A solution of steady-state fluid flow in multiply fractured isotropic porous media

Herein a plane, steady-state fluid flow solution for fractured porous media is first presented. The solution is based on the theory of complex potentials, the theory of Cauchy integrals, and of singular integral equations. Subsequently, a numerical method is illustrated that may be used for the accurate estimation of the pore pressure and pore pressure gradient fields due to specified hydraulic pressure or pore pressure gradient acting on the lips of one or multiple non-intersecting curvilinear cracks in a homogeneous and isotropic porous medium. It is shown that the numerical integration algorithm of the singular integral equations is fast and converges rapidly. After the successful validation of the numerical scheme several cases of multiple curvilinear cracks are illustrated.     

非饱和颗粒材料的多孔连续体有效压力与有效广义Biot应力

多孔连续体理论框架下的非饱和多孔介质广义有效压力定义和Bishop参数的定量表达式长期以来存在争议,这也影响了对与其直接相关联的非饱和多孔介质广义Biot有效应力的正确预测.基于随时间演变的离散固体颗粒-双联液桥-液膜体系描述的Voronoi胞元模型,利用由模型获得的非饱和颗粒材料表征元中水力-力学介观结构和响应信息,文章定义了低饱和度多孔介质局部材料点的有效内状态变量:非饱和多孔连续体的广义Biot有效应力和有效压力,导出了其表达式.所导出的有效压力公式表明,非饱和多孔连续体的有效压力张量为各向异性,它不仅对非饱和多孔连续体广义Biot有效应力张量的静水应力分量的影响呈各向异性,同时也对其剪切应力分量有影响.文章表明,非饱和多孔连续体中提出的广义Biot理论和双变量理论的基本缺陷在于它们均假定反映非混和两相孔隙流体对固相骨架水力-力学效应的有效压力张量为各向同性.此外,为定义各向同性有效压力张量和作为加权系数而引入的Bishop参数并不包含对非饱和多孔连续体中局部材料点水力-力学响应具有十分重要效应的基质吸力.所导出的非饱和多孔介质广义Biot有效应力和有效压力公式(包括反映有效压力...     

饱和多孔介质化学-热-弹性模型及应用

本文基于热局部非平衡(LTNE)条件和加权平均温度概念,并假设孔隙流体由溶质和溶剂两组元组成,对页岩（饱和多孔介质）,推导给出了一种LTNE条件下的化学-热-弹性模型,同时讨论了耦合方程组的解耦求解问题．作为模型的应用,考虑无限大平面含一圆形孔的情况,研究了冷/热对流以及溶质摩尔分数突变边界条件下圆孔附近的孔隙压力和化-热应力问题,用Laplace变换得到了平面轴对称情况下有关力学变量的表达式．数值分析了圆孔边界上冷/热对流的Biot数和溶质摩尔分数改变量对圆孔附近孔隙压力和化-热应力的影响．结果表明：在Biot数为中等值(1~5)范围内,LTNE效应是非常明显的;化学作用对孔隙压力和固相应力的影响不可忽视．     

Radial expansion of a cylindrical or spherical cavity in an infinite porous medium

A solution describing the displacement and stress fields around expanding spherical and cylindrical cavities with allowance for pore collapse is constructed using the theory of small elastic deformations of a homogeneous isotropic porous medium in closed form. Transition of the medium into a plastic state is modeled using the Tresca-Saint Venant yield condition. Porosity change is described on the basis of a mathematical model developed taking into account the increase in the stiffness of the porous material at the moment of pore collapse. It is shown that in the elastic deformation stage, the porosity does not change; an increase in the pressure leads to the formation of a region of plastic compression, in part of which, the pores collapse. Stress and displacement fields in the porous medium during unloading are constructed. It is shown that under certain conditions, the elastic unloading stage is followed by the plastic reflow stage to form a region of pore expansion. As the pressure decreases, the boundary of this region simultaneously reaches the region of plastic reflow and the region of pore collapse.     

