磨损与动力学耦合的行星传动齿轮动力学研究

行星齿轮磨损会导致齿轮齿侧间隙非线性增大、传动精度下降、齿面冲击力增大, 进而会导致齿轮传动系统振动加剧, 因此需要对行星齿轮的齿面磨损与动力学耦合特性进行研究. 本文构建了齿轮非线性磨损与考虑齿轮齿侧间隙的非线性动力学耦合计算模型, 对行星传动齿轮磨损动力学特性进行了研究. 首先建立齿轮啮合非线性动力学模型, 获得齿轮运行过程中的非线性啮合力; 进一步将非线性啮合力与齿轮齿面磨损模型相结合, 研究齿轮齿面磨损分布规律; 并根据齿轮磨损后的齿侧间隙对齿面重构, 同时对齿轮动力学模型进行更新; 进而得到行星齿轮传动中动态啮合力和磨损特性的变化趋势, 并获得齿轮传动系统齿轮齿向振动响应. 数值计算结果表明, 行星齿轮磨损导致齿轮在单?双齿交替啮合时产生的冲击增大, 同时太阳轮?行星轮啮合齿对对磨损较为敏感, 齿面啮合条件剧烈恶化, 是造成行星齿轮传动性能退化的主要原因, 本文研究结果为行星齿轮传动系统运行状态评估与可靠性预测提供了理论基础.      

高速重载人字齿轮传动非线性动力学分析

人字齿轮承载能力强,重合度大,可靠性高,多于高速、重载工况下使用.探究高速重载人字齿轮传动系统非线性动力学特性,可为其设计提供参考.首先,计算齿轮副时变啮合刚度;引入齿侧间隙、间隙非线性函数和综合传动误差,计算时变啮合力;引入轴承游隙,计算轴承受力.随后,建立高速重载人字齿轮传动系统非线性动力学方程,使用4阶Runge-Kutta法对方程求解.最后,探究不同因素对系统动态响应影响.保持系统其他参数不变,分别改变输入转矩、啮合阻尼、齿侧间隙、啮合刚度及激励频率,绘制系统时间-位移图像、时间-速度图像、空间相图、空间频谱图及分岔图,观察系统非线性动力学响应变化趋势,判别系统运动状态.结果表明:在一定范围内,系统稳定性与啮合阻尼、啮合刚度呈正相关关系,与齿侧间隙、输入转矩呈负相关关系;逐渐增大外部激励频率时,系统运动从单周期运动逐渐变为混沌运动,随后又回归单周期运动.为保证系统平稳运行,应合理选取外部激励频率.     

混合润滑下短齿啮合对行星齿轮接触疲劳的影响

少齿差行星齿轮为避免齿顶干涉,通常会减小齿高,这可能会导致齿面实际接触宽度小于理论赫兹接触宽度,降低齿面接触强度.鉴于此,为研究少齿差行星传动短齿制对齿轮接触疲劳的影响,综合考虑了轮齿接触宽度、楔形间隙、齿宽有限长和齿面粗糙度等因素,建立少齿差行星齿轮短齿啮合的混合润滑统一方程,求解出啮合齿对间的压力分布、摩擦系数和轮齿接触区次表面应力分布,根据Zaretsky接触疲劳寿命计算模型,对不同工况下不同啮合位置的轮齿接触疲劳寿命进行预测.结果表明:接触宽度在少齿差行星齿轮的疲劳寿命预测中不容忽视,短齿啮合模型下的楔形间隙对啮入和啮出过程的疲劳寿命有不同影响.     

内啮合斜齿轮副齿面接触应力与有限元分析

针对数控内齿珩轮强力珩齿时被珩工件齿面应力分布规律问题,首次提出采用内啮合斜齿轮传动模型模拟替代内齿珩轮强力珩齿运动。以典型的Hertz接触理论为基础,首先计算节点P处齿面应力,其次通过计算内啮合传动啮合线上不同啮合点位置的综合曲率,引入压比系数,分析齿数为123的内齿轮分别与齿数为13、33、73、103的外圆柱斜齿轮在不同啮合线上的齿面应力分布情况。建立内啮合斜齿轮三维模型,利用三维有限元方法分别分析齿数为123的内齿轮分别与齿数为13、33、73的外圆柱斜齿轮的三个内啮合齿轮副在啮合线任意位置上的应力分布情况。结果表明:一对内啮合的齿轮副齿数差越大,且重合度小于2时,齿根处应力最大、节线附近处突然变大;齿数差越小时,齿根处应力最大。为此,内齿珩轮强力珩齿时尽可能采用齿数差较小的珩齿形式,以便控制被珩齿轮齿形挖根和中凹误差现象。     

