无机纳米微粒及聚四氟乙烯填充聚醚醚酮复合材料的摩擦学性能

以纳米Al2O3、纳米TiO2及聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)作为复合填料，利用热压成型方法分别制备了纳米Al2O3-PTFE及纳米TiO2-PTFE填充聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料；采用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了纳米微粒对复合材料摩擦学性能的影响；采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌．结果表明：纳米微粒和PTFE作为复合填料可以显著改善PEEK的摩擦学性能，其改善效果同纳米微粒的填充量相关；当纳米填料的质量分数相同时，PEEK／PTFE／nano-TiO02复合材料的摩擦磨损性能明显优于PEEK／PTFE／nano-Al2O3复合材料；含纳米Al2O3的复合材料磨损表面呈现严重塑性变形特征，且塑性变形程度随纳米微粒含量增加而增大，而含纳米TiO2的复合材料磨损表面塑性变形轻微．     

纳米Al2O3增强PA6复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用MMW-1型摩擦磨损试验机考察了纳米Al2O3增强PA6复合材料同45#钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能,采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了试样磨损表面形貌.结果表明:纳米Al2O3可以提高PA6的耐磨性能;在小于100 N低载荷下纳米Al2O3填充PA6复合材料的滑动摩擦系数符合粘弹性材料的变化规律;只有当填充量适当时,纳米Al2O3微粒才能有效地增强聚合物基体的抗磨粒磨损性能,并阻碍聚合物基体向偶件磨损表面的粘着转移;纳米Al2O3质量分数为10%的PA6复合材料的抗磨性能最佳.     

超高分子量聚乙烯及其纳米Al2O3填充复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

采用MM - 2 0 0型摩擦磨损试验机考察了载荷及对摩偶件表面SiC粒度对超高分子量聚乙烯及其纳米Al2 O3填充复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响 ,利用扫描电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌并分析了其磨损机理 .结果表明 :纳米Al2 O3 可以提高超高分子量聚乙烯的硬度及抗磨粒磨损性能 ;随着载荷的增大 ,超高分子量聚乙烯及纳米填充复合材料的磨损加剧 ;纳米Al2 O3 填充超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料的摩擦系数较超高分子量聚乙烯的略有增大 ;纳米Al2 O3 含量的增加有利于超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料抗磨粒磨损性能的提高 ;偶件表面喷涂SiC粒度的大小对超高分子量聚乙烯及其纳米Al2 O3 填充复合材料的磨损影响较大     

纳米Al2O3和Fe2O3填充尼龙PA1010的摩擦磨损行为

采用模具挤压成型方法制备了纳米Al2O3和Fe2O3填充PA1010尼龙复合材料，采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机考察了所制备的尼龙复合材料在干摩擦条件下同45#钢对摩时的摩擦磨损行为。研究结果表明，填充纳米Al2O3使得PA1010尼龙复合材料的摩擦系数增大，而填充纳米Fe2O3使得摩擦系数降低；纳米Al203和Fe2O3填充尼龙复合材料的耐磨性能优于尼龙；当纳米填料的质量分数从10％提高到20％时，纳米Fe2O3填充尼龙的磨损量增大，纳米Al2O3填充尼龙的磨损量无明显变化，2种填料填充尼龙复合材料的摩擦系数变化不大．纳米Fe2O3填充尼龙复合材料同45#钢对摩时主要呈现粘着磨损和轻微疲劳磨损特征，而纳米Al2O3填充尼龙复合材料呈现脆性疲劳开裂特征。纳米Fe2O3填充尼龙复合材料在偶件磨损表面形成的转移膜更加均匀和连续，故其减摩抗磨性能优于纳米Fe2O3填充尼龙复合材料。     

石墨对三氧化二铝/铜金属陶瓷复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用粉末冶金技术制备了Al2O3／Cu石墨复合材料；采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机考察了石墨对Al2O3／Cu基金属陶瓷复合材料摩擦磨损性能和硬度的影响；采用扫描电子显微镜分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌．结果表明：Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的摩擦系数随石墨含量的增加而降低，当石墨含量大于1.0％后，摩擦系数降低明显；当石墨含量低于3％时，Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的磨损体积损失随石墨含量的增加而降低；当石墨含量低于2．0％时，石墨对Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的硬度无明显影响；当石墨含量超过3．0％后，Al2O3／Cu基复合材料的硬度随石墨含量的增加迅速降低；此外，石墨使得Al2O3／Cu基复合材料磨损表面的微裂纹减少、裂纹长度缩短；当石墨含量达到2．5％时，复合材料磨损表面微裂纹消失．这是由于石墨在磨损表面形成固体润滑膜，从而降低摩擦力并减少裂纹源所致．     