Thermo-Osmosis Effect in Saturated Porous Medium

In this paper, the thermo-poroelasticity theory is used to investigate the quasi-static response of temperatures, pore pressure, stress, displacement, and fluid flux around a cylindrical borehole subjected to impact thermal and mechanical loadings in an infinite saturated poroelastic medium. It has been reported in literatures that coupled flow known as thermo-osmosis by which flux is driven by temperature gradient, can significantly change the fluid flux in clay, argillaceous and many other porous materials whose permeability coefficients are very small. This study presents a mathematical model to investigate the coupled effect of thermo-osmosis in saturated porous medium. The energy balance equations presented here fulfill local thermal non-equilibrium condition (LTNE) which is different from the local thermal equilibrium transfer theory, accounting for that temperatures of solid and fluid phases are not the same and governed by different heat transfer equations. Analytical solutions of temperatures, pore pressure, stress, displacement, and fluid flux are obtained in Laplace transform space. Numerical results for a typical clay are used to investigate the effect of thermo-osmosis. The effects of LTNE on temperatures, pore pressure, and stress are also studied in this paper.     

Asymptotic analysis of the equilibrium equation of a fluid-saturated porous medium by the homogenization method

The homogenization of static elasticity equations describing the stress strain state of fluid-saturated porous medium is considered. In this paper, the homogenization method is used to determine the pore pressure transfer tensor, which (a coefficient in the isotropic case) is an important parameter influencing the stress-strain state of fluid-saturated rocks. It shows what a part of the pressure in the fluid is “active” in the formation of macroscopic strains.The pore pressure transfer tensor is calculated for model and real geological specimens. The dependence of this tensor on the porosity, pore shape, and Poisson ratio is investigated. The use of the computational technique for determining the effective properties of rocks shows that it is practically important in the engineering geology.     

衰变热源作用下饱和多孔介质热固结问题的扩展精细积分法

热源作用下饱和多孔介质热固结效应是土木及能源工程领域的一个重要课题.由于问题的复杂性,已有的研究大多将介质假定为均匀各向同性,且将热源假定为恒定强度.实际工程中,天然饱和多孔介质常表现出明显的分层特性,热源强度也存在衰变性,为此本工作采用扩展精细积分法对衰变热源作用下层状饱和多孔介质的热固结问题进行研究.借助于积分变换,将饱和多孔介质热固结问题的偏微分方程转化为变换域内的常微分方程;然后对饱和多孔介质微层元进行合并消元,并结合边界条件,推导出衰变热源作用下层状饱和多孔介质热固结问题在积分变换域内的扩展精细积分解;对所得解答进行相应的数值积分逆变换,可获得所求温度、超静孔压及竖向位移在物理域内的解答.基于上述求解过程,编制相应的计算程序进行数值计算,通过与已有文献对比,验证本文扩展精细积分法在求解层状饱和多孔介质热固结问题中的适应性和正确性;最后通过几组算例,分析热源衰变周期、热源埋深及介质的成层性对热固结效应的影响.结果表明:热源衰变周期对温度和超静孔压的峰值、以及达到峰值的时间均有明显影响,衰变周期越长,二者峰值均越大,且达到峰值所需时间越长;热源埋深对超静孔压及竖向位移变化影响显著,深埋热源作用时热源两侧竖向位移呈对称分布,而浅埋热源两侧则无此现象;饱和多孔介质的分层特性对热固结效应影响明显.     

Steady crack growth in elastic–plastic fluid-saturated porous media

An asymptotic solution is obtained for stress and pore pressure fields near the tip of a crack steadily propagating in an elastic–plastic fluid-saturated porous material displaying linear isotropic hardening. Quasi-static crack growth is considered under plane strain and Mode I loading conditions. In particular, the effective stress is assumed to obey the Drucker–Prager yield condition with associative or non-associative flow-rule and linear isotropic hardening is adopted. Both permeable and impermeable crack faces are considered. As for the problem of crack propagation in poroelastic media, the behavior is asymptotically drained at the crack-tip. Plastic dilatancy is observed to have a strong effect on the distribution and intensity of pore water pressure and to increase its flux towards the crack-tip.     

