An experimental examination of an impulsively started incompressible turbulent jet

The transient morphology and entrained fluid distribution of an impulsively started turbulent jet are studied in an experiment that examines a jet of dyed water injected into a large water reservoir. The images obtained, using a video recorder, are processed to determine the time-dependent length, tip velocity, and volume of the jet. Abel inversion is used in conjunction with digital images to examine the transient distribution of the ambient fluid entrained into the jet. Results from the analysis also describe the self-similarity of the jet’s flow and entrainment.     

Large Eddy Simulation of a Planar Jet Flow with Nanoparticle Coagulation

Coagulation and growth of nanoparticles subject to large coherent structures in a planar jet has been explored by using large eddy simulation. The particle field is obtained by employing a moment method to approximate the nanoparticle general dynamic equation. An incompressible fluid containing particles of 1 nm in diameter is projected into a particle-free ambient. The results show that the coherent structures dominate the evolution of the nanoparticle number intensity diameter and polydispersity distributions as the jet develops. In addition, the coherent structures act to increase the diffusion of particles, and the vortex rolling-up makes the particles distributing more irregularly while the vortex pairing causes particle distributions to become uniform. As the jet travels downstream, the time-averaged particle number concentration becomes lower in the jet core and higher in the outskirts, whereas the time-averaged particle mass over the entire flow field maintains unaltered, and the time-averaged particle diameter and geometric standard deviations grow and reach their maximum on the interface of the jet region and the ambient.The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10372090) and the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20030335001).The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

Modelling and experimental investigation of horizontal buoyant gas jets injected into stagnant uniform ambient liquid

In this article, an experimental and theoretical study on the buoyant non-condensable gas jet that is injected horizontally into a high-density liquid ambient at different initial conditions is performed. Direct and instantaneous global measurements of the interface were performed using a high-speed photography. The position and motion of the entire gas jet were captured by a high-velocity camera and the images were processed, averaged and analyzed to extract the jet parameters and interface position. In the mathematical model, the rate of entrainment is assumed to be a function of the jet centerline velocity, the ratio of the mean jet and the ambient densities, while the entrainment coefficient depends on the local Froude number at the jet region. An interfacial shear stress acting at the interface between the jet flow and the water ambient in the opposed direction to the main jet momentum flux is considered. The results showed that the model is able to accurately predict the jet parameters: trajectory, spread, jet angles and penetration lengths as well as the jet regimes. An overall good agreement was obtained between the simulation and experimental results over a large range of Froude numbers and jet diameters. The developed model has proven to be an adequate tool to predict the different jet parameters.     

Experimental investigation on the interaction between polymer solution jet and free surface

Turbulence modification with polymer additives, i.e., Tom's effect, is a well known phenomenon. In this study, Tom's effect at a free surface was experimentally investigated. The turbulence at a free surface was generated by a horizontal liquid jet. A new specklegram technique was proposed in order to quantitatively measure the free-surface shapes caused by a turbulent jet. The specklegram method was very simple and was able to evaluate the free-surface waves accurately. The measurement confirmed that the surface of a polymer solution was less wavy than that of water. The jet beneath the free surface was measured by the LDV. The turbulence diffusion of the polymer jet was much smaller than that of the water jet. The surface turbulence was found to be modified by the polymer solution indirectly. The modification was a consequence of the Tom's effect at the shear layer around the jet.     

近场水下爆炸气泡脉动及水射流的实验与数值模拟研究

海上作战时,近场水下爆炸形成的水射流能造成水面舰船结构的严重局部毁伤。为了研究近场爆炸时舰船底部水射流的形成机理及规律,开展了TNT当量2.5 g的炸药在固支方板底部不同爆距下起爆的水下爆炸实验。结果表明,气泡坍塌形成水射流的过程随着爆距的增加由吸附式向非吸附式转化。接着,基于ABAQUS软件采用CEL方法开展了系列数值模拟,结果表明:爆距在0.821～0.867倍最大气泡半径时,存在吸附式射流向非吸附式射流转化的临界点;固支方板加快了气泡坍塌的进程,炸药与钢板间的距离越小则射流形成的时间越早;射流形成过程中最大速度和射流击中钢板时速度均随着爆距的增大先增大后减小,并在临界点附近达到最大值,射流速度最大可达621 m/s,射流击中钢板时速度最大可达269 m/s。最后,给出了射流开始形成时间、射流最大速度、射流最大速度出现时间、射流击中钢板速度和射流击中钢板时间与距离参数的函数关系式。     

