Plane Deformations in Incompressible Nonlinear Elasticity

The substantially general class of plane deformation fields, whose only restriction requires that the angular deformation not vary radially, is considered in the context of isotropic incompressible nonlinear elasticity. Analysis to determine the types of deformations possible, that is, solutions of the governing systems of nonlinear partial differential equations and constraint of incompressibility, is developed in general. The Mooney-Rivlin material model is then considered as an example and all possible solutions to the equations of equilibrium are determined. One of these is interpreted in the context of nonradially symmetric cavitation, i.e., deformation of an intact cylinder to one with a double-cylindrical cavity. Results for general incompressible hyperelastic materials are then discussed. The novel approach taken here requires the derivation and use of a material formulation of the governing equations; the traditional approach employing a spatial formulation in which the governing equations hold on an unknown region of space is not conducive to the study of deformation fields containing more than one independent variable. The derivation of the cylindrical polar coordinate form of the equilibrium equations for the nominal stress tensor (material formulation) for a general hyperelastic solid and a fully arbitrary cylindrical deformation field is also given. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Geometrically-based Consequences of Internal Constraints

When a body is subject to simple internal constraints, the deformation gradient must belong to a certain manifold. This is in contrast to the situation in the unconstrained case, where the deformation gradient is an element of the open subset of second-order tensors with positive determinant. Commonly, following Truesdell and Noll [1], modern treatments of constrained theories start with an a priori additive decomposition of the stress into reactive and active components with the reactive component assumed to be powerless in all motions that satisfy the constraints and the active component given by a constitutive equation. Here, we obtain this same decomposition automatically by making a purely geometrical and general direct sum decomposition of the space of all second-order tensors in terms of the normal and tangent spaces of the constraint manifold. As an example, our approach is used to recover the familiar theory of constrained hyperelasticity.     

Variational Characterization of a Quasi-rigid Body

The rigidity of a body usually is characterized by the kinematical assumption that the mutual distance between any two of its particles remains unaltered in any possible deformation. However, from this alone nothing can be said about the internal contact forces exerted between adjacent sub-bodies. Therefore, the determination and form of an internal state of stress for a rigid body is problematical. Here, we will show that by considering such a kinematical characterization as an internal constraint for an elastic body, the constrained body inherits the mechanical structure of the elastic parent theory, i.e., the internal constraint generates an associated set of Lagrange multiplier fields which can be interpreted as an internal constraint reaction pseudo-stress field with the same structure as the state of stress in the parent elastic body. Thus, although the final deformation is the same for both the rigid body and the rigidly constrained elastic body, the latter corresponds to a richer model and, to emphasize this distinction, we refer to it as a quasi-rigid body. While in equilibrium the pseudo-stress field of a quasi-rigid body will satisfy equations identical to the equilibrium equations for the stress field in the elastic parent theory, such equations are not, in general, sufficient to assure uniqueness. In order to overcome this indeterminacy, we consider the quasi-rigid body as the limit of a sequence of deformable bodies, where each member of the sequence is identified by a material parameter such that, as this parameter tends to infinity, the body to which it refers is rigidified. Our approach is variational, i.e., we consider a sequence of minimization problems for hyperelastic bodies whose elastic strain energy is multiplied by a penalty term, say 1/ε . As ε→?0, body distortions are more and more penalized so that the sequence of the displacement fields tends to a rigid displacement field, whereas the sequence of the associated stress fields tends to a definite non-zero limit. It will be shown that among all pseudo-stress fields that satisfy the equilibrium equations for the quasi-rigid body, the unique limit of the sequence as ε→0 minimizes a functional analogous to the complementary energy functional in classical linearized elasticity. This result permits its unique determination without having to consider the whole sequence of penalty problems.     

Linearization of response mappings in constrained elasticity

The linearization of response mappings for elastic materials with internal constraints is discussed with a geometric perspective. It is shown that, when the active residual stress is not zero, the Weingarten map of the constraint manifold plays an important role in the deduction of linearized constitutive equations. As an example, the Weingarten map is computed for a material which is incompressible and inextensible in a given direction.     

