微小卫星联合执行机构的递阶饱和姿态控制方法

随着航天飞行任务复杂程度的提高,微小卫星姿态控制系统对实现大角度姿态机动的快速性及稳定性有着较高的要求。考虑到在实际大角度姿态机动过程中力矩饱和及角速度限制的因素,提出了基于欧拉轴转动的递阶饱和模糊PD姿态控制律,同时采用喷气推力器和反作用飞轮作为联合执行机构为微小卫星姿态机动提供大且精确的控制力矩。与传统PD控制律相比,模糊PD姿态控制系统的未知参数可在线自动整定。数学仿真结果表明,基于欧拉轴转动的递阶饱和模糊PD姿态控制系统能够在125 s内实现50.2°的大角度机动,稳定误差能够控制在0.002°之内。与传统PD控制律相比,此方法具有更高的精度及稳定性。     

立方星剩磁在轨辨识与主动补偿技术

立方星的姿态测量与控制系统常采用磁测磁控结合偏置动量轮的方案,整星剩磁干扰力矩是影响姿态控制精度的重要因素之一。提出了一种利用磁强计实现剩磁矩在轨辨识与利用磁力矩器实现剩磁矩主动补偿的新方案:基于磁强计输出和卫星姿态动力学建立了剩磁矩在轨辨识模型,并利用采样滤波器(UKF)提高单磁强计条件下的辨识效果;把控制对象简化成线性定常系统,分析了剩磁干扰力矩对姿态的影响数学模型,并针对磁力矩器和磁强计分时工作的特点,基于叠加性原理提出了基于角速度的剩磁矩主动补偿算法。仿真研究表明,在1000 s内剩磁矩在轨辨识精度为0.001 A×m~2量级,主动补偿后,偏航角、滚动角与俯仰角控制误差分别从4.3°、4.6°与2.1°均减少至0.4°以内。提出的方法为类似配置卫星减少剩磁干扰力矩的影响提供了一种新思路。     

一类带柔性附件充液航天器姿态机动控制

基于Lyapunov稳定性理论研究了用动量轮控制一类带轻质悬臂梁附件的充液航天器的姿态机动控制问题, 其中晃动液体用黏性力矩球摆模型代替, 悬臂梁附件用若干集中质量代替. 用动量矩定理和Lagrange方程分别推导得到航天器主刚体、等效球摆、等效集中质量的动力学方程, 所用反馈控制律包含了与动量轮角加速度密切相关的权重因子, 利用系统初、终状态和到达最终姿态所需时间解析确定此权重因子. 同时利用Lyapunov稳定性理论得到了实现最终姿态机动的稳定性判据. 数值仿真表明所用控制律的有效性, 分析附件的相对主刚体平面的转角、相对系统质心的高度、长度、刚度、质量、阻尼系数和到达最终姿态所需时间等因素对控制过程中航天器剩余章动角的影响大小.      

欠驱动航天器姿态机动时间-能量最优控制研究

针对由动量飞轮作为执行机构的欠驱动航天器,研究以飞轮角加速度作为控制输入的航天器大角度姿态机动问题。利用四元数描述欠驱动航天器的姿态运动学模型,分别以时间最优控制、时间-能量最优控制作为目标函数进行了基于Chebyshev-Gauss(CG)伪谱法的优化设计和讨论。采用Clenshaw-Curtis积分近似得到了性能指标函数中的积分项,应用重心拉格朗日插值逼近状态变量和控制变量,将连续最优控制问题进行离散,转变为一个非线性规划(NLP)的问题,NLP问题则可应用序列二次规划方法计算。两种目标函数优化的结果均使系统从初始姿态机动到终端姿态,终端角速度也都达到了预定值,对比发现时间-能量最优结果的能耗值比时间最优的能耗值小,但其机动耗时较长。     

