含颗粒污染物的油液均质流的数值分析

含颗粒污染物的油液是浓度很稀、粒径极小的伪均质流,为了掌握颗粒污染物在输送过程中的浓度分布,利用一维扩散方程构建了污染油液的数学模型;通过特征线法数值求解,获得了污染油液中各相的动态特征。结果表明,油液压力和速度沿管长呈脉动规律运动,且随着时间的延长逐渐衰减;颗粒污染物对油液速度具有极好的跟随特性;颗粒污染物的浓度分布也随着油液流速的变化而呈现规律性的变化;在不同运行时间内油液压力沿管长的衰减趋势不同,油液速度沿管长的变化趋势与压力的趋势相反;颗粒污染物速度和浓度分布沿管长与油液速度具有紧密的联系。     

球盘点接触区外润滑油分布的试验研究

利用激光激发荧光技术对球-盘弹流接触区附近以及自由表面上的润滑油分布进行了试验观察,探究了离心力作用下接触区附近以及自由表面上润滑油分布的变化规律. 结果表明:随着速度增大,内外两侧油池及自由表面上的油量分布均有所减少,其中外侧油池及自由表面上外侧油带的变化较明显;在一定工况条件下,外侧油池的大小存在极限,因此速度较大时外侧油池宽度对供油量变化不显著,而该极限由离心力作用和毛细力作用共同决定;在离心力作用下,自由表面上的油带有向外侧铺展的趋势,而接触区周围的油池分布对自由表面上的油带分布起决定作用.      

Oil recovery in the presence of microbubbles in the filtration flow

This paper presents mathematical models for oil-gas flow taking into account the various processes due to the formation of gas micronuclei (microbubbles) in oil: slip of oil relative to the walls of the pore channels (gas lubrication), changes in oil viscosity, and motion of microbubles with respect to oil. We consider examples of oil flow in the near-wellbore zone for the case where a reduction in pressure to the saturation pressure leads to the formation of gas microbubbles and micronuclei and examples of the action of a water-gas mixture in the case where oil foams in the contact area with the injected gas, i.e., a finely dispersed mixture of oil and microbubbles is formed. The behavior of indicator curves for an oil well with the formation of microbubbles is simulated, and the effect of microbubbles on the oil recovery factor in a water-alternating-gas injection process is studied.     

海上溢油迁移转化的双层数学模型

海上溢油的双层数学模型将泄漏在海域中的溢油考虑为表层油膜和分布在整个水体中的悬浮 油滴两层组成. 采用Lagrangian追踪法模拟油膜的输移扩散. 在此方法中，油膜可用大量的小油滴表示，对每个油滴都规定随时间而变化的坐标系，油滴 的运动受到风、潮流和周围油的浓度影响. 油的迁移过程包括对流、扩展、湍动扩 散、附着在岸边以及沉降到海底等过程. 转化过程包括挥发、溶解、乳化等. 此外，光化学反应、生物降解能够改变油的特征以及减小油的污染. 该模型可以用于瞬时和连续溢油的情况，不仅可以用于模拟油，也可以模拟其它与油的密度 相近的有害物质的泄漏. 水动力学模型采用美国普林斯顿海洋模式(POM). 该溢油模型已应用于渤海海峡突发性溢油事故的模拟与预报.     

Oil concentration variation for bottled refrigerant/oil mixtures during extraction

In order to cut down setup cost for maintaining a constant concentration of oil in refrigerant/oil mixtures during experimentation, a bottle filled with a refrigerant/oil mixture having a predetermined oil concentration occurs as a suitable option. An attempt has been made to find the limits of variation in oil concentration during the extraction process so that the above technique can be suitably employed. Cases for oil with specific gravity in the range 0.80–1.00 and three refrigerants, viz., CO₂, R290 and R134a are analysed. A sharp rise in oil concentration is revealed toward the end of the extraction process. It is proposed that oil concentration variation can be constrained by supplying the lowest residual/left mass fraction (LMF) value (or the maximum extractable mixture weight) along with other specifications for the refrigerant/oil mixture. A correlation is obtained to determine oil concentration during various stages of the extraction process.     

结构可控多孔聚酰亚胺含油薄膜的制备及性能研究

利用SiO2硬质微球作模板制备得到多孔聚酰亚胺薄膜,通过改变SiO2微球的含量可以实现聚酰亚胺薄膜孔隙率及内部孔结构的精确控制.利用多孔聚酰亚胺薄膜的多孔结构,真空浸油得到聚酰亚胺含油薄膜.分别对聚酰亚胺含油薄膜的热稳定性能、含油性能及摩擦磨损行为和寿命进行了考察.结果表明:含油薄膜最大含油率可达40.6%,其小孔径特点决定了含油薄膜具有较高的油保持率;润滑油自身的挥发温度决定了含油薄膜的使用工况,其浸入并未对多孔薄膜本身热稳定性能产生影响;润滑油的存在很大程度上提高了多孔聚酰亚胺薄膜的磨损寿命,并随着薄膜含油率的增加而延长;在低转速摩擦条件下,含油薄膜呈现干摩擦和油润滑2种摩擦方式.     