Stability of boreholes in a geologic medium including the effects of anisotropy

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Lamb's integral formulas of two-phase saturated medium for soil dynamic with drainage

When dynamic force is applied to a saturated porous soil,drainage is common.In this paper,the saturated porous soil with a two-phase saturated medium is simulated,and Lamb's integral formulas with drainage and stress formulas for a two-phase saturated medium are given based on Biot's equation and Betti's theorem(the reciprocal theorem).According to the basic solution to Biot's equation,Green's function Gij and three terms of Green's function G4i,Gi4,and G44 of a two-phase saturated medium subject to a concentrated force on a spherical coordinate are presented.The displacement field with drainage,the magnitude of drainage,and the pore pressure of the center explosion source are obtained in computation.The results of the classical Sharpe's solutions and the solutions of the two-phase saturated medium that decays to a single-phase medium are compared.Good agreement is observed.     

饱和多孔黏弹地基热-水-力耦合动力响应分析

天然土体由于沉积条件和应力状态不同, 往往会表现出一定的流变性. 本文研究地基上表面受外载荷作用时, 渗透系数和孔隙率变化对饱和多孔黏弹性地基热-水-力耦合动力响应问题的影响. 基于Biot波动方程、达西定律和Lord-Shulman广义热弹性理论, 并引入了考虑黏弹性松弛时间因子的Kelvin-Voigt黏弹性模型研究地基上表面受热/力源作用时, 孔隙率和渗透系数变化对均质各向同性饱和多孔黏弹性地基中所考虑的各无量纲量的影响. 根据不同的边界条件采用正则模态法推导出无量纲竖向位移、超孔隙水压力、竖向应力和温度的解析表达式, 结合算例分析了不同变量对各物理量的影响. 正则模态法是一种加权残差法, 可不经正、反积分变换将方程快速解耦并消除数值反变换的局限性. 结果表明: 无论何种载荷作用时, 载荷频率变化对所有考虑的物理量均有明显的影响; 孔隙率和渗透系数均对无量纲超孔隙水压力有明显的影响, 当仅考虑热载荷作用时, 孔隙率和渗透系数变化对无量纲温度均无影响. 正则模态法可广泛应用于岩土工程领域, 尤其适用于商业建筑、高速铁路和公路能源基础的热、力学特性研究中. 该研究结果可为工程施工奠定一定的理论基础, 具有一定的指导性意义.      

Effects of internal pore pressure on closed-cell elastomeric foams

A micromechanics framework for porous elastomers with internal pore pressure (Idiart and Lopez-Pamies, 2012) is used together with an earlier homogenization estimate for elastomers containing vacuous pores (Lopez-Pamies and Ponte Castañeda, 2007a) to investigate the mechanical response and stability of closed-cell foams. Motivated by applications of technological interest, the focus is on isotropic foams made up of a random isotropic distribution of pores embedded in an isotropic matrix material, wherein the initial internal pore pressure is identical to the external pressure exerted by the environment (e.g. atmospheric pressure). It is found that the presence of internal pore pressure significantly stiffens and stabilizes the response of elastomeric foams, and hence that it must be taken into account when modeling this type of materials.     

Stress and pressure fields around two wellbores in a poroelastic medium

The problem of two circular wellbores of different size in a poroelastic medium is considered in the present work. The constitutive behaviour of the poroelastic medium is assumed to comply with the classical Biot model for isotropic porous materials infiltrated by compressible fluid. The wellbores are assumed infinitely long and the fluid flow is taken stationary, thus making it possible to perform a plane strain analysis. Owing to the geometrical layout of the system, bipolar cylindrical coordinates have been adopted. Three different sets of BCs on the pressure field and on the fluid flux have been considered, founding the corresponding forms of the pressure field. Based on Helmholtz representation, a displacement potential has been introduced, and the corresponding stress field in the poroelastic medium has been assessed. However, such a solution does not satisfy the BCs at the edges of the wells. Then, an auxiliary stress function, which allows accomplishing the BCs, is introduced, leading to the complete solution of the problem. The cases of two coaxial wellbores (eccentric annulus), a single hole bored in a poroelastic half plane and two intersecting holes have been considered also. The proposed approach allows evaluating the pore pressure and the stress and strain fields in the system varying the amplitude of the wells and the physical parameters of the porous material. In particular, the evaluation of the peak values of the stress components around the circular boreholes plays a key role in a variety of engineering contexts, with particular reference to the stability analysis of wellbores and tunnels and failure of vascular vessels in biological tissues.     