基于强跟踪滤波器的SINS大失准角初始对准新方法

捷联惯性导航系统静基座初始对准时一般先进行粗对准,使失准角缩小到一定范围内从而满足小失准角假设下的线性误差模型,然后再进行精对准。在不进行粗对准时失准角一般为大角度,需要采用复杂的非线性误差模型和非线性滤波方法。研究发现通过设置合理的误差协方差矩阵初值,采用反馈校正滤波结构,并引入强跟踪滤波算法可以在大失准角情况下既无需粗对准,又无需采用非线性模型来实现精对准。仿真结果表明,该方法可以实现大失准角初始对准,鲁棒性好,在任意姿态初值下都可以使航向角在300 s内收敛到0.05°的理论极限精度,与小失准角精对准方法的速度和精度相当但省去了粗对准因而耗时更短,与无迹卡尔曼滤波在600 s时才收敛到0.5°的速度相比大为改善。     

基于对偶四元数的卫星信息一致性控制

为了解决航天器控制信息一致性问题,提出了利用对偶四元数来描述对象的位置及姿态信息,实现位置与姿态的统一表述。同时利用信息一致性理论,通过设计航天器间的信息传递模型来解决分布式航天器间的状态同步问题。采用对偶四元数及信息一致性理论为工具,分别给出了位姿同步及跟踪两种控制方法并针对两种信息拓扑模型,以空间交会对接问题进行仿真实验,实验结果表明,在500s以内,卫星的位置及姿态实现了同步及跟踪控制。     

基于Rodrigues参数和量测非线性的SINS/GPS动基座对准

对GPS辅助下,捷联惯导系统动基座对准问题进行了研究。利用姿态阵分解,将动态对准问题转换为一个常值姿态的估计,采用Rodrigues参数进行姿态描述,建立了系统方程线性,量测方程具有二阶非线性的对准模型,进而推导了基于二阶非线性量测完整泰勒级数展开的滤波算法。同时,对Rodrigues参数描述姿态时的奇异点问题进行了详细地讨论,设计了能自动判别并规避奇异点的滤波对准方案。以车辆典型机动轨迹为对象进行了蒙特卡洛仿真,结果表明,所设计算法能够在5 s内实现奇异点的判别及处理,且当GPS速度误差为0.1 m/s,位置误差为3 m,更新率为1 s时,惯性级捷联惯导系统在120 s时间内,可以达到水平姿态误差角均方根小于10″,方位误差角均方根小于4′的对准精度。     

带可控臂绳系卫星释放及姿态控制

考虑带可控机械臂绳系卫星的面内运动, 研究其释放阶段的子星位置和姿态控制问题. 系绳释放时, 通过调整机械臂转角实现子星姿态的无动量轮控制. 控制律设计分为两步: 首先, 基于非线性最优控制理论, 研究在状态和控制约束下的子星位置及其姿态控制, 通过二阶Legendre伪谱法求解开环最优控制律; 其次, 以开环解为参考, 基于轨迹跟踪思想设计反馈控制器, 其中反馈控制增益由开环最优控制算法及数值插值确定. 最后通过算例研究验证了该方法的有效性.      

基于输入成型的挠性航天器自适应姿态控制（英文）

针对快速调姿挠性航天器的姿态控制问题,提出一种基于输入成型的自适应姿态控制方法,解决俯仰、偏航、滚转三通道的控制耦合问题,抑制航天器挠性振动、提高姿态控制精度。首先,建立了考虑弹性振动、执行器故障及惯量不确定性的挠性航天器姿态动力学模型。基于欧拉轴角提出一种姿态机动参考轨迹设计方法,避免了俯仰、偏航、滚转三通道的耦合问题。通过多模输入成型方法对姿态机动参考轨迹进行修正,以抑制航天器弹性振动。采用自适应容错控制方法对修正后的参考轨迹进行跟踪,以实现挠性航天器快速姿态机动任务。数值仿真结果表明,与传统PD姿态控制方法相比,所提出的基于输入成型的挠性航天器自适应姿态控制方法可将残余弹性振动幅值和姿态控制偏差降低两个数量级,验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于反演滑模的机动飞行器横向回路控制设计

针对再入机动飞行器模型的参数不确定性以及外界干扰对飞行器控制性能的影响,基于反演控制和滑模控制理论,结合飞行器的动态特性要求,设计了一种基于标称模型的再入机动飞行器横向回路姿态控制方案,并基于Lyapunov方法,给出了整个系统的稳定性证明。控制系统阶跃响应仿真结果表明:系统响应无超调,调节时间为0.6 s,稳态误差为1%,优于指标要求的超调量15%,调节时间1 s,稳态误差5%,证明所提方法对模型参数大范围摄动具有强鲁棒性,且在较大程度上提高了系统的动态性能,最终达到姿态指令的快速高精度跟踪效果。     