On the spreading radius of surface tension driven oil on deep water

The spread of a thin oil film by surface tension gradients from an oil source of unlimited mass on deep water is considered. A similarity solution for the velocity fields of the oil and water, the oil thickness and the rate at which each grow is obtained both for axisymmetric and the previously explored planar spreading. The dimensionless size of the spread, which is oil type independent, is shown to be 1.0754 and 1.4150 for axisymmetric and planar spreading respectively. It is further shown that the oil film equation of state, which relates surface tension to oil thickness, is unique to each oil or oil-surfactant mixture.     

用于稠油输送的新蒸汽引射器

介绍一种自行研制的蒸汽引射器，蒸汽以自由射流形式注入到输油管中，利用蒸汽释放的热量提高稠油温度以降低黏度，从而达到低输送压降的目的。该引器具有加热效率高，防止稠油堵塞管线等优点，引射器已在辽河油田输油管线上进行了现场实验，取得了很好的效果。     

Microtomography of Imbibition Phenomena and Trapping Mechanism

Water imbibition during the waterflooding process of oil production only sweeps part of the oil present. After water disrupts the oil continuity, most oil blobs are trapped in porous rock by capillary forces. Developing an efficient waterflooding scheme is a difficult task; therefore, an understanding of the oil trapping mechanism in porous rock is necessary from a microscopic viewpoint. The development of microfocused X-ray CT scanner technology enables the three-dimensional visualization of multiphase phenomena in a pore-scale. We scanned packed glass beads filled with a nonwetting phase (NWP) and injected wetting phase (WP) in upward and downward injections to determine the microscopic mechanism of immiscible displacement in porous media and the effects of buoyancy forces. We observed the imbibition phenomena for small capillary numbers to understand the spontaneous imbibition mechanism in oil recovery. This study is one of the first attempts to use a microfocused X-ray CT scanner for observing the imbibition and trapping mechanisms. The trapping mechanism in spontaneous imbibition is determined by the pore configuration causing imbibition speed differences in each channel; these differences can disrupt the oil continuity. Gravity plays an important role in spontaneous imbibition. In upward injection, the WP flows evenly and oil is trapped in single or small clusters of pores. In downward injection, the fingering phenomena determine the amount of trapped oil, which is usually in a network scale. Water breakthrough causes dramatic decrease in the oil extraction rate, resulting in lower oil production efficiency.     

Coreflooding Studies to Investigate the Potential of Carbonated Water Injection as an Injection Strategy for Improved Oil Recovery and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Storage

Carbonated water injection (CWI) is a CO₂-augmented water injection strategy that leads to increased oil recovery with added advantage of safe storage of CO₂ in oil reservoirs. In CWI, CO₂ is used efficiently (compared to conventional CO₂ injection) and hence it is particularly attractive for reservoirs with limited access to large quantities of CO₂, e.g. offshore reservoirs or reservoirs far from large sources of CO₂. We present the results of a series of CWI coreflood experiments using water-wet and mixed-wet Clashach sandstone cores and a reservoir core with light oil (n-decane), refined viscous oil and a stock-tank crude oil. The experiments were carried out to assess the performance of CWI and to quantify the level of additional oil recovery and CO₂ storage under various experimental conditions. We show that the ultimate oil recovery by CWI is higher than the conventional water flooding in both secondary and tertiary recovery methods. Oil swelling as a result of CO₂ diffusion into the oil and the subsequent oil viscosity reduction and coalescence of the isolated oil ganglia are amongst the main mechanisms of oil recovery by CWI that were observed through the visualisation experiments in high-pressure glass micromodels. There was also evidence of a change in the rock wettability that could also influence the oil recovery. The coreflood test results also reveal that the CWI performance is influenced by oil viscosity, core wettability and the brine salinity. Higher oil recovery was obtained with the mixed-wet core than the water-wet core, with light oil than with the viscous oil and low salinity carbonated brine than high-salinity carbonated brine. At the end of the flooding period, an encouraging amount of the injected CO₂ was stored in the brine and the remaining oil in the form of stable dissolved CO₂. The experimental results clearly demonstrate the potential of CWI for improving oil recovery as compared with the conventional water flooding (secondary recovery) or as a water-based EOR (enhanced oil recovery) method for watered out reservoirs.     