孔隙深度对多孔储液介质摩擦学性能的影响研究

多孔储液介质凭借其独特的孔隙结构可以储存并释放润滑介质,具备良好的自润滑性能. 利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法研究了孔隙深度对多孔储液介质摩擦界面流体压力分布的影响;考虑气-液界面的弯月面力作用,研究了不同孔隙深度的多孔储液介质气-液承载模型以及气-液二相的最小压差分布规律. 基于模拟计算结果,采用3D打印技术制备了不同孔隙深度的多孔储液介质,进一步考察了孔隙深度对其摩擦学性能的影响. CFD模拟结果表明合理设计孔隙深度能够增强多孔储液介质的流体动压润滑效应,孔隙深度较低会使得润滑升力不足,孔隙深度过高又会使得孔隙中流体产生回流循环,削弱楔形效应. 气体进入多孔储液介质摩擦副表面后,在孔隙中形成气-液二相受压承载,其最大承载力随着孔隙深度的增加先升高后趋于平稳,但孔隙深度越小,对润滑作用的积极效果越显著. 摩擦试验表明多孔储液介质的摩擦系数随着孔隙深度的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,与模拟计算结果一致. 因此合理设计多孔储液介质的孔隙深度,能优化多孔储液介质的润滑性能.      

Convective cooling/heating induced thermal stresses in a fluid saturated porous medium undergoing local thermal non-equilibrium

Local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) may have profound effects on the pore pressure and thermal stresses in fluid saturated porous media under transient thermal loads. This work investigates the temperature, pore pressure, and thermal stress distributions in a porous medium subjected to convective cooling/heating on its boundary. The LTNE thermo-poroelasticity equations are solved by means of Laplace transform for two fundamental problems in petroleum engineering and nuclear waste storage applications, i.e., an infinite porous medium containing a cylindrical hole or a spherical cavity subjected to symmetrical thermo-mechanical loads on the cavity boundary. Numerical examples are presented to examine the effects of LTNE under convective cooling/heating conditions on the temperature, pore pressure and thermal stresses around the cavities. The results show that the LTNE effects become more pronounced when the convective heat transfer boundary conditions are employed. For the cylindrical hole problem of a sandstone formation, the thermally induced pore pressure and the magnitude of thermal stresses are significantly higher than the corresponding values in the classical poroelasticity, which is particularly true under convective cooling with moderate Biot numbers. For the spherical cavity problem of a clay medium, the LTNE effect may become significant depending on the boundary conditions employed in the classical theory.     

NON-AXISYMMETRIC MIXED BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM FOR DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN SATURATED POROUS FOUNDATION AND RECTANGULAR PLATE$^{\bf 1)}$

在同一界面的不同区域具有多种边界条件, 称之为混合边界, 这是一个熟知的力学问题. 对这类问题进行精确分析时, 必须要进行混合边值问题的求解. 而对于一般的三维非轴对称情形, 混合边值问题的求解往往存在数学困难. 本文利用Hilbert定理和双重Fourier变换, 给出了一种求解三维非轴对称混合边值问题的解析方法, 利用该方法对具有混合透水边界的饱和多孔地基上矩形板的振动弯曲进行了解析研究(板与地基接触面为不透水边界, 其余为透水边界). 首先, 基于Kirchhoff理论和Biot多孔介质理论建立矩形板与饱和多孔地基的动力控制方程, 进行耦合求解. 针对板土接触面和非接触面的混合边值问题, 采用双重Fourier变换构造出两对二维对偶积分方程, 以接触应力和接触面孔隙压力为基本未知量, 用Jacobi正交多项式将未知量展开, 再利用Schmidt法对二维对偶积分方程完成求解, 最终推导出板土系统在动力作用下的位移和应力解析式. 通过将本文计算模型退化为单一弹性地基, 与已有研究结果进行对比, 验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性. 最后, 通过数值算例, 对饱和多孔地基上矩形板的动力响应及参数影响做出分析和讨论. 此外, 本文提出的解析法具有一般性, 可广泛应用于复杂接触问题和多场耦合问题的求解.     