Combined control of fast attitude maneuver and stabilization for large complex spacecraft

In remote sensing or laser communication space missions, spacecraft need fast maneuver and fast stabilization in order to accomplish agile imaging and attitude tracking tasks. However, fast attitude maneuvers can easily cause elastic deformations and vibrations in flexible appendages of the spacecraft. This paper focuses on this problem and deals with the combined control of fast attitude maneuver and sta- bilization for large complex spacecraft. The mathematical model of complex spacecraft with flexible appendages and momentum bias actuators on board is presented. Based on the plant model and combined with the feedback controller, modal parameters of the closed-loop system are calculated, and a multiple mode input shaper utilizing the modal information is designed to suppress vibrations. Aiming at reducing vibrations excited by attitude maneuver, a quintic polynomial form rotation path planning is proposed with constraints on the actuators and the angular velocity taken into account. Attitude maneuver simulation results of the control systems with input shaper or path planning in loop are sepa- rately analyzed, and based on the analysis, a combined control strategy is presented with both path planning and input shaper in loop. Simulation results show that the combined control strategy satisfies the complex spacecraft＇s require- ment of fast maneuver and stabilization with the actuators＇ torque limitation satisfied at the same time.     

Attitude maneuver of liquid-filled spacecraft with a flexible appendage by momentum wheel

Attitude maneuver of liquid-filled spacecraft with an appendage as a cantilever beam by momentum wheel is studied.The dynamic equations are derived by conservation of angular momentum and force equilibrium principle.A feedback control strategy of the momentum wheel is applied for the attitude maneuver.The residual nutation of the spacecraft in maneuver process changes with some chosen parameters,such as steady state time,locations of the liquid container and the appendage,and appendage parameters.The results indicate that locations in the second and fourth quadrants of the body-fixed coordinate system and the second quadrant of the wall of the main body are better choices for placing the liquid containers and the appendage than other locations if they can be placed randomly.Higher density and thicker cross section are better for lowering the residual nutation if they can be changed.Light appendage can be modeled as a rigid body,which results in a larger residual nutation than a flexible model though.The residual nutation decreases with increasing absolute value of the initial sloshing angular height.     

Sliding mode maneuvering control and active vibration damping of three-axis stabilized flexible spacecraft with actuator dynamics

This paper presents a dual-stage control system design method for the three-axis-rotational maneuver control and vibration stabilization of a spacecraft with flexible appendages embedded with piezoceramics as sensor and actuator. In this design approach, the attitude control system and vibration suppression were designed separately using a lower order model. Based on the sliding mode control (SMC) theory, a discontinuous attitude control law in the form of the input voltage of the reaction wheel is derived to control the orientation of the spacecraft actuated by the reaction wheel, in which the reaction wheel dynamics is also considered from the real applications point of view. The asymptotic stability is shown using Lyapunov analysis. Furthermore, an adaptive version of the proposed attitude control law is also designed for adapting the unknown upper bounds of the lumped disturbance so that the limitation of knowing the bound of the disturbance in advance is released. In addition, the concept of varying the width of boundary layer instead of a fixed one is also employed to eliminate the chattering and improve the pointing precision as well. For actively suppressing the induced vibration, modal velocity feedback and strain rate feedback control methods are presented and compared by using piezoelectric materials as additional sensors and actuators bonded on the surface of the flexible appendages. Numerical simulations are performed to show that rotational maneuver and vibration suppression are accomplished in spite of the presence of disturbance torque and parameter uncertainty.     

Chaotic attitude and reorientation maneuver for completely liquid-filled spacecraft with flexible appendage

The present paper investigates the chaotic attitude dynamics and reorientation maneuver for completely viscous liquid-filled spacecraft with flexible appendage. All of the equations of motion are derived by using Lagrangian mechanics and then transformed into a form consisting of an unperturbed part plus perturbed terms so that the system＇s nonlinear characteristics can be exploited in phase space. Emphases are laid on the chaotic attitude dynamics produced from certain sets of physical parameter values of the spacecraft when energy dissipation acts to derive the body from minor to major axis spin. Numerical solutions of these equations show that the attitude dynamics of liquid-filled flexible spacecraft possesses characteristics common to random, non- periodic solutions and chaos, and it is demonstrated that the desired reorientation maneuver is guaranteed by using a pair of thruster impulses. The control strategy for reorientation maneuver is designed and the numerical simulation results are presented for both the uncontrolled and controlled spins transition.     