Deformations of an elastic,internally constrained material. Part 1: Homogeneous deformations

The nonlinear elastic response of a class of materials for which the deformation is subject to an internal material constraint described in experiments by James F. Bell on the finite deformation of a variety of metals is investigated. The purely kinematical consequences of the Bell constraint are discussed, and restrictions on the full range of compatible deformations are presented in geometrical terms. Then various forms of the constitutive equation relating the stress and stretch tensors for an isotropic elastic Bell material are presented. Inequalities on the mechanical response functions are introduced. The importance of these in applications is demonstrated in several examples throughout the paper.This paper focuses on homogeneous deformations. In a simple illustration of the theory, a generalized form of Bell's empirical rule for uniaxial loading is derived, and some peculiarities in the response under all-around compressive loading are discussed. General formulae for universal relations possible in an isotropic elastic, Bell constrained material are presented. A simple method for the determination of the left stretch tensor for essentially plane problems is illustrated in the solution of the problem of pure shear of a materially uniform rectangular block. A general formula which includes the empirical rule found in pure shear experiments by Bell is derived as a special case. The whole apparatus is then applied in the solution of the general problem of a homogeneous simple shear superimposed on a uniform triaxial stretch; and the great variety of results possible in an isotropic, elastic Bell material is illustrated. The problem of the finite torsion and extension of a thin-walled cylindrical tube is investigated. The results are shown to be consistent with Bell's data for which the rigid body rotation is found to be quite small compared with the gross deformation of the tube. Several universal formulas relating various kinds of stress components to the deformation independently of the material response functions are derived, including a universal rule relating the axial force to the torque.Constitutive equations for hyperelastic Bell materials are derived. The empirical work function studied by Bell is introduced; and a new constitutive equation is derived, which we name Bell's law. On the basis of this law, we then derive exactly Bell's parabolic laws for uniaxial loading and for pure shear. Also, form Bell's law, a simple constitutive equation relating Bell's deviatoric stress tensor to his finite deviatoric strain tensor is obtained. We thereby derive Bell's invariant parabolic law relating the deviatoric stress intensity to the corresponding strain intensity; and, finally, Bell's fundamental law for the work function expressed in these terms is recovered. This rule is the foundation for all of Bell's own theoretical study of the isotropic materials cataloged in his finite strain experiments on metals, all consistent with the internal material constraint studied here.     

具有非线性homologous变形约束的桁架结构形态分析

研究了具有非线性homologous变形约束条件的桁架结构形态分析问题。在已有的线性homologous变形约束桁架形态分析的基础上,将结构的节点分成三类:homologous变形约束节点,形状可变节点和边界点。运用Moore-Penrose广义逆矩阵性质,将基础方程组解的存在条件表示为包含形状可变节点未知坐标的非线性方程组,为采用Newton-Raphson方法求解非线性方程组,对AA (A为任意矩阵,A 为A的Moore-Penrose广义逆矩阵)求偏导数,找到了满足保型要求的形态,给出的桁架算例说明了本文方法的有效性。     

Finite Elastic Deformations in Liquid-Saturated and Empty Porous Solids

Based on the Theory of Porous Media (TPM), a formulation of a fluid-saturated porous solid is presented where both constituents, the solid and the fluid, are assumed to be materially incompressible. Therefore, the so-called point of compaction exists. This deformation state is reached when all pores are closed and any further volume compression is impossible due to the incompressibility constraint of the solid skeleton material. To describe this effect, a new finite elasticity law is developed on the basis of a hyperelastic strain energy function, thus governing the constraint of material incompressibility for the solid material. Furthermore, a power function to describe deformation dependent permeability effects is introduced.After the spatial discretization of the governing field equations within the finite element method, a differential algebraic system in time arises due to the incompressibility constraint of both constituents. For the efficient numerical treatment of the strongly coupled nonlinear solid-fluid problem, a consistent linearization of the weak forms of the governing equations with respect to the unknowns must be used.     

Geometry of constraint manifolds and wave propagation in internally constrained elastic bodies

The implications of the non-Euclidean structure of constraint manifolds on differentiation of the stress in internally constrained elastic bodies are examined, and the equations governing propagation of acceleration waves in such bodies are deduced differentiating the reactive stress consistently with the assumption that it does no work in any admissible motion. This yields a treatment of the subject in which the presence of internal constraints imposes restrictions on the set of possible amplitudes of waves but the condition for local existence of waves, that amplitudes must satisfy, is of the same type as that for bodies free from internal constraints, in the sense that it depends on the properties of the response map of the material and is independent of reactive stress.     

Dynamic analysis of underground composite structures under explosion loading

In selecting rational types of underground structures resisting explosion, in order to improve stress states of the structural section and make full use of material strength of each part of the section, the research method of composite structures is presented.Adopting the analysis method of micro-section free body, equilibrium equations, constraint equations and deformation coordination equations are given. Making use of the concept of generalized work and directly introducing Lagrange multiplier specific in physical meaning,the validity of the constructed generalized functional is proved by using variation method.The rational rigidity matching relationship of composite structure section is presentedthrough example calculations.     