SiO2/SnO2复合纳米微粒添加剂的摩擦学性能及其对磨损表面的修复作用研究

采用化学方法制备了SiO2 SnO2 复合纳米微粒，分别采用四球摩擦磨损试验机和环一块摩擦磨损试验机考察了其作为矿物油添加剂的抗磨减摩性能及对磨损表面的修复作用．用扫描电子显微镜观察、分析了磨斑表面形貌，并探讨了复合纳米微粒添加剂的润滑作用机理．结果表明，SiO2 SnO2 复合纳米微粒添加剂具有优良的减摩抗磨性能，且对磨损表面具有一定的修复作用．其原因在于，SiO2 SnO2 复合纳米微粒在摩擦表面沉积并在接触区的高温高压作用下熔融铺展，形成低剪切强度的表面膜．     

纳米ZnO／环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能和摩擦学性能

在超声波作用下，利用偶联剂将ZnO纳米微粒同环氧树脂进行复合，制备了纳米ZnO／环氧树脂复合材料，用M-2000型摩擦磨损试验机评价了复合材料在干摩擦条件下同不锈钢对摩时的摩擦学性能，测定了复合材料的力学性能，并用正电子湮没寿命技术(PALT)分析了试样的微观结构．结果表明：纳米ZnO／环氧树脂复合材料的耐磨性优于环氧树脂；当纳米ZnO的质量分数为10％时，复合材料的磨损率最小，仅为环氧树脂的15％，且摩擦系数也有所降低；摩擦后复合材料试样的自由体积孔穴尺寸有所增大，而且随着ZnO含量的增加，自由体积孔穴尺寸呈增大趋势．     

激光镍包纳米Al2O3增强复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用大功率CO2激光器在45#钢基体上制备激光熔覆镍包纳米Al2O3复合涂层,采用金相显微镜观察涂层表面形貌,在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上评价复合涂层与45#碳钢配副的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:经激光熔覆处理制备的镍包纳米Al2O3复合涂层的耐磨性能显著提高,磨损质量损失降低38%,摩擦系数降低40%;复合涂层中纳米Al2O3的配比对其耐磨性影响显著,高配比涂层具有较好的耐磨性,而摩擦系数与Al2O3配比的关系不大.     

纳米Al2O3填充端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯橡胶-环氧树脂复合涂层的干滑动摩擦磨损性能研究

采用丁二烯合成出端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯液体橡胶,采用端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯液体橡胶与环氧树脂E51反应制备端异氰酸酯基液体聚丁二烯橡胶-环氧树脂聚合物(ETPB),同时在其中进一步填充5%和10%(质量分数)纳米Al2O3,在45#钢底材上制备出环氧树脂、改性环氧树脂及填充5%和10%纳米Al2O3的聚合物复合涂层,在MRH-3型高速环-块摩擦磨损试验机上评价了4种涂层在干滑动条件下的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:通过端异氰酸酯基聚丁二烯液体橡胶改性环氧树脂可以提高环氧树脂涂层的力学性能及其抗磨性;填充5%和10%纳米Al2O3可以有效提高ETPB涂层的抗磨损性能;随着载荷和滑动速度的增加,ETPB涂层的磨损率明显增大;纳米Al2O3填充ETPB涂层的磨损率随载荷和滑动速度增加基本不变;4种涂层的摩擦系数随载荷和滑动速度的变化不大;E51环氧树脂基聚合物复合涂层的磨损机理为脆性断裂和剥层磨损.     