航天器太阳帆板振动抑制的输入整形方法研究

利用输入整形与PD(比例微分)控制相结合的主动振动控制策略,在保证航天器完成三轴姿态机动的同时抑制太阳帆板的振动。首先,基于角动量定律和拉格朗日法建立了带挠性太阳帆板航天器的动力学模型。然后,在动力学模型的基础上,采用PD控制作为航天器三轴姿态机动的控制策略,利用挠性太阳帆板各阶模态的固有频率和阻尼比得到系统的输入整形器,对原始姿态机动的脉冲进行输入整形前馈控制,以抑制太阳帆板各阶模态的振动。仿真结果表明:两种输入整形方法均能抑制太阳帆板的振动,ZV(零残余振动)输入整形器简单且脉冲数量少,输入时间较短,但对于参数摄动以及输入的微小误差比较敏感,抑制振动的效果难以满足零残余振动的标准;ZVD(微分零残余振动)输入整形器脉冲数量较多,具有一定量的延时,但更为高效,鲁棒性强,能够极大地抑制挠性太阳帆板的残余振动,缩短航天器的机动稳定时间,且整个机动过程更加平稳。     

基于多体系统传递矩阵法的多管火箭定向器振动控制

应用多体系统传递矩阵法,建立了全新的多管火箭发射动力学控制模型,以二次型性能指标为成本函数, 设计了脉冲推力器为控制执行机构的振动主动控制律,并设计了多管火箭发射系统在燃气流冲击下定向器的振动主动控制系统,获得了最优脉冲控制力幅值和脉冲推力器工作次数. 应用设计的控制律数值仿真了某多管火箭定向器无控和受控状态下的振动响应,仿真结果表明该法可有效地降低定向器的振动.该方法易于工程实现,对控制多管火箭发射系统的振动、提高多管火箭射击的精度具有重要意义.      

Model predictive control of rigid spacecraft with two variable speed control moment gyroscopes

In this paper, an attitude maneuver control problem is investigated for a rigid spacecraft using an array of two variable speed control moment gyroscopes(VSCMGs)with gimbal axes skewed to each other. A mathematical model is constructed by taking the spacecraft and the gyroscopes together as an integrated system, with the coupling interaction between them considered. To overcome the singular issues of the VSCMGs due to the conventional torque-based method, the first-order derivative of gimbal rates and the second-order derivative of the rotor spinning velocity, instead of the gyroscope torques, are taken as input variables. Moreover, taking external disturbances into account,a feedback control law is designed for the system based on a method of nonlinear model predictive control(NMPC). The attitude maneuver can be realized fast and smoothly by using the proposed controller in this paper.     

Numerical investigation of powder compaction of gear wheels

A method to judge the porosity distribution within complex powder compacted 3D structures using a dynamic 3D dilatant finite strain finite element program is presented. The method is demonstrated for a gear wheel, using a combined FKM Gurson model with parameters calibrated from experiments to model a ferrous powder. Compaction is pursued until a final average porosity of 3% in the gear. The method is shown successful in judging the influence on local as well as average properties from change in geometrical parameters and compaction speed.     

带有姿态的绳系航天器混沌运动实验研究

利用地面物理仿真平台研究了绳系航天器的混沌动力学行为. 首先, 根据天地动力学相似原理, 通过对卫星仿真器施加喷气力和动量轮力矩来模拟空间动力学环境, 提出了两种等效方案, 给出了它们各自适用的实验工况. 数值结果表明, 在轨绳系航天器在一定的参数条件下系绳摆动为周期或概周期运动、航天器姿态发生混沌运动. 物理仿真验证了等效方案的有效性, 揭示了绳系航天器的混沌运动特征, 表明在阻尼力矩的作用下可以避免绳系航天器混沌运动的发生.