来适时开、关关节电机, 以保证关节受到的冲击力矩受限在安全范围. 首先, 利用多刚体系统理论获得配置柔性机构空间机器人及目标卫星分体系统动力学方程; 之后, 结合整个系统动量守恒关系, 捕获操作后系统运动几何关系及力的传递规律, 建立了两者形成联合体系统的动力学方程, 并计算了碰撞过程的冲击效应与冲击力. 为了实现失稳联合体系统的镇定控制, 提出了一种基于动态面的缓冲从顺控制方案. 上述控制方案可在实现吸收捕获操作产生的冲击力矩的同时, 还能在冲击力矩过大时适时开启、关闭关节电机, 以避免关节电机发生破坏; 此外, 动态面的引入避免了反演法存在的计算膨胀问题, 有效减少了计算量. 基于Lyapunov函数法证明了系统的稳定性, 并通过系统数值仿真结果验证了上述缓冲从顺控制策略的正确性.      

Nonlinear dynamics of a satellite with deployable solar panel arrays

The multibody dynamics of a satellite in circular orbit, modeled as a central body with two hinge-connected deployable solar panel arrays, is investigated. Typically, the solar panel arrays are deployed in orbit using preloaded torsional springs at the hinges in a near symmetrical accordion manner, to minimize the shock loads at the hinges. There are five degrees of freedom of the interconnected rigid bodies, composed of coupled attitude motions (pitch, yaw and roll) of the central body plus relative rotations of the solar panel arrays. The dynamical equations of motion of the satellite system are derived using Kane's equations. These are then used to investigate the dynamic behavior of the system during solar panel deployment via the 7-8th-order Runge-Kutta integration algorithms and results are compared with approximate analytical solutions. Chaotic attitude motions of the completely deployed satellite in circular orbit under the influence of the gravity-gradient torques are subsequently investigated analytically using Melnikov's method and confirmed via numerical integration. The Hamiltonian equations in terms of Deprit's variables are used to facilitate the analysis.