Jet Noise: Since 1952

Jet noise research was initiated by Sir James Lighthill in 1952. Since that time, the development of jet noise theory has followed a very tortuous path. This is, perhaps, not surprising for the understanding of jet noise is inherently tied to the understanding of turbulence in jet flows. Even now, our understanding of turbulence is still tenuous. In the fifties, turbulence was regarded as consisting of a random assortment of small eddies. As a result, the primary focus of jet noise research was to quantify the noise from fine-scale turbulence. This line of work persisted into the eighties. The discovery of large turbulence structures in free shear flows in the early seventies led some investigators to begin questioning the validity of the then established theories. Some went further to suggest that, for high-speed jets, it was the large turbulence structures/instability waves of the flow that were responsible for the dominant part of jet mixing noise. Development of a quantitative theory of noise from large turbulence structures/instability waves took place during the next 15 years. Precision instrumentation and facilities for jet noise measurements became available in the mid-eighties. This permitted a large bank of high-quality narrow band jet noise data to be gathered over the subsequent years. Recent analysis of these data has provided irrefutable evidence that jet noise, in fact, is made up of two basic components; one from the large turbulence structures/instability waves, the other from the fine-scale turbulence. This is true even for subsonic jets. In this paper, some of the crucial research results of the past 44 years, that form the basis of our present understanding of jet noise generation and propagation, are discussed. Received 14 November 1996 and accepted 14 March 1997     

围压下自振空化射流冲蚀性能实验研究

自振空化射流是利用瞬态流和水声学原理调制而成的一种新型射流,为研究围压下自激振荡空化射流的冲蚀破碎规律,利用高压釜装置测量了1.0mm出口直径的风琴管自振空化喷嘴在各种射流参数情况下冲蚀铝试样的冲蚀质量,并与同等条件下锥形喷嘴冲蚀效率进行了对比。测量结果表明,冲蚀质量基本与射流压力成正比;存在最优喷距和围压,使得冲蚀效果最佳,在本实验条件,分别为喷嘴出口直径的5～7倍和2MPa左右;相同条件下,自振空化喷嘴冲蚀质量约为同等条件下锥形喷嘴冲蚀的1～2倍,这为自振空化射流提高钻井速度等实际应用提供了实验依据。     

Experimental investigation of inclined liquid water jet flow onto vertically located superhydrophobic surfaces

In this study, the behaviour of an inclined water jet, which is impinged onto hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces, has been investigated experimentally. Water jet was impinged with different inclination angles (15°–45°) onto five different hydrophobic surfaces made of rough polymer, which were held vertically. The water contact angles on these surfaces were measured as 102°, 112°, 123°, 145° and 167° showing that the last surface was superhydrophobic. Two different nozzles with 1.75 and 4 mm in diameters were used to create the water jet. Water jet velocity was within the range of 0.5–5 m/s, thus the Weber number varied from 5 to 650 and Reynolds number from 500 to 8,000 during the experiments. Hydrophobic surfaces reflected the liquid jet depending on the surface contact angle, jet inclination angle and the Weber number. The variation of the reflection angle with the Weber number showed a maximum value for a constant jet angle. The maximum value of the reflection angle was nearly equal to half of the jet angle. It was determined that the viscous drag decreases as the contact angle of the hydrophobic surface increases. The drag force on the wall is reduced dramatically with superhydrophobic surfaces. The amount of reduction of the average shear stress on the wall was about 40%, when the contact angle of the surface was increased from 145° to 167°. The area of the spreading water layer decreased as the contact angle of the surface increased and as the jet inclination angle, Weber number and Reynolds number decreased.     