含油轴承表面供油行为与自润滑机理分析

含油轴承是一类重要的减摩自润滑零件,轴承基体中油液的渗流特性对表面润滑性能有重要影响. 建立含油轴承孔隙渗流与表面油膜润滑的耦合力学模型,分析含油轴承系统中油液的渗流特性,探讨轴承表面油液的供油行为与自润滑机理. 结果表明:在含油轴承的收敛区内同时存在周向旋转流、径向伸缩流和法向渗析流,油液在各方向上的流动状况由该向流体压力梯度决定;受油膜压力影响,油液在接触区向多孔基体渗入,在接触区入口部位向多孔表面析出,由此构成了油液渗入和析出的闭环速度流线,增强摩擦界面间的泵吸效应. 油液在法向上的渗析速度随中心膜厚增加而减小,随转速升高而增大,渗析速度越大,对泵吸效应的增强作用越显著,接触区入口的油液也更易进入摩擦界面,保障含油轴承的良好自润滑效果. 研究结果对揭示含油轴承的供油自润滑机理具有重要意义.      

磷酸酯合成油在高压下的固化现象及分析

采用超高压毛细管黏度计考察了磷酸酯合成油和常压下黏度与之相近的合成油A及合成油B的压黏关系,并进行了磷酸酯合成油在高压下固化现象的研究,利用红外光谱和凝胶渗透色谱对固化前后的磷酸酯合成油进行了分析,并从机械力化学角度分析了产生固化的原因.结果表明:磷酸酯合成油的压黏关系上升速度远大于合成油A和B;固化后,磷酸酯的物理状态由液态变成"玻璃态",颜色由透明色变成乳白色;磷酸酯合成油发生了氧化反应,分子量增大;磷酸酯合成油经高压高剪切速率作用后,发生化学反应的原因是机械力作用导致较长分子链断裂,形成大分子自由基,具有很高活性的大分子自由基发生氧化等化学反应.     

Modeling and Simulation of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery Including Interfacial Area

The focus of this paper is the derivation of a nonstandard model for microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) that includes the interfacial area (IFA) between oil and water. We consider the continuity equations for water and oil, a balance equation for the oil–water interfacial area, and advective–dispersive transport equations for bacteria, nutrients, and biosurfactants. Surfactants lower the interfacial tension (IFT), which improves oil recovery. Therefore, the parametrizations of the IFT reduction and residual oil saturation are included as a function of the surfactant concentration in the model. We consider for the first time in context of MEOR, the role of IFA in enhanced oil recovery. The motivation to include the IFA is to model the hysteresis in the capillary pressure–saturation relationship in a physically based manner, to include the effects of observed bacteria migration toward the oil–water interface and the production of biosurfactants at the oil–water interface. A comprehensive 2D implementation based on two-point flux approximation and backward Euler is proposed. An efficient and robust linearization scheme is used to solve the nonlinear systems at each time step. Illustrative numerical simulations are presented. The differences in the oil recovery profiles obtained with and without IFA are discussed. The presented model can also be used to design new experiments toward a better understanding and eventually optimization of MEOR.     

基于荧光法的滚动轴承内部润滑油层分布研究

润滑油在轴承内的分布及其变化规律对轴承的润滑性能有显著影响. 在本文中搭建了滚动轴承模拟试验台,基于激光诱导荧光方法实现了滚动轴承内钢球-外圈接触区附近润滑油分布的观察与测量,获得了润滑油供给油层分布的三维形貌图,研究了不同供油量和转速对轴承内部供给油层分布的影响规律. 试验结果表明充分润滑条件下相邻钢球-外圈接触区供给油池之间会形成相互连接的油带;在高速情况下,钢球-外圈接触区供给油层厚度受前一个接触区尾部空穴影响而减小;供油量的增加会增大表观油池,但并不意味着入口有效供油层的增加.      

极端工况双矩形腔静压推力轴承动态特性

静压推力轴承动态特性受润滑油黏度、油膜厚度和油腔面积等因素影响, 极端工况运行过程中经常承受阶跃载荷或正弦载荷作用, 突加载荷将导致静压推力轴承动态特性改变, 表现为轴承的抗冲击能力和恢复平衡所需时间的变化. 为获得高速重载微间隙极端工况条件下双矩形腔静压推力轴承动态特性, 分别在不同油膜厚度、不同润滑油黏度以及不同油腔尺寸条件下对双矩形腔静压推力轴承的动态性能进行理论分析, 探讨了阶跃载荷作用下润滑油黏度、油膜厚度和油腔面积对轴承动态性能的影响, 揭示了油膜动态变化规律, 探究了正弦载荷作用下双矩形腔静压推力轴承的稳定性. 结果表明: 润滑油黏度、油膜厚度和油腔尺寸变化对其动态性能有很大的影响. 润滑油黏度越大、油膜厚度越小、油腔面积越大突加载荷作用下润滑油膜抵抗冲击的能力越强, 旋转工作台受到突加外力作用下恢复至平衡状态所用时间越短. 双矩形腔静压推力轴承油膜具有较大的阻尼系数, 轴承具有极强的抵抗正弦加载作用的能力      