三自由度齿轮系统的双参数分岔与全局特性研究

以三自由度齿轮系统为研究对象,通过构造参数平面内不同运动类型的边界线算法,得到了系统在参数平面内的分岔曲线。为了判断分岔曲线的分岔类型,构造了三自由度齿轮系统Poincaré映射的Jacobi矩阵及Floquet乘子算法。结合系统的分岔图、最大Lyapunov指数图(TLE)、相图、Poincaré映射图和Floquet理论,讨论了双参数平面上系统的分岔特性以及参数平面内系统动力学特性的演变,并利用胞映射法对系统随啮合频率变化下的全局动力学特性进行了研究。结果表明:系统在参数平面k-ξ33内存在倍化分岔曲线、鞍结分岔曲线、Hopf分岔曲线等;阻尼系数越大,综合误差越小,系统运动越稳定;鞍结分岔对系统的全局稳定性影响较大,而Hopf分岔对系统的全局稳定性影响较小。研究结果可为齿轮系统设计和参数选择提供理论依据,研究方法也适用于其它非线性系统的双参数分岔分析。     

双渐开线齿轮传动的油膜刚度研究

在齿轮传动系统中，齿轮啮合刚度对振动、冲击、齿轮动力学特性分析以及接触应力计算有重要影响. 根据双渐开线齿轮齿廓啮合特点，基于弹流润滑理论，建立了双渐开线齿轮传动油膜刚度计算模型，研究双渐开线齿轮传动油膜刚度变化规律. 采用对比法分析了双渐开线齿轮与同参数普通渐开线齿轮传动油膜刚度差异，并研究双渐开线齿轮齿廓参数和工况条件对油膜刚度的影响. 分析表明:双渐开线齿轮由于轮齿分阶的影响，与同参数渐开线齿轮传动油膜刚度相比有较大差异；双渐开线齿轮传动油膜刚度随齿腰高度系数的增大而减小，齿腰切向变位系数变化时，油膜刚度基本不变；工况条件变化时，双渐开线齿轮传动油膜刚度随转速的增大而减小，随载荷增量因子的增大而增大.      

两空间耦合下齿轮传动系统多稳态特性研究

通过将系统参数定义为参数变量, 构成参数空间,研究齿轮传动系统在参数空间和状态空间耦合下的非线性全局动力学特性,以及多参数、多初值和多稳态行为之间的关联特性.首先设计了一个两空间耦合下非线性系统多稳态行为的计算和辨识方法.其次,基于该方法并结合相图、Poincaré映射图、分岔图、最大Lyapunov指数、吸引域等,研究齿轮传动系统在不同参数平面上多稳态行为的存在区域和分布特性,以及多稳态行为在状态平面上的分布特性,揭示了参数平面和状态平面上系统可能隐藏的多稳态行为和分岔,并分析了多稳态行为的形成机理. 结果发现,两空间耦合下系统在参数平面上存在大量多稳态行为并呈"带状"分布, 状态平面上多稳态行为出现两种不同的侵蚀现象, 即内部侵蚀和边界侵蚀.分岔点或分岔曲线对初值的敏感性导致多稳态行为的出现.当齿侧间隙和误差波动在较小的范围内变化时,系统全局动力学特性受间隙和误差扰动的影响较小,受啮合频率的影响较大.两空间耦合下系统全局动力学特性变得丰富和复杂.      

基于承载接触特性的直齿面齿轮滑动摩擦啮合效率研究

为了解决直齿面齿轮滑动摩擦啮合效率的问题,基于弹性流体动力润滑理论,提出了一种计算直齿面齿轮啮合效率的方法.首先,运用轮齿接触分析(TCA)和轮齿承载接触分析技术(LTCA)对直齿面齿轮承载啮合过程进行数值仿真;其次,运用非牛顿准稳态热弹流理论建立滑动摩擦系数的计算模型,从而建立直齿面齿轮啮合效率的计算模型,最后分析了输入扭矩、转速等对啮合效率的影响.结果表明:滑动摩擦系数是影响齿轮啮合效率的重要因素;齿面不同位置滑动摩擦系数也不相同;滑动摩擦系数受输入转速、输入扭矩的影响.该方法为直齿面齿轮的进一步优化计算提供一定的理论依据.     

