航空发动机模拟机匣动力学模型修正研究

针对有限元建模中由于各种误差(如建模误差等)会给计算结果精度带来影响的问题,提出了一种利用模型修正来提高有限元计算结果精度的方法。首次使用了一阶优化方法,以所测试的模态频率和振型为参考,对有限元模型进行修正。首先,以某航空发动机模拟机匣为研究对象,对其进行模态测试,得到其模态频率和振型。然后,以机匣的前10阶计算模态频率与测试模态频率之间误差最小为优化目标,使用Nastran软件对各部件有限元模型中单元的弹性模量进行了修正,并计算了模型修正前后的机匣模态频率和振型,同时与测试模态频率和振型进行对比。结果表明,修正后的有限元模型计算结果与测试结果吻合良好,二者模态振型一致,模态频率的最大误差不超过1%。由此说明修正弹性模量的模型修正方法合理、可行,适用于工程上大型复杂结构的有限元准确建模。     

利用振动模态测量值和神经网络方法的结构损伤识别研究

提出了一种基于模态测量参数和神经网络的结构损伤检测方法,建造了两种输入方式的BP神经网络,即自振频率以及结合自振频率与振型,并讨论了不同数量的输入信息对结构损伤检测精度和计算效率的影响。证明了输入的参数越多,神经网络就越聪明,训练的收敛速度越快;以及在保证一定的测量精度的情况下,基于频率与振型的损伤识别结果要好于基于频率的检测结果。最后,通过对3层框架模型的4种损伤工况下的结构损伤检测结果的分析,认为利用模态测量参数和神经网络方法能够准确地识别结构损伤的位置,而且能较精确地识别结构损伤的大小。     

采用自动分组遗传算法的频率约束下桁架拓扑优化

研究了带有频率约束的桁架结构拓扑优化问题.首先比较了同为铰结情况下采用两种不同单元-杆单元和梁单元模拟对频率计算结果的影响,发现杆模型会丢失杆件弯曲振动模态,得到的最大自振频率设计往往含有很细截面的杆件,而实际上具有很低的频率.为克服这一困难,并考虑到实际工程结构的结点具有一定的刚性,建议此类优化问题可以采用刚架模型进...     

基于高精度模态综合法的螺栓连接组合结构不确定模型更新

由于螺栓结构中存在复杂的微观特征,数值模型中无法避免的会引入不确定性。针对螺栓设计中参数不确定性量化问题,一种基于高精度模态综合法的螺栓连接组合结构随机模型更新方法被提出。首先考虑高阶剩余模态的影响,推导了适用于螺栓组合结构弹性交界面的高精度模态综合法;之后,在贝叶斯推理框架下,通过组合结构的自振频率和振型的概率分布,建立螺栓连接参数的后验概率密度函数,并借助DRAM(delayed rejection adaptive metropolis)抽样方法量化参数的不确定性。数值算例表明,针对各子结构之间自振频率差别较大的结构,与模态综合法相比,本研究方法在较少子结构模态参与的情形下,也可以保证良好的模型更新结果。     

大跨机库桁架屋盖结构原型动力特性的实验研究

通过对跨度为(100+150m)的机库桁架屋盖结构的现场环境激励结构动力特性测试,利用谱分析方法对实测数据进行了分析,得出了结构的自振频率和振型.采用结构分析软件Midas建立屋盖的空间模型,采用特征向量法,得到了该结构的动力固有特性.有限元计算结果与动力试验结果在前3阶基本周期有相同的差异,各自所对应的振型吻合较好.结果表明环境激励下识别出该屋盖的低阶模态,可作为该机库的有限元模型修正和健康监测的基础.     

体外预应力索与简支梁耦合振动的特性

体外预应力结构是一种由体外索和普通结构组成的预应力组合结构,被广泛地应用在各类结构中。基于体外预应力索与梁耦合振动的振动特性,建立体外预应力梁振动模型,推导出了不同体外预应力束线型等直线弹性梁的自振频率方程。在体外预应力钢束混凝土梁电磁激振器扫频试验中,测试了不同预应力条件下梁的基频。理论和试验研究表明体外预应力束线型、预应力束拉伸刚度和梁振型模态对梁自振频率的影响是明显的。     

环形桁架结构模态实验及有限元仿真分析

针对大型可展开环形桁架天线结构开展了模态实验和有限元仿真分析。首先设计加工了环形桁架实验模型,采用锤击法对自由边界条件下环形桁架结构进行了实验模态分析,得到环形桁架结构的前六阶固有频率及其对应模态振型,并通过模态置信准则对实验结果进行了可靠性分析。其次,建立了环形桁架实验模型的有限元模型并进行模态分析,仿真得到其前六阶固有频率和模态振型。最后详细对比分析了实验结果与有限元仿真结果。结果表明:二者固有频率误差小于5%,且实验模态振型与有限元仿真模态振型一致,证明了本文分析结果真实可靠;同时,分析得到了环形桁架结构第一、二阶振型为椭圆形,第三、四阶振型为三角形,第五、六阶振型为四边形。     