Transient Flow Patterns of Multiple Plasma Synthetic Jets Under Different Ambient Pressures

The plasma synthetic jet is a new active flow control technique, which has great potentials for supersonic flow control A plasma synthetic jet actuator (PSJA) for supersonic flow control which operates under low ambient pressure is designed In order to explore the transient jet flowfield, high-speed Schlieren and electronic measurement systems are utilized to test the single-shot operating characteristics of the actuator under two ambient pressure conditions. The evolution of the jet boundary, which depicts the transient jet flowfield and can be used to estimate the flow control capability, is captured. It is found that the ambient pressure is the primary reason to affect the arc energy deposition, which directly determines the velocity of blast wave and jet front. In addition, the flow patterns of PSJA under various ambient pressures show some similarities. The jet evolution can be divided into three stages, i.e. pressure dominant stage, the inertia dominant stage and vortex ring dominant stage. During the pressure dominant stage, the PSJA could be treated as jet. For the inertia dominant stage, the Froude number decreases from 2263.82 to 21.73, indicating the inertia effect gets weakened with an intensified buoyancy effect, but the inertia effect still holds the dominant position, and this stage may be considered as the end mark of the injection process. As for the vortex ring dominant stage, large scale vortex ring becomes significant and the jet front velocity is very low but with apparent fluctuation.     

Flow visualization of interactions among large coherent structures in an axisymmetric jet

Interactions between large coherent structures are visualized with both schlieren photography in two air jets and dye photography in a water jet. The density difference needed for the schlieren technique is provided by an electrically heated wire ring surrounding the jet. External forcing with either single axisymmetric, single non-symmetric, combined axisymmetric or combined non-symmetric modes was applied. It was found that forcing the jet with a pair of different spinning modes leads to azimuthal distortions of the mean flow. This observation confirms and explains existing hotwire data. Simultaneous excitation with two axisymmetric modes may produce structures of higher modes or even cause structurally undistinguishable development. Streamwise structures are observed both in the unforced jet and in the axisymmetrically forced jet. They do not seem to be caused by a Görtier instability from the concave curvature of the conventional nozzle, since they were also found in a jet flow from a specially designed nozzle with only convex contraction surface.Supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. MSM 8900086 and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG, Fi178/34-1     

Influence of wavy structured surfaces and large scale polymer structures on drag reduction

Drag reduction was studied for turbulent flow over a structured wall that contained 600 sinusoidal waves with a wavelength of 5 mm and an amplitude of 0.25 mm. A concentrated solution of a co-polymer of polyacrylamide and sodium acrylate was injected into the flow through wall slots. Laser Doppler velocimetry was used to measure turbulence. A fluorescence technique was developed that enabled us to demonstrate the existence, under certain circumstances, of large gelatinous structures in the injected polymer solution and in the flow channel.At maximum drag reduction, the Reynolds shear stress was zero and the velocity field was the same as found for a smooth surface. Larger drag reductions could be realized for a wavy wall because the initial drag was larger. The influences of polymers on the turbulent fields are similar for smooth and wavy boundaries. These results are of interest since the interaction with the wall can be quite different for water flow over smooth and wavy boundaries (which are characterized as being completely rough). An important effect of polymers is a decreasing relative importance of high frequency fluctuations with increasing drag reduction that is characterized by a cut-off frequency. This cut-off is the same for smooth and wavy walls at maximum drag reduction. The sensitivity of drag reduction to the method of preparing and delivering the polymer solution suggests that aggregation of polymers could be playing an important role for the system that was studied. For example, drag reduction was enhanced when large polymer structures are present.     