计及齿面微观特征影响的齿轮非线性动力学模型研究

为分析齿面微观形貌特征的齿轮动力学影响机理,本文通过引入分形理论,修正现有齿侧间隙公式,建立了齿面微观形貌影响下的齿轮非线性动力学模型;利用四阶Runge-Kutta法进行了该模型的数值求解,从而获得了时间历程图、相图、Poincaré映射图以及FFT频谱图;考察了齿面粗糙度和分形维数等齿面微观因素与齿轮动力学特性之间的关联规律。仿真结果表明:齿面粗糙度对于齿轮动态响应影响较大,随着粗糙度值不断上升,齿轮动力学响应也由周期性运动转变为混沌运动;当分形维数增大时,系统响应也由稳定状态向混沌状态转变。这些结论与已有文献相一致,从而验证了该模型正确、可行。     

两空间耦合下齿轮传动系统多稳态特性研究

通过将系统参数定义为参数变量,构成参数空间,研究齿轮传动系统在参数空间和状态空间耦合下的非线性全局动力学特性,以及多参数、多初值和多稳态行为之间的关联特性.首先设计了一个两空间耦合下非线性系统多稳态行为的计算和辨识方法.其次,基于该方法并结合相图、Poincaré映射图、分岔图、最大Lyapunov指数、吸引域等,研究齿轮传动系统在不同参数平面上多稳态行为的存在区域和分布特性,以及多稳态行为在状态平面上的分布特性,揭示了参数平面和状态平面上系统可能隐藏的多稳态行为和分岔,并分析了多稳态行为的形成机理.结果发现,两空间耦合下系统在参数平面上存在大量多稳态行为并呈"带状"分布,状态平面上多稳态行为出现两种不同的侵蚀现象,即内部侵蚀和边界侵蚀.分岔点或分岔曲线对初值的敏感性导致多稳态行为的出现.当齿侧间隙和误差波动在较小的范围内变化时,系统全局动力学特性受间隙和误差扰动的影响较小,受啮合频率的影响较大.两空间耦合下系统全局动力学特性变得丰富和复杂.     

Nonlinear dynamics of a spur gear pair with force-dependent mesh stiffness

Time-varying mesh stiffness is one of the main excitation sources of a gear system, and it is also considered as an important factor for the vibration and noise of gears. Thus, this excitation is usually taken as an input into the gear dynamic model to obtain the system dynamic responses. However, the mesh stiffness of a gear pair is actually nonlinear with respect to the dynamic mesh force (DMF) that fluctuates during the operation of gears. Therefore, the dynamic model of gears with the quasi-static mesh stiffness calculated under a constant load is not accurate sufficiently. In this paper, a dynamic model of spur gear is established with considering the effect of the force-dependent time-varying mesh stiffness, backlash and profile deviation. Due to the nonlinear relationship between the mesh stiffness and the load for each tooth pair, it needs first to determine the load sharing among tooth pairs and then calculate the overall mesh stiffness of the gear pair. As the mesh stiffness and DMF are related, the mesh stiffness is no longer directly taken into the gear dynamic model as an input, but is jointly solved with the numerical integration process using the gear dynamic model. Finally, the dynamic responses predicted from the established gear dynamic model are compared with the experimental results for validation and compared with the traditional models to reveal their differences. The results indicate that the established dynamic model of spur gear transmission has a wider application range than the traditional models.     

Bifurcation and chaos analysis of multistage planetary gear train

A nonlinear time-varying dynamic model for a multistage planetary gear train, considering time-varying meshing stiffness, nonlinear error excitation, and piece-wise backlash nonlinearities, is formulated. Varying dynamic motions are obtained by solving the dimensionless equations of motion in general coordinates by using the varying-step Gill numerical integration method. The influences of damping coefficient, excitation frequency, and backlash on bifurcation and chaos properties of the system are analyzed through dynamic bifurcation diagram, time history, phase trajectory, Poincaré map, and power spectrum. It shows that the multi-stage planetary gear train system has various inner nonlinear dynamic behaviors because of the coupling of gear backlash and time-varying meshing stiffness. As the damping coefficient increases, the dynamic behavior of the system transits to an increasingly stable periodic motion, which demonstrates that a higher damping coefficient can suppress a nonperiodic motion and thereby improve its dynamic response. The motion state of the system changes into chaos in different ways of period doubling bifurcation, and Hopf bifurcation.     