基于改进灰狼优化算法的结构损伤识别

结合模态柔度矩阵、广义模态柔度矩阵和振型三个识别精度较好的指标,构造新的目标函数求解损伤识别问题。通过Nelson方法求解得到的频率与振型的导数,得到对结构刚度发生变化时更具敏感性的位置,然后在这些位置布置传感器以提取结构信息。针对原有的灰狼算法虽然全局搜索能力强,但是存在局部搜索精度差的问题,本文从初始种群和收敛因子等方面着手,改善灰狼算法的局部搜索能力及收敛速度。最后利用提出的方法,通过识别梁模型及桁架模型中的损伤单元说明本文方法的有效性。     

基于实验模态分析的点阵夹层结构动态性能预测

引入均一化等效理论,对金字塔型结构芯体夹层材料的芯体弹性常数进行均一化等效处理,并将其用于研究该夹层材料结构的动态性能．同时采用三维（3D）离散有限元模型计算了结构的动态性能．为验证了理论预测的正确性,设计并制备了金字塔点阵悬臂梁,进行了实验模态分析,将实验结果与理论计算的各阶自振频率进行了比较．结果表明：该模型对低阶自振频率的计算结果与实验结果、3D离散有限元模型计算结果吻合得都比较好,一阶自振频率误差不到5％,其它误差在10％左右．     

考虑流固耦合的近海风电支撑体系自振特性分析

近海风电支撑结构的自振特性是此类结构抗震设计的基础.以某海上风电场1.5MW风电基础支撑体系为背景,考虑流固耦合效应,采用有限元方法对近海风电支撑体系的自振频率和振型进行了计算分析.文中首先将单桩无水工况的数值结果与解析结果做了比较,验证了本文有限元模型的准确性.在此基础上,分单桩有水、单桩无水、四桩有水和四桩无水四种工况进行了支撑体系的自振特性分析,给出了前十阶自振频率和振型,探讨了势流体水层对近海风电支撑体系自振特性的影响.结果表明:水层的存在对单桩体系的前两阶自振频率以及四桩体系的前四阶自振频率影响甚小;总体而言,水层对单桩体系三阶以后的自振频率的影响要明显大于对四桩体系五阶以后的自振频率的影响;本文选取的近海风电支撑体系的各阶频率均能有效避开马达转动频率和叶轮扫略频率.     

粘滞阻尼器减震结构非线性随机振动的时域显式降维迭代随机模拟法

粘滞阻尼器在大型复杂结构减震设计中应用广泛。由于粘滞阻尼器的非线性阻尼力特性,粘滞阻尼器减震结构非平稳随机地震反应分析是一个典型的局部非线性随机振动问题。利用减震结构动力响应时域显式表达式的降维列式优势,仅针对与粘滞阻尼器相关的局部自由度进行非线性迭代计算,提出了局部非线性随机振动问题的时域显式降维迭代随机模拟法,为设置粘滞阻尼器的大型复杂减震结构非线性地震反应分析提供一种高效的随机振动方法。以安装了四个纵桥向粘滞阻尼器的某主跨1200m悬索桥为工程实例,开展E2水准地震激励下的非线性随机振动分析。计算结果显示,设置阻尼器后,主梁的纵桥向位移得到明显控制,降幅达到80%,大桥的关键截面内力也有5%左右的降幅。     

桥梁结构静动力性能分析及其CAD微机系统

本文介绍了桥梁结构的力学计算方法，对桥梁结构ＣＡＤ系统的研制和设计方法进行了初步探讨，并列举应用实例说明了平面连续梁模型和空间有限元模型计算结果的区别，表明对桥梁结构进行全面的力学性能计算分析是十分必要的．     

Determination of effective stress range and its application on fatigue stress assessment of existing bridges

This paper presents a unified approach on determination of the effective stress range based on equivalent law of strain energy and fatigue damage model, so as to provide an efficient approach for accurately assessing effective fatigue stress of existing bridge under traffic loading. A new theoretical framework to relate variable- and constant-amplitude fatigue is proposed in this paper. Different formulation for calculating effective stress range can be derived by the proposed theory, which include the effective stress range by the root mean square, by Miner's law and a new effective stress range based on the nonlinear fatigue damage model. Comparison of the theoretical results of fatigue damage under the effective stress range of the variable-amplitude stress spectrum and experimental data of fatigue damage under realistic traffic loading has confirmed the validity of the proposed theory. As a way to relate variable-amplitude fatigue data with constant-amplitude data, the effective stress range provides the most convenient way for evaluating fatigue damage under variable-amplitude loading. The proposed theory is then applied to provide an efficient approach for accurately assessing fatigue damage of existing bridges under traffic loading, in which online strain history data measured from bridge structural health monitoring system is available. The proposed approach is applied to evaluate the effective stress range for the purpose of the fatigue analysis of a deck section of a long-span steel bridge––the Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong.     