Organizational Modes of Large-Scale Vortices in an Axisymmetric Turbulent Jet

Large vortices occurring in the axial plane of a self-similar axisymmetric turbulent jet are educed by spatially filtering PIV data. First, the instantaneous PIV frame is convolved with a Gaussian kernel to obtain a smooth (low-pass) field. Next, the low-pass field is Galilean transformed to expose the large vortices residing near the edges of the jet. Large vortices tend to organize themselves in preferred modes; evidence of ring and helical modes is revealed by Galilean transformation of the low-pass filtered field. Both modes seem to occur prominently in jets, with the helical mode being the more frequent. The overall diameter of both ring and helical modes is comparable with the local jet width. The low-pass field occasionally exhibits arrowhead shaped structures with large entrainment at their downstream tips. Stochastic estimates computed from the Galilean-transformed low-pass filtered field indicate that jet meander and a sweep-in of ambient fluid are sufficient to reconstruct large vortices. The frequency of occurrence of modes agrees with previously quoted results. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mixing in plasma and low density jets

This study was undertaken to examine the mechanisms which produce the large entrainment measured near the exit of thermal plasma torches. A research facility was constructed to examine low density jet behavior under similar dimensionless conditions as those produced by thermal plasma spray torches; the Reynolds number based on jet diameter and average properties was 1000, and the ratio of jet to ambient density was 0.07. This very low density jet produced organized vortex structures which were partially responsible for the rapid entrainment of external air. The formation of these organized structures could be disrupted by introducing turbulence, but the rapid entrainment process was not significantly affected. The structure of the jet produced by a commercial plasma torch was examined and compared to the low density research jet. At low gas flow rates the plasma jet also displayed the formation of coherent vortex structures, the passage frequency of which compared favorably with that measured in the low density research jet. At higher gas flow rates the shear layer of the plasma jet rapidly broke down producing relatively small scale turbulence. Visualizations of the hot plasma core were compared against measurements of the torch voltage fluctuations caused by arc instabilities. At low flow rates the arc voltage fluctuations were quite low and the plume was very steady. At higher flow rates the arc voltage fluctuations increased and produced surging and whipping in the hot potential core. It is believed that this low frequency unsteadiness is partially responsible for the rapid entrainment measured in plasma torches.The authors would like to thank Dr. Ron Spores for the extensive use of his data and Mr. Stuart Malmberg for help with the plasma core visualizations. This work was supported by IBM and ONR graduate fellowships. Additional funding for the plasma jet research was provided by the National Science Foundation Grant No. ECR-87-2145 and for the low density jet research by the American Chemical Society Grant No. PFR25238-G7E.     

攻角对聚醚醚酮/泡沫镍双连续复合材料料浆冲蚀行为的影响

聚醚醚酮(PEEK)/泡沫镍双连续复合材料是一种新型复合材料，它是由比强度高的PEEK树脂(基体相)和韧性较高的泡沫镍(增强相)牢固结合而成，具有两相相互连通、拓扑连续和各向同性等特点. 使用孔径为100 PPI(每英寸孔隙数目)的泡沫镍与PEEK树脂混合，采用热压成型技术制备了PEEK/泡沫镍双连续复合材料(PEEK-Ni). 利用喷射式腐蚀冲蚀试验设备研究了纯PEEK树脂、金属镍和PEEK-Ni在5个攻角下(30°、45°、60°、75°和90°)的料浆冲蚀行为. 使用ANSYS Fluent有限元仿真软件对不同攻角下料浆的冲蚀过程进行建模和仿真，并设置了边界条件. 试验和仿真的结果均表明:随着攻角增加，冲蚀损伤形貌由月牙形损伤区域变为U型损伤区域，并最终发展成为围绕驻点的环形损伤区域，试验和仿真能相互吻合. 由于泡沫镍具有遮挡效应和协同效应，PEEK-Ni比纯PEEK具有更低的冲蚀损伤量，且对攻角不敏感.      