纳米复合材料激光熔覆层组织及抗磨性能

利用5kWCO2激光器，在Ni基高温合金表面制备了纳米Al2O3／钴基合金熔覆层，分析了熔覆层的组织结构及其抗磨性能．结果表明，当纳米Al2O3颗粒含量较低时，Al2O3颗粒能均匀分布于熔覆层中，从而形成纳米氧化物弥散强化的复合材料涂层；Al2O3颗粒在熔池中长大，尺寸为250-450nm；复合材料熔覆层的硬度随纳米Al2O3含量的增加而提高；当纳米Al2O3颗粒含适中时，熔覆层的抗磨性能较好；而当纳米Al2O3颗粒含量过高(3．0％)时，复合材料熔覆层的抗磨性能反而降低。     

一种基于直接计算高阶奇异积分的断裂力学双边界积分方程分析法

相对于有限元法,边界单元法在求解断裂问题上有着独特的优势,现有的边界单元法中主要有子区域法和双边界积分方程法.采用一种改进的双边界积分方程法求解二维、三维断裂问题的应力强度因子,对非裂纹边界采用传统的位移边界积分方程,只需对裂纹面中的一面采用面力边界积分方程,并以裂纹间断位移为未知量直接用于计算应力强度因子.采用一种高阶奇异积分的直接法计算面力边界积分方程中的超强奇异积分;对于裂纹尖端单元,提供了三种不同形式的间断位移插值函数,采用两点公式计算应力强度因子.给出了多个具体的算例,与现存的精确解或参考解对比,可得到高精度的计算结果.      

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

Preface: Orbits around asteroid

One of the core issues in modern celestial mechanics is the orbital dynamics in the near-regime gravitational field of as- teroids, which provides deep insights into the mathematical nature of a class of nonlinear systems, and plays as a critical basis for in situ explorations of different science goals. Lots of efforts have been made to reveal the characteristics of orbital motion in the vicinity of asteroids, and to improve the skills of asteroid research in methodology.     

Effet de l'anisotropie élastique cristalline sur la distribution des facteurs de Schmid à la surface des polycristauxInfluence of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals

Experimental studies of the plasticity mechanisms of polycrystals are usually based on the Schmid factor distribution supposing crystalline elasticity isotropy. A numerical evaluation of the effect of crystalline elasticity anisotropy on the apparent Schmid factor distribution at the free surface of polycrystals is presented. Cubic elasticity is considered. Order II stresses (averaged on all grains with the same crystallographic orientation) as well as variations between averages computed on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are computed. The Finite Element Method is used. Commonly studied metals presenting an increasing anisotropy degree are considered (aluminium, nickel, austenite, copper). Concerning order II stresses in strongly anisotropic metals, the apparent Schmid factor distribution is drifted towards small Schmid factor values (the maximum Schmid factor is equal to 0.43 instead of 0.5) and the slip activation order between characteristic orientations of the crystallographic standard triangle is modified. The computed square deviations of the stresses averaged on grains with the same crystallographic orientation but with different neighbour grains are a bit higher than the second order ones (inter-orientation scatter). Our numerical evaluations agree quantitatively with several observations and measures of the literature concerning stress and strain distribution in copper and austenite polycrystals submitted to low amplitude loadings. Hopefully, the given apparent Schmid factor distributions could help to better understand the observations of the plasticity mechanisms taking place at the free surface of polycrystals. To cite this article: M. Sauzay, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Nonlinear behavior of matrix-inclusion composites under high confining pressure: application to concrete and mortar

This paper is devoted to a micromechanics-based simulation of the response of concrete to hydrostatic and oedometric compressions. Concrete is described as a composite made up of a cement matrix in which rigid inclusions are embedded. The focus is put on the role of the interface between matrix and inclusion which represent the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). A plastic behavior is considered for both the matrix and the interfaces. The effective response of the composite is derived from the modified secant method adapted to the situation of imperfect interfaces. To cite this article: T.H. Le et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).     

Dynamics and Breakup of Viscoelastic Liquids (A Review)

The phenomena of hydrodynamic breakup of liquid jets, drops, films, bridges, and filaments are reviewed for liquids with viscoelastic properties. The reasons for breakup are capillary instabilities, collisions with rigid obstacles, and other forms of dynamic action. The relationship between the properties of the liquids and the features of the breakup process is discussed.     

Flow stability analysis and excitation using pulsating jets

Classical flow stability applied to transition from laminar to turbulent flow may also describe the behavior of vorticity fluctuations created by a pulsating jet placed along a solid boundary. A numerical laminar flow experiment involving a pulsating jet placed along the surface of a duct with flow separation downstream, resulted in eliminating most part of the separated flow region. Applying the same approach to a turbulent flow, it was possible to develop a turbulent stability flow formulation and apply successfully turbulent pulsating jet flow separation control. To cite this article: D. Skamnakis, K. Papailiou, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005).