Theoretical analysis of microscopic oil displacement mechanism by viscoelastic polymer solution

The microscopic oil displacement mechanism in viscoelastic polymer flooding is theoretically analyzed with mechanical method. The effects of viscoelasticity of polymer solution on such three kinds of residual oil as in pore throat, in sudden expansion pore path, and in dead end are analyzed. Results show that the critical radius of mobile residual oil for viscoelastic polymer solution is larger than that for viscous polymer solution, which makes the oil that is immobile in viscous polymer flooding displaced under the condition of viscoelastic polymer solution. The viscous polymer solution hardly displaces the oil in dead ends. However, when the effect of viscoelasticity is considered, the residual oil in sudden expansion pore paths and dead ends can be partly displaced. A dimensionless parameter is suggested to denote the relative dominance of gravity and capillary pressure. The larger the dimensionless parameter, the more accurate the increment expressions.     

Multi–Front Phase Transitions During Nonisothermal Filtration of Live Paraffin–Base Crude

By numerical modeling of nonisothermal filtration of multicomponent oil with allowance for the Joule—Thomson effect, adiabatic effect, and heat of phase transitions that occur during oil degassing and paraffin crystallization, the formation of profiles of phase–saturation, concentrations of oil components, and temperature in oil beds is studied. It is shown that consideration of many components results in occurrence of phase–transition fronts during degassing of oil components and paraffin crystallization. In turn, paraffin crystallization gives rise to temperature oscillations. Depending on the initial paraffin concentration and on the ratio of phase–transition heats for oil degassing and paraffin crystallization in an oil bed, either decaying or steady–state temperature oscillations are observed.     

塔河油田超埋深碳酸盐岩油藏基质的力学试验研究

碳酸盐岩油气藏在全球范围内分布广泛,其中30%以上为缝洞型碳酸盐岩油气藏。在我国缝洞型油藏占已探明的碳酸盐岩油藏储量的2/3,是今后增储的主要领域。为准确揭示碳酸盐岩油藏基质的力学特性,本文以塔河油田奥陶系油藏地层为研究背景,通过现场深孔钻井取样得到埋深达5300~6200m的碳酸盐岩油藏基质岩样,并通过力学试验首次获得超埋深碳酸盐岩油藏基质的弹模、泊松比、抗压强度、抗拉强度、粘聚力、内摩擦角等力学参数,借助电镜扫描试验揭示出超埋深碳酸盐岩的微细观破裂机制。该项研究成果可为分析碳酸盐岩油藏溶洞的垮塌破坏机理提供有效的试验参数。     

Visualisation of Residual Oil Recovery by Near-miscible Gas and SWAG Injection Using High-pressure Micromodels

We present results of high-pressure micromodel visualizations of pore-scale fluid distribution and displacement mechanisms during the recovery of residual oil by near-miscible hydrocarbon gas and SWAG (simultaneous water and gas) injection under conditions of very low gas–oil IFT (interfacial tension), negligible gravity forces and water-wet porous medium. We demonstrate that a significant amount of residual oil left behind after waterflooding can be recovered by both near-miscible gas and SWAG injection. In particular, we show that in both processes, the recovery of the contacted residual oil continues behind the main gas front and ultimately all of the oil that can be contacted by the gas will be recovered. This oil is recovered by a microscopic mechanism, which is strongly linked to the low IFT between the oil and gas and to the perfect spreading of the oil over water, both of which occur as the critical point of the gas–oil system is approached. Ultimate oil recovery by near-miscible SWAG injection was as high as near-miscible gas injection with SWAG injection using much less gas compared to gas injection. Comparison of the results of SWAG experiments with two different gas fractional flow values (SWAG ratio) of 0.5 and 0.2 shows that fractional flow of the near-miscible gas injected simultaneously with water is not a crucial factor for ultimate oil recovery. This makes SWAG injection an attractive IOR (improved oil recovery) process especially for reservoirs, where continuous and high-rate gas injection is not possible (e.g. due to supply constraint).     

成品油罐应力分析与加固研究

分析了油罐节点区域应力分布，从减缓油罐金属的腐蚀速度出发，提出了降低油罐罐壁与罐底相交节点附近区域边缘应力的措施，加固后边缘应力有较大幅度降低。