Nonlinear Assessment of Cable Vibration in a Stayed Bridge

An experimental study for cables in a stayed bridge is presented. In this analysis, the tensions on the cables were calculated considering linear and nonlinear approaches; for the nonlinear analysis a 2D model was used to evaluate vibration modes and responses under wind and traffic loads. The 8 semi-harp cable stayed bridge used for this study has 112 cables and vibration measurements were done under normal operational conditions. Tensions computed from the nonlinear model were compared with those from the traditional linear model, where average differences were within 3.3%. The estimated tensions from vibration tests have good correlation with the experimental values measured from load tests, while the vibration procedure was carried out in less than 2 days without limiting the bridge operation; converse to the load tests where approximately 30 days are necessary and the bridge traffic has to be closed for short periods during measurements.     

柔性桥台合理加筋间距的力学模型试验

桥头跳车是公路工程中普遍且复杂的问题，加筋土结构的柔性桥台的应用，可能在根本上避免错台的出现和桥头跳车的产生。然而，其加筋间距的确定具有较大的盲目性。对土工织物加筋柔性桥台进行了4组大模型结构力学试验，对不同加筋间距下柔性桥台的工程特性进行了详尽的对比分析。试验结果表明，土工织物加筋柔性桥台的合理间距为30—50cm。     

Assessment of nonlinear seismic performance of a restored historical arch bridge using ambient vibrations

Historic masonry arch bridges are vital components of transportation systems in many countries worldwide, ensuring the ready access of goods and services to millions of people. The structural failure of these historic structures would severely and adversely impact the economies of these nations due to the massive disruptions of transportation systems accompanying such failures. To successfully maintain these aging masonry structures, performance assessment must incorporate the unique mechanical characteristics of masonry. Therefore, the preferred analysis technique must go beyond a linear approach. This study assesses the earthquake performance of a restored historical masonry arch bridge through nonlinear finite element analysis incorporating the Drucker–Prager damage criterion. The case study structure is the Mikron Arch Bridge, a nineteenth century Ottoman Era structure built over the Firtina River near Rize, Turkey, and restored in 1998. The Mikron Arch Bridge was first subjected to ambient vibration testing, during which accelerometers were placed at several points on the bridge span to record the bridge vibratory response. The investigators then used Enhanced Frequency Domain Decomposition and Stochastic Subspace Identification techniques to extract the experimental natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios from these measurements. Experimental results were compared with those obtained by the linear finite element analysis of the bridge. Good agreement between mode shapes was observed during this comparison, though natural frequencies disagree by 8–10%. The boundary conditions of the linear finite element model of Mikron Arch Bridge are adjusted such that the analytical predictions agree with the ambient vibration test results. By introducing the Drucker–Prager damage criterion, the calibrated linear FE model was next extended into a nonlinear model. Nonlinear analysis of seismic behavior of Mikron arch bridge was performed considering the acceleration record of Erzincan earthquake in 1992 that occurred near the Mikron Bridge region. The displacement and stress results were observed to be allowable level of the stone material. Moreover, linear FE model calibrations elicited a significant influence on the nonlinear FE model simulations.     

桥墩复合基频近似算法

在瑞利法和Southwell频率合成法的基础上导出了桥墩复合振动基频的计算公式,将基频表示成各惯性元和复原元所组成子系统的频率合成。然后用有限元建模来验证该方法,并分析了不同基础约束刚度和墩顶附加质量对桥墩基频的影响。计算结果表明本文导出的公式与有限元计算结果很接近。该方法适用于各种基础类型的桥墩和高耸结构基频的估算。     

预应力混凝土箱梁横向框架效应有限元分析

以预应力混凝土箱梁桥顶板纵向开裂为工程背景,以箱梁顶板与腹板交接处两个角点的转角为基本未知量,基于箱梁纵向一维单元,利用最小势能原理推导出箱梁横向框架效应有限单元法的单元刚度矩阵,及相应的单元等效节点力,对比计算表明,该有限单元法计算精度与理论分析基本一致。实桥分析表明：现行规范计算箱梁角点弯矩相对安全,对于中点弯矩相对偏于不安全,设计过程不充分考虑混凝土箱梁横向框架效应可能导致顶板的纵向开裂。本文提出的有限单元法具有概念简单、运算速度快等优点,弥补了目前商业程序的不足,对工程设计具有一定的参考意义和推广价值。     

综合船桥系统综述

综合船桥系统是实施船舶导航和控制的集成系统,它通过相互连接以集中使用来自工作站的传感器信息、命令或控制以提高操作人员管理船舶的安全性和效率。在分析了国际海事组织对综合船桥系统的定义及功能要求的基础上,阐述了国外综合船桥系统的发展及其应用状况,研究了世界船舶工业的形势、我国船舶配套设备的现状和国外主要综合船桥系统厂家的产品性能及市场份额,提出了发展国产综合船桥系统应采用的途径,对综合船桥系统的在国际船舶市场方面的前景进行了展望。     

Adjoint approach of the spatial sensitivity to disturbances of internal flows with free surface

A local adjoint technique is developed in order to determine the most sensitive location to perturbations of steady states near bifurcation points in the case of confined flows with free‐surface boundary. Transitions to stationary or periodic flows are studied. The method is validated by comparison of its results with those given by a time approach. It is then applied to the stability study and the feedback control of thermocapillary flows in liquid bridge. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.