Study of Microscopic and Macroscopic Displacement Behaviors of Polymer Solution in Water-Wet and Oil-Wet Media

Performance of a polymer flood process requires the knowledge of rheological behavior of the polymer solution and reservoir properties such as rock wettability. To provide a better understanding of effects of polymer chemistry and wettability on the performance of a polymer flood process, a comprehensive experimental study was conducted using a two-dimensional glass micromodel. A series of water and polymer flood processes were carried out at different polymer molecular weights, degrees of polymer hydrolysis, and polymer concentrations in both water-wet and oil-wet systems. Image processing technique was applied to analyze and compare microscopic and macroscopic displacement behaviors of polymer solution in each experiment. From micro-scale observations, the configuration of connate water film, polymer solution trapping, flow of continuous and discontinuous strings of polymer solution, piston-type displacement of oil, snap-off of polymer solution, distorted flow of polymer solution, emulsion formation, and microscopic pore-to-pore sweep of oil phase were observed and analyzed in the strongly oil-wet and water-wet media. Rheological experiments showed that a higher polymer molecular weight, degree of hydrolysis, and concentration result in a higher apparent viscosity for polymer solution and lower oil–polymer viscosity ratio. It is also shown that these parameters have different impacts on the oil recovery in different wettabilities. Moreover, a water-wet medium generally had higher recovery in contrast with an oil-wet medium. This experimental study illustrates the successful application of glass micromodel techniques for studying enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes in five-spot pattern and provides a useful reference for understanding the displacement behaviors in a typical polymer flood process.     

不定原点喷嘴射流中流体物理的实验研究(英文)

为了能够更好地了解不定源喷嘴(indeterminate origin nozzle)射流中的物理过程,本文应用平面激光诱导荧光技术对一个大尺度的水射流进行了实验研究。流场显示的实验结果表明不定源喷嘴在射流的剪切层引入了蘑菇形反向旋转的涡对。这些涡的矢量方向与射流方向相同或相反,被称为流向涡(streamwise vortex)。由于射流中存在开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定,每当一个横向涡(spanwise vortex,即涡的矢量方向与射流方向垂直)从喷嘴脱流时会产生瞬时的低压,该瞬时低压促使向内发展的流向涡对在喷嘴的凹槽处生成。这些涡对在向下游流动的过程中会重组并在喷嘴的尖峰面生成向外发展的涡对。这些流向涡极大地影响了射流的发展。流向涡与横向涡的相互作用促使射流更早地发展成为湍流。由于流向涡同时也在射流中引入了径向的剪切流动,因此导致了更多的湍流生成从而增强了射流与周围流体的混合。     

不定原点喷嘴射流中流体物理的实验研究

为了能够更好地了解不定源喷嘴（indeterminate origin nozzle）射流中的物理过程，本文应用平面激光诱导荧光技术对一个大尺度的水射流进行了实验研究。流场显示的实验结果表明不定源喷嘴在射流的剪切层引入了蘑菇形反向旋转的涡对。这些涡的矢量方向与射流方向相同或相反，被称为流向涡（streamwise vortex）。由于射流中存在开尔文一亥姆霍兹不稳定，每当一个横向涡（spanwisevortex，即涡的矢量方向与射流方向垂直）从喷嘴脱流时会产生瞬时的低压，该瞬时低压促使向内发展的流向涡对在喷嘴的凹槽处生成。这些涡对在向下游流动的过程中会重组并在喷嘴的尖峰面生成向外发展的涡对。这些流向涡极大地影响了射流的发展。流向涡与横向涡的相互作用促使射流更早地发展成为湍流。由于流向涡同时也在射流中引入了径向的剪切流动，因此导致了更多的湍流生成从而增强了射流与周围流体的混合。     

LARGE-SCALE VORTICAL STRUCTURES PRODUCED BY AN IMPINGING DENSITY JET IN SHALLOW CROSSFLOW

The large-scale vortical structures produced by an impinging density jet in shallow crossflow were numerically investigated in detail using RNG turbulence model. The scales, formation mechanism and evolution feature of the upstream wall vortex in relation to stagnation point and the Scarf vortex in near field were analyzed. The computed characteristic scales of the upstream vortex show distinguished three-dimensionality and vary with the velocity ratio and the water depth. The Scarf vortex in the near field plays an important role in the lateral concentration distributions of the impinging jet in crossflow. When the velocity ratio is relatively small, there exists a distinct lateral high concentration aggregation zone at the lateral edge between the bottom layer wall jet and the ambient crossflow, which is dominated by the Scarf vortex in the near field.