饱和多孔地基与矩形板动力相互作用的非轴对称混合边值问题

在同一界面的不同区域具有多种边界条件, 称之为混合边界, 这是一个熟知的力学问题. 对这类问题进行精确分析时, 必须要进行混合边值问题的求解. 而对于一般的三维非轴对称情形, 混合边值问题的求解往往存在数学困难. 本文利用Hilbert定理和双重Fourier变换, 给出了一种求解三维非轴对称混合边值问题的解析方法, 利用该方法对具有混合透水边界的饱和多孔地基上矩形板的振动弯曲进行了解析研究(板与地基接触面为不透水边界, 其余为透水边界). 首先, 基于Kirchhoff理论和Biot多孔介质理论建立矩形板与饱和多孔地基的动力控制方程, 进行耦合求解. 针对板土接触面和非接触面的混合边值问题, 采用双重Fourier变换构造出两对二维对偶积分方程, 以接触应力和接触面孔隙压力为基本未知量, 用Jacobi正交多项式将未知量展开, 再利用Schmidt法对二维对偶积分方程完成求解, 最终推导出板土系统在动力作用下的位移和应力解析式. 通过将本文计算模型退化为单一弹性地基, 与已有研究结果进行对比, 验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性. 最后, 通过数值算例, 对饱和多孔地基上矩形板的动力响应及参数影响做出分析和讨论. 此外, 本文提出的解析法具有一般性, 可广泛应用于复杂接触问题和多场耦合问题的求解.      

Numerical Solution and Sensitivity Analysis of Pore Liquid Pressure and Cake Porosity to Model Parameters

Filter cake formation is important in groundwater and oil wells where drilling contains suspended mud particles. The accumulation of these mud particles on the borehole wall creates a pressure drop in the well. Furthermore, the migration of colloidal particles into adjacent porous rock could damage the formation and cause productivity decline. In this study, numerical solutions for pore liquid pressure variation across the cake with variable total stress and associated porosity variation are obtained. Mass equations for captured and suspended particles are averaged along the mud cake thickness, taking into account conditions on the cake surface and at the filter septum. The variability of total stress in soil consolidations problem is considered to determine the pore liquid pressure along the mud cake thickness. Then, the relation between porosity and pressure is studied to determine the mud cake porosity. Experimental data obtained by various researchers is used to compare and test the validity of numerical solutions to develop guidelines for model applications. Results show that the pore liquid pressure increases with the decrease of membrane impedance value (i.e. less pervious membrane). Also, the pressure profile has a cubic function of dimensionless cake thickness. The conclusions from the sensitivity analysis conducted in this study agree with earlier conclusions.     

一维流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质层的动力响应

本文研究了不可压流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质层的一维动力响应问题。基于粘弹性理论和多孔介质理论,在流相和固相微观不可压、固相骨架服从粘弹性积分型本构关系和小变形的假定下,建立了不可压流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质层一维动力响应的数学模型,利用Laplace变换,求得了原初边值问题在变换空间中的解析解,并利用Laplace逆变换的Crump数值反演方法,得到原动力响应问题的数值解。数值研究了饱和标准线性粘弹性多孔介质层的动力响应,分析了固相位移、渗流速度、孔隙压力及固相有效应力等的响应特征。结果表明,与不可压流体饱和弹性多孔介质相同,不可压流体饱和粘弹性多孔介质中亦只存在一个纵波,并且固相骨架的粘性对动力行为有显著的影响。     

Response of saturated porous media subjected to local thermal loading on the surface of semi-infinite space

Heat source function method is adopted in the present paper to derive elementary solutions of coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical consolidation for saturated porous media under conjunct actions of instantaneous point heat source, instantaneous point fluid source and constant volume force. By using the so-called fictitious heat source method and images method, the solutions of a semi-infinite saturated porous medium subjected to a local heat source with time-varied intensity on its free surface are developed from elementary solutions. The numerical integral methods for calculating the unsteady temperature, pore pressure and displacement fields are given. The thermomechanical response are analyzed for the case of a circular planar heat source. Besides, the thermal consolidation characteristics of a saturated porous medium subjected to a harmonic thermal loading are also given, and the fluctuation processes of the field variables located below the center of heat source are analyzed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50578008) The English text was polished byYunming Chen.