复合材料切口应力奇性指数计算

提出一种计算广义平面应交状态下复合材料切口应力奇性指数的新方法.在切口尖端的位移幂级数渐近展开式被引入正交各向异性材料的物理方程后,将用位移表示的应力分量代入切口端部柱状邻域的线弹性理论控制方程,切口应力奇性指数的计算被转化为常微分方程组特征值的求解.采用插值矩阵法求解该常微分方程组,可一次性地获取切口尖端多阶应力奇性指数.本法适合平面和反平面应力场耦合或解耦的情形,并可退化计算裂纹或各向同性材料切口的应力奇性指数.算例表明,所提方法对分析复合材料切口应力奇性指数是一种准确有效的手段.     

A crystal plasticity model that incorporates stresses and strains due to slip gradients

This work is concerned with incorporating the kinematic and stress effects of excess dislocations in a constitutive model for the elastoplastic behavior of crystalline materials. The foundation of the model is a three term multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient in which the two classical terms of plastic and elastic deformation are included along with an additional term for long range strain due to the collective effects of excess dislocations. The long range strain is obtained from an assumed density of Volterra edge dislocations and is directly related to gradients in slip. A new material parameter emerges which is the size the region about a continuum point that contributes to long range strains.Using Hookean elasticity, the stress at a point is linearly related to the sum of the elastic plus the long range strain fields. However, the driving force for slip is postulated to be due only to the elastic stress so that the long range stress is a back stress in the constitutive relationship for plastic deformation. A consistent balance of the total deformation rate with the three proposed mechanisms of deformation leads to a set of differential equations that can be solved for the elastic stress, rotation and pressure which then implicitly defines the material state and equilibrium stress. Results from the simulation of a tapered tensile specimen demonstrate that the constitutive model exhibits isotropic and kinematic type hardening effects as well as changes in the pattern of plastic deformation and necking when compared to a material without slip gradient effects.     

Equation of a layered packet with transverse shears and compression taken into account

The equations describing a layered packet with transverse shears and compression taken into account in all layers are constructed in this paper. The layer material is assumed to be elastic and transversely isotropic. The generalized Timoshenko kinematic hypotheses are used to take into account the transverse shears and compression. The equations in generalized forces, moments, and displacements are obtained, and the equations for characteristic functions in terms of which all variables describing the stress-strain state in the layered packet can be expressed are derived. The deformation problem for a three-layer beam is considered as an example.     

Determining the Axisymmetric, Geometrically Nonlinear, Thermoelastoplastic State of Laminated Orthotropic Shells

A technique is developed to determine the axisymmetric, geometrically nonlinear, thermoplastic stress–strain state of laminated ortotropic shells of revolution under loads that cause a meridian stress state and torsion. The technique is based on the rectilinear-element hypotheses for the whole stack of layers. The active elastoplastic deformation of an ortotropic material is described by deformation-type equations that have been derived without resort to the existence conditions for the plastic potential. The scalar functions in the constitutive equations depend on the intensity of shear strains and temperature. The problem is solved through the numerical integration of a system of differential equations. The technique is tried out in designing tubular specimens subjected to axial force and torque. As an example, the elastoplastic state of a corrugated shell is analyzed     

On hyperelasticity with internal constraints

By requiring the constitutive equation for the specific internal energy to be such that energy is balanced for all motions compatible with the internal constraint, we are able to infer the exitence and the direction of the reactive stress as well as the usual stress relation for the active stress. In contrast with previous work along this line, our analysis avoids the Lagrange multiplier formalism, and we need not assume that the internal energy response function is extendable off the constraint manifold.     

Modelling of stress softening in elastomeric materials: foundations of simple theories

This work is concerned with formulation of constitutive relations for materials exhibiting the stress softening phenomenon (known as the Mullins effect) typical observed in elastomeric and other amorphous materials during loading–reloading cycles. It is assumed that microstructural changes in such materials during the deformation process can be represented by a single scalar-valued softening variable whose evolution is accompanied by microforces satisfying their own law of balance, besides the classical laws of mechanics underlying macroscopic deformation of a material. The constitutive equations are then derived in consistency with thermodynamics of irreversible processes with the restriction to purely mechanical theory. The general form of the derived constitutive equations is subsequently simplified through introduction of additional assumptions leading to various models of the stress softening phenomenon. As an illustration of the general theory, it is shown that the so-called pseudo-elastic model proposed in the literature may be derived without an ad hoc postulate of the variational principle.