Influence of system parameters on dynamic behavior of gear pair with stochastic backlash

The influence of stochastic backlash on nonlinear dynamic behavior of spur gear pair with stochastic assembling backlash is discussed. Bifurcation diagram and maximum Lyapunov exponent diagram of the system are presented to evaluate the influences of load ratio, damping ratio, and backlash on the dynamic behavior of the system. The results show that backlash has great contribution to light-loaded gear pair. Therefore, dynamic behavior with stochastic assembling backlash is analyzed. Two novel indexes are introduced to evaluate the dynamic behavior of the system, dynamic instability exponent and critical variance. In addition, the relationship between the dynamic instability exponent and variance of the backlash, and the relationship between the critical variance and the mean value of the backlash are studied. The results show that it is not the unique way to improve the dynamic behavior of the system by minimizing the assembling backlash, which provide a novel way to determine the machining precision requirements, tolerance for assembling, and etc.     

基于热弹流润滑的双渐开线齿轮温度场研究

针对现有双渐开线齿轮温度场计算模型不考虑油膜润滑影响的问题,根据双渐开线齿轮啮合特点,提出采用“分段法”建立适合双渐开线齿轮的热弹流润滑模型,综合有限元法和热弹流润滑方法对其本体温度进行研究,并以润滑油膜为热源对其瞬时温升进行研究,最后分析了齿腰分阶参数对双渐开线齿轮温度场影响以及与普通渐开线齿轮温度场差异. 结果表明:双渐开线齿轮本体温度沿齿宽方向呈非对称分布,主动轮最高本体温度偏向齿根啮入端,从动轮偏向齿顶啮出端;啮合齿面间的油膜瞬时温升明显高于两齿轮界面温升,且主动轮界面瞬时温升高于从动轮;齿腰分阶参数变化对双渐开线齿轮温度场影响较小;双渐开线齿轮与普通渐开线齿轮的本体温度及齿面瞬时温升区别不大.      

Using Hob Offset to Balance Dynamic Strength in Spur Gears*

An analytical study of the effect of hob offset on dynamic tooth strength of spur gears is presented. The study was limited to equal and opposite offset values applied to the pinion and gear to maintain the standard operating center distance. The analysis presented is performed using a new version of the NASA gear dynamics code DANST.

The operating speed of a transmission has a significant influence on the amount of hob offset required to equalize dynamic stresses in the pinion and gear. In the transmission studied, at low speeds, the optimum hob offset was found to fluctuate within a range. At higher speeds, the optimum value is constrained by the minimum allowed thickness at the tip of the pinion tooth. For gears that must operate over a range of speeds, an average offset value can be used. Spur gears designed with the procedure presented here can have significant improvements in load capacity.     

Nonlinear behavior analysis of geared rotor bearing system featuring confluence transmission

In this paper, the nonlinear vibration characteristics of geared rotor bearing system and the interactions among gears, shafts, and plain journal bearings were studied. First, with the consideration of backlash, transmission error, time-varying mesh stiffness, and layout parameters, the dynamic model of geared rotor bearing system featuring confluence transmission was proposed. The nonlinear oil-film forces were computed with the Reynolds equation for finite-length journal bearings. Second, the responses of meshing vibration and bearing vibration were discussed. The numerical results revealed that the system exhibited a diverse range of periodic, sub-harmonic, and chaotic behaviors. Under different ranges of rolling frequency, the system got into chaos state through different roads. Moreover, in lower frequency, meshing vibration showed coexist of different periodic motions. Lastly, couplings of nonlinear oil-film force and nonlinear gear mesh force were discussed through a range of rolling frequencies. Gear-bearing dynamic interactions were demonstrated through the analysis of dynamic gear loads and dynamic bearing loads, and the coupling effect behaved different when rolling frequency changed.     

基于时变啮合刚度的变位齿轮系统热弹流润滑研究

为探究动载荷作用下变位齿轮系统的热弹流润滑特性，综合考虑齿轮变位和时变啮合刚度的影响，基于动力学理论，建立了齿轮的六自由度摩擦动力学模型，分析振动与静载荷作用下变位齿轮系统的热弹流润滑特性. 研究表明:与其他传动类型相比，正传动齿轮系统的润滑效果最佳，轮齿间可以形成较厚的润滑油膜，轮齿间的摩擦系数、油膜的最高温升最小，并且，随着两齿轮变位系数和的增大，润滑状况不断得到改善，热胶合承载能力增强；变位系数增加使齿轮系统的刚度增大，但同时降低了油膜的刚度.